Obsessive-compulsive disorder: beyond segregated cortico-striatal pathways
Open accessAbstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) affects approximately 2-3% of the population and is characterized by recurrent intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions), typically performed in response to obsessions or related anxiety. In the past few decades, the prevailing models of OCD pathophysiology have focused on cortico-striatal circuitry. More recent neuroimaging evidence, however, points to critical involvement of the lateral and medial orbitofrontal cortices, the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and amygdalo-cortical circuitry, in addition to cortico-striatal circuitry, in the pathophysiology of the disorder. In this review, we elaborate proposed features of OCD pathophysiology beyond the classic parallel cortico-striatal pathways and argue that this evidence suggests that fear extinction, in addition to behavioral inhibition, is impaired in OCD.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Neurobiological theories implicate cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuits in the etiology of OCD.
“These range from neurobiological theories implicating cortico‐striato‐thalamo‐cortical circuits in the etiology of the disorder (Chamberlain et al., 2005; Graybiel & Rauch, 2000; Milad & Rauch, 2012; see also, van den Heuvel et al., 2016);”
From Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Etiology, neuropathology, and cognitive dysfunction (2023) · cites this paper as Milad & Rauch, 2012
Research has implicated parallel CSTC circuits in the pathophysiology of OCD, and these circuits are responsible for reward- and motivational-related processes, executive function, motor and response inhibition, and habit-based behavior.
“Research has implicated parallel CSTC circuits in the pathophysiology of OCD (Chamberlain et al., 2005; Graybiel & Rauch, 2000; Milad & Rauch, 2012; see also, van den Heuvel et al., 2016), that is, responsible for reward‐ and motivational‐related processes, executive function, motor and response inhibition, and habit‐based behavior (Fineberg et al., 2018).”
From Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Etiology, neuropathology, and cognitive dysfunction (2023) · cites this paper as Milad & Rauch, 2012
Such models have been revised over the years and now adopt a more dynamic view of CSTC circuits, for example, as functionally interacting rather than being fully segregated.
“such models have been revised over the years and now adopt a more dynamic view of CSTC circuits, for example, as functionally interacting rather than being fully segregated”
From Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Etiology, neuropathology, and cognitive dysfunction (2023) · cites this paper as Milad & Rauch, 2012
These models are now more elaborate, for example, consider specific functions of OFC subareas (lateral versus medial) in relation to affective-, reward- and fear-based computation.
“these models are now more elaborate, for example, consider specific functions of OFC subareas (lateral versus medial) in relation to affective‐, reward‐ and fear‐based computation”
From Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Etiology, neuropathology, and cognitive dysfunction (2023) · cites this paper as Milad & Rauch, 2012
Neurobiological models emphasise abnormal communication between the orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus in OCD.
“Neurobiological models emphasise abnormal communication between the orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus, regions involved in action selection, error detection, threat evaluation, cognitive control, and habit formation [11,12,13].”
dACC is hyperactive in OCD patients during tasks involving error monitoring and/or conflict resolution.
“several studies have shown hyperactivity of dorsal ACC (dACC) in OCD patients during performance of tasks involving error monitoring and/ or conflict resolution, suggesting that dACC and connected regions might function differently in OCD 65”
From DISSECTING OCD CIRCUITS: FROM ANIMAL MODELS TO TARGETED TREATMENTS: Review: Dissecting OCD Circuits: Animals to Treatments (2015) · cites this paper as [65]
Anxiety is an important component of OCD.
“Regardless, it is clear from both clinical presentation and ongoing research that anxiety is an important component of the disorder.”
From A framework for understanding the emerging role of corticolimbic-ventral striatal networks in OCD-associated repetitive behaviors (2015) · cites this paper as Milad and Rauch, 2012
Patients with OCD compulsively engage in repetitive or ritualistic behavioral sequences to alleviate or avoid severe distress and anxiety that often accompanies obsessive thoughts.
“Patients with OCD compulsively engage in repetitive or ritualistic behavioral sequences, which are typically performed to alleviate or avoid the severe distress and anxiety that often accompanies obsessive thoughts (Stein et al., 2010; Milad and Rauch, 2012; de Haan et al., 2013; Pauls et al., 2014; Ahmari and Dougherty, 2015).”
From A framework for understanding the emerging role of corticolimbic-ventral striatal networks in OCD-associated repetitive behaviors (2015) · cites this paper as Milad and Rauch, 2012
Other brain regions, including dorsal striatum, are clearly important to the pathophysiology of OCD, and circuits including dorsal and VS are likely cooperative, not antagonistic.
“(3) We focus on VS circuitry, with the understanding that other brain regions, including dorsal striatum, are clearly important to the pathophysiology of OCD, and that circuits including dorsal and VS are likely to be cooperative, and not antagonistic (Insel and Winslow, 1992; Graybiel and Rauch, 2000; Milad and Rauch, 2012; Burguière et al., 2013, 2015; Gremel and Costa, 2013; Gillan and Robbins,”
From A framework for understanding the emerging role of corticolimbic-ventral striatal networks in OCD-associated repetitive behaviors (2015) · cites this paper as Milad and Rauch, 2012
Compulsivity is often driven by anxiety, threat avoidance, or aberrant motivation in OCD patients.
“As mentioned above, compulsivity is often driven by anxiety, threat avoidance, or aberrant motivation in OCD patients (Milad and Rauch, 2012; Pauls et al., 2014; Ahmari and Dougherty, 2015).”
From A framework for understanding the emerging role of corticolimbic-ventral striatal networks in OCD-associated repetitive behaviors (2015) · cites this paper as Milad and Rauch, 2012
Investigating corticolimbic-VS circuitry and developing more expansive OCD models that take limbic information processing into account are likely to help elucidate the pathophysiologic processes leading to OCD.
“Despite these caveats, investigating corticolimbic-VS circuitry and developing more expansive OCD models that take limbic information processing into account (Milad and Rauch, 2012; de Haan et al., 2013; Ahmari and Dougherty, 2015) are likely to help elucidate the pathophysiologic processes leading to OCD.”
From A framework for understanding the emerging role of corticolimbic-ventral striatal networks in OCD-associated repetitive behaviors (2015) · cites this paper as Milad and Rauch, 2012
mOFC lesions impair the ability of non-human primates to select the most advantageous option when comparing differently-valued outcomes.
“mOFC lesions impair the ability of non-human primates to select the most advantageous option when comparing differently-valued outcomes (Rudebeck and Murray, 2011; Milad and Rauch, 2012; Noonan et al., 2012)”
From A framework for understanding the emerging role of corticolimbic-ventral striatal networks in OCD-associated repetitive behaviors (2015) · cites this paper as Milad and Rauch, 2012
Conditioned fear and anxiety are thought to be important for OCD and can bias healthy individuals to behave habitually.
“Beyond irrational belief, conditioned fear and anxiety are also thought to be important for OCD (10) and indeed can bias healthy individuals to behave habitually 11, 12.”
From Enhanced avoidance habits in obsessive-compulsive disorder (2014) · cites this paper as [10]
Neuroimaging research using de novo fear-conditioning and extinction paradigms has revealed areas in the brain associated with experiencing conditioned fear (a fear expression network) in the amygdala and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and other areas associated with memory for the extinction (inhibition) of this fear (an extinction memory network) that includes the hippocampus and ventro
“Neuroimaging research using de novo fear-conditioning and extinction paradigms has revealed areas in the brain associated with experiencing conditioned fear (a “fear expression network”) in the amygdala and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and other areas associated with memory for the extinction (inhibition) of this fear (an “extinction memory network”) that includes the hippocampus and”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [61]
A deficit in the ability to encode, consolidate, or retrieve extinction memory is believed to play a role in the development and perpetuation of anxiety and trauma-related disorders.
“A deficit in the ability to encode, consolidate, or retrieve extinction memory is believed to play a role in the development and perpetuation of such disorders [6, 59, 61, 87].”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [61]
OCD share features of affective dysregulation linked to abnormal dACC activity.
“and share features of affective dysregulation linked to abnormal dACC activity (Milad and Rauch, 2012, Wood and Ahmari, 2015).”
From Inhibitory control in obsessive compulsive disorder: a systematic review and activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies (2022) · cites this paper as Milad and Rauch, 2012
The connectivity from cortex to dorsomedial (caudate) and dorsolateral striatum (putamen) constitute parallel loops, namely the associative and motor loops.
“Previous studies proposed that the connectivity from cortex to dorsomedial (caudate) and dorsolateral striatum (putamen) constitute parallel loops, namely the associative and motor loops, respectively (Middleton, 2000, Milad and Rauch, 2012, O’Doherty et al., 2017, Seger, 2018, Yin and Knowlton, 2006).”
From Imbalance between the caudate and putamen connectivity in obsessive–compulsive disorder (2022) · cites this paper as Milad and Rauch, 2012
Abnormalities across different neurocircuits likely interact to produce the complex OCD phenotype.
“Abnormalities in these different neurocircuits likely interact with each other to generate the complex OCD phenotype [13–14].”
From Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
OCD has traditionally been linked to dysfunctional cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical circuits, but alterations in fronto-limbic, fronto-parietal, and cerebellar circuits also contribute.
“OCD has traditionally been associated with dysfunctional cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuits [12–13], although it is now recognized that alterations in other circuits (fronto-limbic, fronto-parietal, cerebellar) also play a role [14].”
From Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
SSRIs are the first-line pharmacological treatment for OCD.
“there is evidence that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), the first-line pharmacological treatment for OCD [13]”
From Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
Recent evidence indicates that the cortico-striato-thalamocortical model may still be refined and extended, especially by including brain regions implicated in anxiety.
“Although valuable, recent evidence indicates that this model may still be refined and extended, especially by including brain regions implicated in (the expression of) anxiety.7”
From Electrical stimulation in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis alleviates severe obsessive-compulsive disorder (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
The classical neurocircuitry model of OCD should be extended to include other brain areas, for example those implicated in the expression of fear and anxiety.
“It has been argued that the classical neurocircuitry model of OCD should be extended to include other brain areas, for example, those implicated in the expression of fear and anxiety.7”
From Electrical stimulation in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis alleviates severe obsessive-compulsive disorder (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex
Alexander, G. E., DeLong, M. R., & Strick, P. L. (1986) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.09.030186.002041 · Cited by 8,527 · see citing works
The reward circuit: linking primate anatomy and human imaging
Haber, S. N., & Knutson, B. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.129 · Cited by 3,718 · see citing works
Etkin, A., & Wager, T. D. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07030504 · Cited by 3,391 · see citing works
The amygdala: vigilance and emotion
Davis, M., & Whalen, P. J. (2001) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000812 · Cited by 2,882 · see citing works
The Neurocircuitry of Fear, Stress, and Anxiety Disorders
Shin, L. M., & Liberzon, I. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.83 · Cited by 2,083 · see citing works
KRINGELBACH, M. (2004) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.03.006 · Cited by 1,977 · see citing works
Phelps, E. A., Delgado, M. R., Nearing, K. I., & LeDoux, J. E. (2004) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.08.042 · Cited by 1,753 · see citing works
Goal-directed instrumental action: contingency and incentive learning and their cortical substrates
Balleine, B. W., & Dickinson, A. (1998) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0028-3908(98)00033-1 · Cited by 1,541 · see citing works
Fear Extinction as a Model for Translational Neuroscience: Ten Years of Progress
Milad, M. R., & Quirk, G. J. (2012) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131631 · Cited by 1,466 · see citing works
Self-citationRauch, S. L., Shin, L. M., & Phelps, E. A. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.06.004 · Cited by 1,397 · see citing works
Self-citationBaxter, L. R. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820090009002 · Cited by 1,293 · see citing works
The anterior cingulate as a conflict monitor: fMRI and ERP studies
VANVEEN, V, & CARTER, C. (2002) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(02)00930-7 · Cited by 1,258 · see citing works
Milad, M. R., Wright, C. I., Orr, S. P., Pitman, R. K., Quirk, G. J., & Rauch, S. L. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.10.011 · Cited by 1,197 · see citing works
Self-citationMenzies, L., Chamberlain, S. R., Laird, A. R., Thelen, S. M., Sahakian, B. J., & Bullmore, E. T. (2008) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.09.005 · Cited by 1,190 · see citing works
Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex: A role in reward-based decision making
Bush, G., Vogt, B. A., Holmes, J., Dale, A. M., Greve, D., Jenike, M. A., & Rosen, B. R. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.012470999 · Cited by 1,096 · see citing works
The role of ventromedial prefrontal cortex in the recovery of extinguished fear
Quirk, G. J., Russo, G. K., Barron, J. L., & Lebron, K. (2000) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-16-06225.2000 · Cited by 957 · see citing works
Brain systems mediating aversive conditioning: an event-related fMRI study
Büchel, C., Morris, J., Dolan, R. J., & Friston, K. J. (1998) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80476-6 · Cited by 951 · see citing works
Mataix-Cols, D., Wooderson, S., Lawrence, N., Brammer, M. J., Speckens, A., & Phillips, M. L. (2004) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.6.564 · Cited by 929 · see citing works
Prefrontal–cingulate interactions in action monitoring
Gehring, W. J., & Knight, R. T. (2000) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/74899 · Cited by 912 · see citing works
Rauch, S. L. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010062008 · Cited by 880 · see citing works
Self-citationGreenberg, B. D., Gabriels, L. A., Malone, D. A., Rezai, A. R., Friehs, G. M., Okun, M. S., Shapira, N. A., Foote, K. D., Cosyns, P. R., Kubu, C. S., et al. (2010) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2008.55 · Cited by 867 · see citing works
Toward a neurobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder
Graybiel, A. M., & Rauch, S. L. (2000) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)00113-6 · Cited by 864 · see citing works
Self-citationVoxel-wise meta-analysis of grey matter changes in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Radua, J., & Mataix-Cols, D. (2009) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.055046 · Cited by 863 · see citing works
Local Cerebral Glucose Metabolic Rates in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Baxter, L. R. (1987) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800150017003 · Cited by 860 · see citing works
Functional neuroimaging and the neuroanatomy of obsessive-compulsive disorder
Saxena, S., & Rauch, S. L. (2000) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(05)70181-7 · Cited by 840 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuroimaging and frontal–subcortical circuitry in obsessive–compulsive disorder
Saxena, S., Brody, A. L., Schwartz, J. M., & Baxter, L. R. (1998) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/s0007125000297870 · Cited by 831 · see citing works
Cerebral glucose metabolism in childhood-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder
Swedo, S. E. (1989) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810060038007 · Cited by 671 · see citing works
Functional magnetic resonance imaging of symptom provocation in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Breiter, H. C. (1996) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830070041008 · Cited by 626 · see citing works
O'Doherty, J., Critchley, H., Deichmann, R., & Dolan, R. J. (2003) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-21-07931.2003 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
Gillan, C. M., Papmeyer, M., Morein-Zamir, S., Sahakian, B. J., Fineberg, N. A., Robbins, T. W., & de Wit, S. (2011) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10071062 · Cited by 609 · see citing works
Augmentation of Exposure Therapy With D-Cycloserine for Social Anxiety Disorder
Hofmann, S. G., Meuret, A. E., Smits, J. A. J., Simon, N. M., Pollack, M. H., Eisenmenger, K., Shiekh, M., & Otto, M. W. (2006) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.3.298 · Cited by 560 · see citing works
Chamberlain, S. R., Menzies, L., Hampshire, A., Suckling, J., Fineberg, N. A., del Campo, N., Aitken, M., Craig, K., Owen, A. M., Bullmore, E. T., et al. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1154433 · Cited by 550 · see citing works
Cerebral glucose metabolic rates in nondepressed patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder
(1988) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.145.12.1560 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Local Cerebral Glucose Metabolic Rates in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Benkelfat, C. (1990) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810210048007 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
A Role for the Human Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Fear Expression
Milad, M. R., Quirk, G. J., Pitman, R. K., Orr, S. P., Fischl, B., & Rauch, S. L. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.04.032 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuronal circuits of fear extinction
Herry, C., Ferraguti, F., Singewald, N., Letzkus, J. J., Ehrlich, I., & Lüthi, A. (2010) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07101.x · Cited by 484 · see citing works
Neuroimaging studies of amygdala function in anxiety disorders
RAUCH, S. L., SHIN, L. M., & WRIGHT, C. I. (2003) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07096.x · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Self-citationFunctional Anatomy of Obsessive–Compulsive Phenomena
McGuire, P. K., Bench, C. J., Frith, C., Marks, I. M., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Dolan, R. J. (1994) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.164.4.459 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Functional neuroimaging studies of human emotions
Phan, K. L., Wager, T. D., Taylor, S. F., & Liberzon, I. (2004) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900009196 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Mapping structural brain alterations in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Pujol, J., Soriano-Mas, C., Alonso, P., Cardoner, N., Menchón, J. M., Deus, J., & Vallejo, J. (2004) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.7.720 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Frontal-striatal dysfunction during planning in obsessive-compulsive disorder
van den Heuvel, O. A., Veltman, D. J., Groenewegen, H. J., Cath, D. C., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., van Hartskamp, J., Barkhof, F., & van Dyck, R. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.3.301 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Cerebral Glucose Metabolism in Childhood-Onset Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Swedo, S. E. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820090018003 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Reduced orbitofrontal-striatal activity on a reversal learning task in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Remijnse, P. L., Nielen, M. M. A., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., Cath, D. C., van Oppen, P., Uylings, H. B. M., & Veltman, D. J. (2006) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.11.1225 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Radua, J., van den Heuvel, O. A., Surguladze, S., & Mataix-Cols, D. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.70 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Facial expressions and complex IAPS pictures: Common and differential networks
Britton, J. C., Taylor, S. F., Sudheimer, K. D., & Liberzon, I. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.12.050 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
The Study of Fear Extinction: Implications for Anxiety Disorders
Graham, B. M., & Milad, M. R. (2011) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11040557 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Self-citationD-Cycloserine Augmented Exposure Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Kushner, M. G., Kim, S. W., Donahue, C. B., THURAS, P. D., Adson, D. E., Kotlyar, M., McCabe, J., Peterson, J., & Foa, E. B. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.12.020 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Error-related hyperactivity of the anterior cingulate cortex in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Fitzgerald, K. D., Welsh, R. C., Gehring, W. J., Abelson, J. L., Himle, J. A., Liberzon, I., & Taylor, S. F. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.038 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
van den Heuvel, O. A., Veltman, D. J., Groenewegen, H. J., Witter, M. P., Merkelbach, J. W., Cath, D. C., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., van Oppen, P., & van Dyck, R. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.8.922 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Neural Systems for Error Monitoring: Recent Findings and Theoretical Perspectives
Taylor, S. F., Stern, E. R., & Gehring, W. J. (2007) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858406298184 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
The functional anatomy of disorders of the basal ganglia
Albin, R. L., Young, A. B., & Penney, J. B. (1995) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(95)80020-3 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Invasive circuitry-based neurotherapeutics: stereotactic ablation and deep brain stimulation for OCD
Greenberg, B. D., Rauch, S. L., & Haber, S. N. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.128 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Self-citationAugmentation of Behavior Therapy With <scp>d</scp> -Cycloserine for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Wilhelm, S., Buhlmann, U., Tolin, D. F., Meunier, S. A., Pearlson, G. D., Reese, H. E., Cannistraro, P., Jenike, M. A., & Rauch, S. L. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07050776 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Self-citationDougherty, D. D., Baer, L., Cosgrove, G. R., Cassem, E. H., Price, B. H., Nierenberg, A. A., Jenike, M. A., & Rauch, S. L. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.2.269 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Self-citationMaltby, N., Tolin, D. F., Worhunsky, P., O'Keefe, T. M., & Kiehl, K. A. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.08.041 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Brunet, A., Poundja, J., Tremblay, J., Bui, É., Thomas, É., Orr, S. P., Azzoug, A., Birmes, P., & Pitman, R. K. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e318222f360 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
[18F]FDG PET Study in Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
Perani, D., Colombo, C., Bressi, S., Bonfanti, A., Grassi, F., Scarone, S., Bellodi, L., Smeraldi, E., & Fazio, F. (1995) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.166.2.244 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Adler, C. M., McDonough-Ryan, P., Sax, K. W., Holland, S. K., Arndt, S., & Strakowski, S. M. (2000) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3956(00)00022-4 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
The Role of the Orbitofrontal Cortex in Anxiety Disorders
Milad, M. R., & Rauch, S. L. (2007) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1401.006 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Self-citationBush, G., & Shin, L. M. (2006) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2006.48 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Functional and Biochemical Alterations of the Medial Frontal Cortex in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Yücel, M., Harrison, B. J., Wood, S. J., Fornito, A., Wellard, R. M., Pujol, J., Clarke, K., Phillips, M. L., Kyrios, M., Velakoulis, D., et al. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.8.946 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
The empirical status of the "new wave" of cognitive behavioral therapy
Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., & Fang, A. (2010) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2010.04.006 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Involvement of basal ganglia and orbitofrontal cortex in goal-directed behavior
Hollerman, J. R., Tremblay, L., & Schultz, W. (2000) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(00)26015-9 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Polli, F. E., Barton, J. J. S., Cain, M. S., Thakkar, K. N., Rauch, S. L., & Manoach, D. S. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0503657102 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Self-citationStorch, E. A., Murphy, T. K., Goodman, W. K., Geffken, G. R., Lewin, A. B., Henin, A., Micco, J. A., Sprich, S. E., Wilhelm, S., Bengtson, M. A., et al. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.07.015 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Dilger, S., Straube, T., Mentzel, H., Fitzek, C., Reichenbach, J. R., Hecht, H., Krieschel, S., Gutberlet, I., & Miltner, W. H. R. (2003) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(03)00647-5 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Rauch, S. (2002) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(02)00351-2 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Self-citationShin, L. M., Bush, G., Milad, M. R., Lasko, N. B., Brohawn, K. H., Hughes, K. C., Macklin, M. L., Gold, A. L., Karpf, R. D., Orr, S. P., et al. (2011) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.09121812 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Self-citationRauch, S. L., Wedig, M. M., Wright, C. I., Martis, B., McMullin, K. G., Shin, L. M., Cannistraro, P. A., & Wilhelm, S. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.12.012 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Self-citationDi Filippo, M., Picconi, B., Tantucci, M., Ghiglieri, V., Bagetta, V., Sgobio, C., Tozzi, A., Parnetti, L., & Calabresi, P. (2009) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.09.025 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Dissociable amygdala and orbitofrontal responses during reversal fear conditioning
Morris, J. S., & Dolan, R. J. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.01.012 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
A diffusion tensor imaging study of white matter in obsessive–compulsive disorder
Cannistraro, P. A., Makris, N., Howard, J. D., Wedig, M. M., Hodge, S. M., Wilhelm, S., Kennedy, D. N., & Rauch, S. L. (2007) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20246 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Self-citationFitzgerald, K. D., Stern, E. R., Angstadt, M., Nicholson-Muth, K. C., Maynor, M. R., Welsh, R. C., Hanna, G. L., & Taylor, S. F. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.08.018 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Rauch, S. L., Dougherty, D. D., Cosgrove, G. R., Cassem, E. H., Alpert, N. M., Price, B. H., Nierenberg, A. A., Mayberg, H. S., Baer, L., Jenike, M. A., et al. (2001) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01188-x · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citationA functional magnetic resonance imaging study of inhibitory control in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Page, L. A., Rubia, K., Deeley, Q., Daly, E., Toal, F., Mataix-Cols, D., Giampietro, V., Schmitz, N., & Murphy, D. G. M. (2009) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.05.002 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
WCA Recommendations for the Long-Term Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Adults
Greist, J. H., Bandelow, B., Hollander, E., Marazziti, D., Montgomery, S., Nutt, D., Okasha, A., Swinson, R. P., & Zohar, J. (2003) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900006908 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Ursu, S., & Carter, C. S. (2005) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.01.004 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Stern, E. R., Welsh, R. C., Fitzgerald, K. D., Gehring, W. J., Lister, J. J., Himle, J. A., Abelson, J. L., & Taylor, S. F. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.048 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Simon, D., Kaufmann, C., Müsch, K., Kischkel, E., & Kathmann, N. (2010) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.00980.x · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Baxter, L. R., Saxena, S., Brody, A., Ackermann, R., Colgan, M., Schwartz, Allen-Martinez, Z., Fuster, J. M., & Me, P. (1996) · PubMed · doi:10.1053/scnp00100032 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Amygdala and insular responses to emotionally valenced human faces in small animal specific phobia
Wright, C. I., Martis, B., McMullin, K. G., Shin, L. M., & Rauch, S. L. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00548-1 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuroimaging and the Neuroanatomy of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Rauch, S. L., Shin, L. M., Whalen, P. J., & Pitman, R. K. (1998) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900007306 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citationSchlösser, R. G. M., Wagner, G., Schachtzabel, C., Peikert, G., Koch, K., Reichenbach, J. R., & Sauer, H. (2010) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20980 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Deckersbach, T., Savage, C. R., Curran, T., Bohne, A., Wilhelm, S., Baer, L., Jenike, M. A., & Rauch, S. L. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.10.1780 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationAmygdala responses to human faces in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Cannistraro, P. A., Wright, C. I., Wedig, M. M., Martis, B., Shin, L. M., Wilhelm, S., & Rauch, S. L. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.09.029 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationUnconditioned responses and functional fear networks in human classical conditioning
Linnman, C., Rougemont-Bücking, A., Beucke, J. C., Zeffiro, T. A., & Milad, M. R. (2011) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.02.045 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationHedonic and informational functions of the human orbitofrontal cortex
Elliott, R., Agnew, Z., & Deakin, J. F. W. (2010) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp092 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Diminished medial prefrontal cortex activity in blood-injection-injury phobia
Hermann, A., Schäfer, A., Walter, B., Stark, R. M., Vaitl, D., & Schienle, A. (2007) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.01.002 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Diffusion tensor imaging and tract-based spatial statistics in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Nakamae, T., Narumoto, J., Sakai, Y., Nishida, S., Yamada, K., Nishimura, T., & Fukui, K. (2010) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.09.016 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Corpus Callosum in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Diffusion-Tensor Imaging Study
Saito, Y., Nobuhara, K., Okugawa, G., Takase, K., Sugimoto, T., Horiuchi, M., Ueno, C., Maehara, M., Omura, N., Kurokawa, H., et al. (2008) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.2462061469 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Joel, D., Zohar, O., Afek, M., Hermesh, H., LERNER, L., Kuperman, R. A., Gross‐Isseroff, R., Weizman, A., & Inzelberg, R. (2004) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2004.07.006 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Cardoner, N., Harrison, B. J., Pujol, J., Soriano‐Mas, C., Hernández‐Ribas, R., López‐Solà, M., Real, E., Deus, J., Ortiz, H., Alonso, P., et al. (2011) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2011.559268 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Amygdala activation in response to facial expressions in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder
Britton, J. C., Stewart, S. E., Killgore, W. D. S., Rosso, I. M., Price, L. M., Gold, A. L., Pine, D. S., Wilhelm, S., Jenike, M. A., & Rauch, S. L. (2010) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20718 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationGoldman, B. L., Martin, E. D., Calamari, J. E., Woodard, J. L., Chik, H. M., Messina, M. G., Pontarelli, N. K., Marker, C. D., Riemann, B. C., & Wiegartz, P. S. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.10.004 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Quirk, G. J., & Milad, M. R. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/463036a · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationGilliam, C. M., & Tolin, D. F. (2010) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.2010.74.2.93 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER AND TIC SYNDROMES
Swerdlow, N. R. (2001) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0025-7125(05)70338-2 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Åhs, F., Palmquist, Å. M., Pissiota, A., Appel, L., Frans, Ö., Liberzon, I., Furmark, T., & Fredrikson, M. (2011) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01231.x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Pena Garijo, J., Barros Loscertales, A., Ventura Campos, N., Ruipérez Rodríguez, M. Á., Edo Villamón, S., & Ávila Rivera, C. (2011) · Revista de Neurología · doi:10.33588/rn.5302.2010767 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Electrical Stimulation of the Brain for Psychiatric Disorders
Nuttin, B., Gabriëls, L. A., Cosyns, P. R., & Gybels, J. (2000) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900021908 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Herbster (1997) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0193(1997)5:2
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [67]Shin LM Liberzon I The Neurocircuitry of Fear, Stress, and Anxiety Disorders Neuropsychopharmacology 2009 PMC3055419 19625997
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Corticostriatal connectivity and its role in disease
Shepherd, G. M. G. (2013) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3469 · Cited by 824 · see citing works
Obsessive-compulsive disorder: An integrative genetic and neurobiological perspective
Pauls, D. L., Abramovitch, A., Rauch, S. L., & Geller, D. A. (2014) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3746 · Cited by 793 · see citing works
Self-citationProbing and regulating dysfunctional circuits using deep brain stimulation
Lozano, A. M., & Lipsman, N. (2013) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.01.020 · Cited by 665 · see citing works
A fronto–striato–subthalamic–pallidal network for goal-directed and habitual inhibition
Jahanshahi, M., Obeso, I., Rothwell, J. C., & Obeso, J. A. (2015) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn4038 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Puzzles and prospects
Robbins, T. W., Vaghi, M. M., & Banca, P. (2019) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.01.046 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
Repeated cortico-striatal stimulation generates persistent OCD-like behavior
Ahmari, S. E., Spellman, T., Douglass, N. L., Kheirbek, M. A., Simpson, H. B., Deisseroth, K., Gordon, J. A., & Hen, R. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1234733 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
Human organoids in basic research and clinical applications
Tang, X.-Y., Wu, S., Wang, D., Chu, C., Hong, Y., Tao, M., Hu, H., Xu, M., Guo, X. L., & Liu, Y. (2022) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-022-01024-9 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Optogenetic stimulation of lateral orbitofronto-striatal pathway suppresses compulsive behaviors
Burguière, E., Monteiro, P., Feng, G., & Graybiel, A. M. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1232380 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Norman, L. J., Carlisi, C., Lukito, S., Hart, H., Mataix-Cols, D., Radua, J., & Rubia, K. (2016) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0700 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Miura, Y., Li, M.-Y., Birey, F., Ikeda, K., Revah, O., Thete, M. V., Park, J.-Y., Puno, A., Lee, S. H., Porteus, M. H., et al. (2020) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-020-00763-w · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Alonso, P., Cuadras, D., Gabriëls, L., Denys, D., Goodman, W., Greenberg, B. D., Jimenez-Ponce, F., Kuhn, J., Lenartz, D., Mallet, L., et al. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133591 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Enhanced avoidance habits in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Gillan, C. M., Morein-Zamir, S., Urcelay, G. P., Sule, A., Voon, V., Apergis-Schoute, A. M., Fineberg, N. A., Sahakian, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2014) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.02.002 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
“Beyond irrational belief, conditioned fear and anxiety are also thought to be important for OCD (10) and indeed can bias healthy individuals to behave habitually (11,12).”
BackgroundBrain circuitry of compulsivity
van den Heuvel, O. A., van Wingen, G., Soriano-Mas, C., Alonso, P., Chamberlain, S. R., Nakamae, T., Denys, D., Goudriaan, A. E., & Veltman, D. J. (2016) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.12.005 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Goal-directed learning and obsessive-compulsive disorder
Gillan, C. M., & Robbins, T. W. (2014) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0475 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Boedhoe, P. S. W., Schmaal, L., Abe, Y., Ameis, S. H., Arnold, P. D., Batistuzzo, M. C., Benedetti, F., Beucke, J. C., Bollettini, I., Bose, A., et al. (2017) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16020201 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Milad, M. R., Furtak, S. C., Greenberg, J. L., Keshaviah, A., Im, J. J., Falkenstein, M. J., Jenike, M., Rauch, S. L., & Wilhelm, S. (2013) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.914 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Self-citationFettes, P., Schulze, L., & Downar, J. (2017) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2017.00025 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Valuation and decision-making in frontal cortex: one or many serial or parallel systems?
Rushworth, M. F., Kolling, N., Sallet, J., & Mars, R. B. (2012) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2012.04.011 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Boedhoe, P. S. W., Schmaal, L., Abe, Y., Alonso, P., Ameis, S. H., Anticevic, A., Arnold, P. D., Batistuzzo, M. C., Benedetti, F., Beucke, J. C., et al. (2018) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17050485 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Luyten, L., Hendrickx, S., Raymaekers, S., Gabriëls, L., & Nuttin, B. (2016) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2015.124 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory
Pace-Schott, E. F., Germain, A., & Milad, M. R. (2015) · Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1186/s13587-015-0018-9 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
“Similarly, this region includes the ventromedial prefrontal and hippocampal areas [127–129] linked to a putative extinction memory network [61].”
BackgroundSelf-citationPhysiological markers of motor inhibition during human behavior
Duque, J., Greenhouse, I., Labruna, L., & Ivry, R. (2017) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2017.02.006 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Harmonizing the Neurobiology and Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Goodman, W. K., Storch, E. A., & Sheth, S. A. (2021) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20111601 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder
Shephard, E., Stern, E. R., van den Heuvel, O. A., Costa, D. L. C., Batistuzzo, M. C., Godoy, P. B. G., Lopes, A. C., Brunoni, A. R., Hoexter, M. Q., Shavitt, R. G., et al. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-01007-8 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Gürsel, D. A., Avram, M., Sorg, C., Brandl, F., & Koch, K. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.01.016 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Harrison, B. J., Pujol, J., Cardoner, N., Deus, J., Alonso, P., López-Solà, M., Contreras-Rodríguez, O., Real, E., Segalàs, C., Blanco-Hinojo, L., et al. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.10.006 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Effects of sleep on memory for conditioned fear and fear extinction.
Pace-Schott, E. F., Germain, A., & Milad, M. R. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000014 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychopharmacological Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
CASALE, A. D., Sorice, S., Padovano, A., Simmaco, M., Ferracuti, S., Lamis, D. A., Rapinesi, C., Sani, G., Girardi, P., Kotzalidis, G. D., et al. (2018) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x16666180813155017 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Selective dysfunction of basal ganglia subterritories: From movement to behavioral disorders
Tremblay, L., Worbe, Y., Thobois, S., Sgambato, V., & Féger, J. (2015) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.26199 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
The classification of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders in the ICD-11
Stein, D. J., Kogan, C. S., Atmaca, M., Fineberg, N. A., Fontenelle, L. F., Grant, J. E., Matsunaga, H., Reddy, Y. C. J., Simpson, H. B., Thomsen, P. H., et al. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.10.061 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Goodman, W. K., Grice, D. E., Lapidus, K. A. B., & Coffey, B. J. (2014) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2014.06.004 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Berlim, M. T., Neufeld, N. H., & Van den Eynde, F. (2013) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.03.022 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Engineering brain assembloids to interrogate human neural circuits
Miura, Y., Li, M.-Y., Revah, O., Yoon, S., Narazaki, G., & Pașca, S. P. (2022) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/s41596-021-00632-z · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Fineberg, N. A., Apergis-Schoute, A. M., Vaghi, M. M. S., Banca, P., Gillan, C. M., Voon, V., Chamberlain, S. R., Cinosi, E., Reid, J. E., Shahper, S., et al. (2017) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyx088 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Sprooten, E., Rasgon, A., Goodman, M. C., Carlin, A., Leibu, E., Lee, W. H., & Frangou, S. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23486 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Thorsen, A. L., Hagland, P., Raduà, J., Mataix‐Cols, D., Kvale, G., Hansen, B. K. A., & van den Heuvel, O. A. (2018) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.01.009 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Reggente, N., Moody, T. D., Morfini, F., Sheen, C., Rissman, J., O’Neill, J., & Feusner, J. D. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1716686115 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Multimodal Voxel-Based Meta-Analysis of White Matter Abnormalities in Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
Raduà, J., Grau, M., van den Heuvel, O. A., de Schotten, M. T., Stein, D. J., Canales-Rodríguez, E. J., Catani, M., & Mataix-Cols, D. (2014) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2014.5 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Transcranial direct current stimulation in psychiatric disorders
Tortella, G. (2015) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v5.i1.88 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Fronto-striatal circuits in response-inhibition: Relevance to addiction
Morein‐Zamir, S., & Robbins, T. W. (2014) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.09.012 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Cortico–Basal Ganglia Circuit Function in Psychiatric Disease
Gunaydin, L. A., & Kreitzer, A. C. (2015) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-021115-105355 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Banca, P., Voon, V., Vestergaard, M. D., Philipiak, G., Almeida, I., Pocinho, F., Relvas, J., & Castelo-Branco, M. (2015) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awu379 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Eng, G. K., Sim, K., & Chen, S.-H. A. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.03.002 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Carrasco, M., Harbin, S. M., Nienhuis, J. K., Fitzgerald, K. D., Gehring, W. J., & Hanna, G. L. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22035 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Bourne, S. K., Eckhardt, C. A., Sheth, S. A., & Eskandar, E. N. (2012) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2012.00029 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Grant, J. E. (2014) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmcp1402176 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Rehn, S., Eslick, G. D., & Brakoulias, V. (2018) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-018-9566-7 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Brain Stimulation in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): A Systematic Review
Rapinesi, C., Kotzalidis, G. D., Ferracuti, S., Sani, G., Girardi, P., & CASALE, A. D. (2019) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x17666190409142555 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Deep brain stimulation of the ventral striatum enhances extinction of conditioned fear
Rodríguez-Romaguera, J., Monte, F. H. D., & Quirk, G. J. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1200782109 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
The Role of Stress in the Pathogenesis and Maintenance of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Adams, T. G., Kelmendi, B., Brake, C. A., Gruner, P., Badour, C. L., & Pittenger, C. (2018) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/2470547018758043 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Dougherty, D. D., Brennan, B. P., Stewart, S. E., Wilhelm, S., Widge, A. S., & Rauch, S. L. (2018) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0930 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citationA systematic review of the neural bases of psychotherapy for anxiety and related disorders
Brooks, S. J., & Stein, D. J. (2015) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2015.17.3/sbrooks · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Implications of newborn amygdala connectivity for fear and cognitive development at 6-months-of-age
Graham, A. M., Buss, C., Rasmussen, J. M., Rudolph, M. D., Demeter, D. V., Gilmore, J. H., Styner, M., Entringer, S., Wadhwa, P. D., & Fair, D. A. (2016) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.09.006 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Makris, N., Yogesh Rathi, A., Mouradian, P., Bonmassar, G., Papadimitriou, G., Ing, W. I., Yeterian, E. H., Kubicki, M. R., Eskandar, E. N., Wald, L. L., et al. (2015) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-015-9462-9 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Skapinakis, P., Caldwell, D., Hollingworth, W., Bryden, P. A., Fineberg, N., Salkovskis, P., Welton, N., Baxter, H., Kessler, D., Churchill, R., et al. (2016) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta20430 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Ahmari, S. E., & Dougherty, D. D. (2015) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22367 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Aggleton, J. P., Wright, N. F., Rosene, D. L., & Saunders, R. C. (2015) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhv019 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
The cognitive neuropsychology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a critical review
Abramovitch, A., & Cooperman, A. (2015) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2015.01.002 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Jung, W. H., Kang, D.-H., Kim, E., Shin, K. S., Jang, J. H., & Kwon, J. S. (2013) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2013.06.013 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Tang, W., Jbabdi, S., Zhu, Z., Cottaar, M., Grisot, G., Lehman, J. F., Yendiki, A., & Haber, S. N. (2019) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.43761 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
McGovern, R. A., & Sheth, S. A. (2017) · Journal of Neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/2016.1.jns15601 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Göttlich, M., Krämer, U. M., Kordon, A., Hohagen, F., & Zurowski, B. (2014) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22574 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Piras, F., Piras, F., Caltagirone, C., & Spalletta, G. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.10.008 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Dimensions of impulsive behavior in obese, overweight, and healthy-weight adolescents
Fields, S. A., Sabet, M., & Reynolds, B. A. (2013) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2013.06.089 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Connectomic deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder
Baldermann, J. C., Schüller, T., Kohl, S., Voon, V., Li, N., Hollunder, B., Figee, M., Haber, S. N., Sheth, S. A., Mosley, P. E., et al. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.07.010 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
The role of the orbitofrontal cortex in alcohol use, abuse, and dependence
Moorman, D. E. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.01.010 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Etiology, neuropathology, and cognitive dysfunction
Jalal, B., Chamberlain, S. R., & Sahakian, B. J. (2023) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.3000 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“Moreover, as discussed, such models have been revised over the years and now adopt a more dynamic view of CSTCcircuits, for example, as functionally interacting rather thanbeing fully segregated (Milad & Rauch, 2012; van den Heuvel et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialD'Urso, G., Brunoni, A. R., Mazzaferro, M. P., Anastasia, A., de Bartolomeis, A., & Mantovani, A. (2016) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22578 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Zhou, D.-D., Wang, W., Wang, G.-M., Li, D.-Q., & Kuang, L. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.03.033 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Melloni, M., Urbistondo, C., Sedeño, L., Gelormini‐Lezama, C., Kichic, R., & Ibáñez, A. M. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00259 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
The study of active avoidance: a platform for discussion
Diehl, M. M., Bravo-Rivera, C., & Quirk, G. J. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.010 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Amygdala activation and symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Via, E., Cardoner, N., Pujol, J., Alonso, P., López-Solà, M., Real, E., Contreras-Rodríguez, O., Deus, J., Segalàs, C., Menchón, J. M., et al. (2014) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.123364 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Systematic Review
Brunelin, J., Mondino, M., Bation, R., Palm, U., Saoud, M., & Poulet, E. (2018) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci8020037 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Tang, R., Noh, H. J., Wang, D., Sigurðsson, S., Swofford, R., Perloski, M., Duxbury, M. M., Patterson, E. E., Albright, J., Castelhano, M. G., et al. (2014) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2014-15-3-r25 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Functional and structural neural indices of risk aversion in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Admon, R., Bleich-Cohen, M., Weizmant, R., Poyurovsky, M., Faragian, S., & Hendler, T. (2012) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.02.002 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Inhibitory Modulation of Orbitofrontal Cortex on Medial Prefrontal Cortex–Amygdala Information Flow
Chang, C., & Grace, A. A. (2016) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhw342 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Simon, D., Adler, N., Kaufmann, C., & Kathmann, N. (2014) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2014.03.011 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Liebrand, L. C., Caan, M. W. A., Schuurman, P. R., van den Munckhof, P., Figee, M., Denys, D., & van Wingen, G. A. (2019) · Brain Stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2018.11.014 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Goodman, J., Leong, K.-C., & Packard, M. G. (2012) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2012-0049 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Oliver, G., Dean, O., Camfield, D., Blair-West, S., Ng, C., Berk, M., & Sarris, J. (2015) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.2015.13.1.12 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Fradkin, I., Adams, R. A., Parr, T., Roiser, J. P., & Huppert, J. D. (2020) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000188 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Menchón, J. M., Real, E., Alonso, P., Aparicio, M. A., Segalàs, C., Plans, G., Luyten, L., Brunfaut, E., Matthijs, L., Raymaekers, S., et al. (2019) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0562-6 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Ducharme, S., Price, B. H., Larvie, M., Dougherty, D. D., & Dickerson, B. C. (2015) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.14101248 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Abramovitch, A., Abramowitz, J. S., Mittelman, A., Stark, A., Ramsey, K., & Geller, D. A. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12414 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Moody, T. D., Morfini, F., Cheng, G., Sheen, C., Tadayonnejad, R., Reggente, N., O'Neill, J., & Feusner, J. D. (2017) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2017.192 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Tang, W., Zhu, Q., Gong, X., Zhu, C., Wang, Y., & Chen, S. (2016) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2016.07.004 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Liang, K., Li, H., Bu, X., Li, X., Cao, L., Liu, J., Gao, Y., Li, B., Qiu, C., Bao, W., et al. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01453-0 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Shaw, P., Sharp, W. S., Sudre, G. P., Wharton, A., GREENSTEIN, D. K., Raznahan, A., Evans, A. C., Chakravarty, M. M., Lerch, J. P., & Rapoport, J. L. (2014) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2014.3 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Geller, D. A., Homayoun, S., & Johnson, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.678538 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Karas, P. J., Lee, S., Shahed, J. J., Goodman, W. K., Viswanathan, A., & Sheth, S. A. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00998 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Wood, J., & Ahmari, S. E. (2015) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2015.00171 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“…these caveats, investigating corticolimbic-VS circuitry and developing more expansive OCD models that take limbic information processing into account (Milad and Rauch, 2012; de Haan et al., 2013; Ahmari and Dougherty, 2015) are likely to help elucidate the pathophysiologic processes leading to OCD.”
BackgroundInfluentialUllrich, M., Weber, M., Post, A. M., Popp, S., Grein, J., Zechner, M., González, H. G., Kreis, A., Schmitt, A. G., Üçeyler, N., et al. (2017) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2016.232 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Bu, X., Hu, X., Zhang, L., Li, B., Zhou, M., Lu, L., Hu, X., Li, H., Yang, Y., Tang, W., et al. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-018-0362-9 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Sethi, R., Gómez‐Coronado, N., Walker, A. J., Robertson, O. D., Agustini, B., Berk, M., & Dodd, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00605 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Yun, J., Boedhoe, P. S. W., Vriend, C., Jahanshad, N., Abe, Y., Ameis, S. H., Anticevic, A., Arnold, P. D., Batistuzzo, M. C., Benedetti, F., et al. (2020) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awaa001 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Merz, E. C., Desai, P. M., Maskus, E. A., Melvin, S. A., Rehman, R., Torres, S. D., Meyer, J. S., He, X., & Noble, K. G. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.05.024 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Zike, I. D., Xu, T., Hong, N., & Veenstra-VanderWeele, J. M. (2016) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.09.012 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Animal models of obsessive–compulsive disorder: utility and limitations
Alonso, P., López‐Solà, C., Real, E., Segalàs, C., & Menchón, J. M. (2015) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s62785 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Error-related negativity and tic history in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder
Hanna, G. L., Carrasco, M., Harbin, S. M., Nienhuis, J. K., LaRosa, C. E., Chen, P., Fitzgerald, K. D., & Gehring, W. J. (2012) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.06.019 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
A Unified Functional Network Target for Deep Brain Stimulation in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Li, N., Hollunder, B., Baldermann, J. C., Kibleur, A., Treu, S., Akram, H., Al‐Fatly, B., Strange, B. A., Barcia, J. A., Zrinzo, L. U., et al. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.04.006 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
- Authors
- Milad, M. R., & Rauch, S. L.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Milad, Mohammed R.
- Venue
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-01
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 43-51
- ISSN
- 1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4955838
- OpenAlex
- W2159370497
- Cited by
- 847
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 62 · 2025: 57 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 83 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 70 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 61 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 4.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh081975-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01-MH081975)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- obsessive-compulsive disorder, OCD pathophysiology, corticostriatal circuits, orbitofrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala, fear extinction, behavioral inhibition, obsession, compulsive behavior
- MeSH terms
- Amygdala, Anxiety Disorders, Cerebral Cortex, Compulsive Behavior, Corpus Striatum, Humans, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Neuroimaging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
