The DOI matches its Crossref record; 146 of the 146 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 98 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Cardiac vagal control and children's adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Polyvagal theory has influenced research on the role of cardiac vagal control, indexed by respiratory sinus arrhythmia withdrawal (RSA-W) during challenging states, in children’s self-regulation. However, it remains unclear how well RSA-W predicts adaptive functioning (AF) outcomes and whether certain caveats of measuring RSA (e.g., respiration) significantly impact these associations. A meta-analysis of 44 studies (n = 4,996 children) revealed small effect sizes such that greater levels of RSA-W were related to fewer externalizing, internalizing, and cognitive/academic problems. In contrast, RSA-W was differentially related to children’s social problems according to sample type (community vs. clinical/at-risk). The relations between RSA-W and children’s AF outcomes were stronger among studies that co-varied baseline RSA and in Caucasian children (no effect was found for respiration). Children from clinical/at-risk samples displayed lower levels of baseline RSA and RSA-W compared to children from community samples. Theoretical/practical implications for the study of cardiac vagal control are discussed.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The relations between RSA-W and children’s AF outcomes were stronger among studies that co-varied baseline RSA and in Caucasian children (no effect was found for respiration).”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A meta-analysis of 44 studies (n = 4,996 children) revealed small effect sizes such that greater levels of RSA-W were related to fewer externalizing, internalizing, and cognitive/academic problems.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 4,996- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Children from clinical/at-risk samples displayed lower levels of baseline RSA and RSA-W compared to children from community samples.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, RSA-W was differentially related to children’s social problems according to sample type (community vs. clinical/at-risk).”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The relations between RSA-W and children’s AF outcomes were stronger among studies that co-varied baseline RSA and in Caucasian children (no effect was found for respiration).”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A meta-analysis of 44 studies (n = 4,996 children) revealed small effect sizes such that greater levels of RSA-W were related to fewer externalizing, internalizing, and cognitive/academic problems.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 4,996- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The relations between RSA-W and children’s AF outcomes were stronger among studies that co-varied baseline RSA and in Caucasian children (no effect was found for respiration).”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Children from clinical/at-risk samples displayed lower levels of baseline RSA and RSA-W compared to children from community samples.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 4,996- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A meta-analysis of 44 studies (n = 4,996 children) revealed small effect sizes such that greater levels of RSA-W were related to fewer externalizing, internalizing, and cognitive/academic problems.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 4,996- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In terms of measurement issues, it is important to note that we found significant associations between baseline RSA and RSA withdrawal (r = .427, p < .05) as well as child age (r = .422, p < .05).”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > Heterogeneity and Moderation Analyses
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 23
- Probably not a substantial claim. 22
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The I2 values for academic/cognitive performance did not exceed 50%, suggesting relatively low heterogeneity.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > Heterogeneity and Moderation Analyses
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No other significant demographic moderators were identified.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > Heterogeneity and Moderation Analyses
plain- Asserted: unclear — It is unclear whether the authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regression analyses indicated that ethnicity of sample was significantly associated with the average strength of the relation between RSA withdrawal and externalizing problems (β = −.62, p < .01). This indicates that the association between RSA withdrawal and externalizing problems is stronger (more negative) among studies which had a sample containing a high percentage of Caucasian children.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > Heterogeneity and Moderation Analyses
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“research has shown that greater levels of RSA withdrawal are associated with better self-regulation and active coping skills as well as observed emotion regulation during frustrating/stressful tasks”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Degangi, Dipietro, Greenspan, & Porges, 1991
- Not checked yetcites Gentzler, Santucci, Kovacs, & Fox, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Huffman et al., 1998 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A child with good emotion regulation skills who has a history of using such physiological system efficiently during challenging or stressful situations should theoretically have an even easier time recruiting the orbitofrontal cortex for higher order cognitive functions during less stressful situations.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Vagal Withdrawal and Cognitive/Academic Problems
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“these findings are equivocal as some studies do not find such an association (Quas, Carrick, Alkon, Goldstein, & Boyce, 2006) or find a more quadratic association (Marcovitch et al., 2010).”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Vagal Withdrawal and Cognitive/Academic Problems
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Quas, Carrick, Alkon, Goldstein, & Boyce, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Marcovitch et al., 2010 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), a component of heart rate variability, has emerged as a non-invasive measure of the functional output of the vagal pathways on the heart.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grossman, Stemmler, & Meinhardt, 1990
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“high levels of baseline RSA have been associated with uninhibited behavior, assertiveness, sociability, and social competence.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Vagal Withdrawal and Social Functioning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Beauchaine, 2001
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in a sample of kindergarteners, Graziano and colleagues (2007) found that higher levels of RSA withdrawal (which is calculated by subtracting children’s RSA score during a challenging task from children’s RSA score during a resting or baseline task) were associated with higher social preference scores.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Vagal Withdrawal and Social Functioning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Graziano et al., 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“According to Polyvagal theory, however, successful vagal regulation is marked by RSA suppression or withdrawal, which is thought to facilitate an organism’s ability to cope with challenging states by mediating metabolic output via heart rate increases”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Abstract
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Baseline measures of vagal tone represent an organism’s ability to maintain homeostasis and the potential responsiveness of that organism.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Porges et al., 1996 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All averaged measures used in the current study were judged by both coders as being of approximately equal validity.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Method > Computation of Effect Sizes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reliability between coders was excellent (all ICC values > .90 and κ values = 1.00).”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Method > Coding of Moderators
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“RSA, under controlled respiratory conditions, is relatively uninfluenced by variations in sympathetic activity, and provides a sensitive index of cardiac vagal tone, even when alterations in parasympathetic activity are small”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grossman, Stemmler, & Meinhardt, 1990
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“during stressful periods, the vagal “brake” is disengaged resulting in a decrease in vagal output to the SA node of the heart and thus contributing to an increase in heart rate”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Porges et al., 1996 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence, while greater levels of RSA withdrawal was associated with fewer social problems among community/healthy children the reverse was true for clinically/at-risk children where greater levels of RSA withdrawal was associated with more social problems.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > Heterogeneity and Moderation Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Society for Psychophysiological Research’s Task Force committee concluded that no single measure for quantifying RSA can be viewed as the gold standard as each of approaches offers advantages and disadvantages”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Measurement Issues Associated with RSA
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Berntson et al., 1997 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“compared to the other two methods, the Porges adaptive filter method was significantly more sensitive to vagal mechanisms (effect sizes were reported as more than 3 times greater than the other two methods) as evidenced through a glycopyrrolate infusion.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Measurement Issues Associated with RSA
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lewis et al., 2012 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The main source of debate is regarding how much respiration confounds RSA as an estimate of cardiac vagal tone.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Measurement Issues Associated with RSA
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the adaptive nature of RSA withdrawal may be contingent in the context children are in.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Measurement Issues Associated with RSA
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“some studies have demonstrated that cognitively or frustrating challenging tasks incur greater RSA withdrawal levels compared to positive or neutral mood induction tasks”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Measurement Issues Associated with RSA
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The law of initial values also suggests that participants with higher baseline levels of a physiological measure have a greater potential for decreases in that measure”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Measurement Issues Associated with RSA
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lacey & Lacey, 1962
- Not checked yetcites Wilder, 1956 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it is not clear whether the type of challenging task actually affects any potential associations with adaptive functioning outcomes.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Measurement Issues Associated with RSA
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“while respiration frequency strongly relates to the frequency of RSA, it minimally impacts the amplitude of RSA (2–10% of variance).”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Measurement Issues Associated with RSA
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Denver et al., 2007 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The use of ANCOVAs may also create spurious group effects or remove an actual effect of interest”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Measurement Issues Associated with RSA
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Miller & Chapman, 2001 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Chronic periods of unnecessary regulation can lead to increases in stress and be maladaptive”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Vagal Withdrawal and Cognitive/Academic Problems
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schubert, Lambertz, Nelesen, Bardwell, Choi, & Dimsdale, 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“while a stressful or threat perceiving context may call for a reduction or suppression of RSA in order to active cardiac activity and mobilize metabolic resources to deal with the stress/threat, a more positive or threat free context may not require prolonged decreases in RSA and in fact augmentation of RSA may be more adaptive”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Measurement Issues Associated with RSA
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hastings, Nuselovici, et al., 2008
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While we examined certain measurement issues associated with RSA, we were not able to examine whether the task length or length of the baseline period affected any of the findings.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Children with emotional and behavioral control difficulties also perform worse on cognitive tasks and have worse academic outcomes (Holmes et al., 2010; Massetti et al., 2008; Masten et al., 2005).”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“display lower autonomic regulation compared to Caucasian adults”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cossrow & Falkner, 2004
- Not checked yetcites Sloan et al., 2008 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“One perspective indicated that children with internalizing problems physiologically overregulate which contributes to their symptoms (Thayer & Lane, 2000) while another perspective highlighted that internalizing problems are also a function of physiological dysregulation (Schmitz et al., 2011).”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Thayer & Lane, 2000 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“One perspective indicated that children with internalizing problems physiologically overregulate which contributes to their symptoms (Thayer & Lane, 2000) while another perspective highlighted that internalizing problems are also a function of physiological dysregulation (Schmitz et al., 2011).”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schmitz et al., 2011 source
plaindirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the question appears to be not whether RSA withdrawal is associated with improved social functioning, but for whom.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Within the externalizing domain, lack of self-control has long been conceptualized as a core feature of children who display significant behavioral problems such as those diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (Barkley, 1997; Keenan & Shaw, 2003).”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barkley, 1997 source
- Not checked yetcites Keenan & Shaw, 2003
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Within the cognitive/academic domain, a significant amount of research has linked better emotion regulation with optimal academic outcomes including school readiness (Graziano, Reavis, et al., 2007) as well as cognitive processes such as executive functioning (Bierman, Nix, Greenberg, Blair, & Domitrovich, 2008; Blair, 2002).”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Previous physiological research had highlighted children with externalizing problems as having overall low reactivity as measured primarily through the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) via both electrodermal activity and lower baseline heart rate levels (see meta-analysis by Lorber, 2004).”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lorber, 2004 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The empirical data summarized here appear to support the possibility that greater RSA withdrawal contributes to the allocation of metabolic resources. Specifically, increases in heart rate may facilitate the use of attentional abilities, which in turn may aid children in controlling both their behaviors and emotions during challenging states.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although we found evidence for the role of vagal regulation in the social behavior of healthy children (as predicted by the Social Engagement System outlined by Polyvagal Theory), we found the opposite to be true for clinical/at-risk populations, suggesting that the vagal “brake” does not uniformly enhance social functioning across all children.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“African-Americans tend to show higher rates of hypertension and cardiovascular disease”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cossrow & Falkner, 2004
- Not checked yetcites Sloan et al., 2008 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“some recent studies have documented differences among African-American children versus Caucasian children”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hinnant and colleagues (2011)
- Not checked yetcites Graziano and colleagues (2011)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
High-risk groups have more complex psychological and biological deficits that contribute to their impairment.
“While our mixed findings are unlikely the result of smaller sample sizes for children from clinical/at-risk samples (44% of studies we reviewed contained clinical/at-risk samples), high-risk groups undoubtedly have more complex psychological and biological deficits that contribute to their impairment.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Baseline RSA represents a general responsiveness measure and provides a ceiling on how much withdrawal a child can engage in during challenging situations.
“Baseline RSA is thought to represent a general responsiveness measure as it provides a ceiling on how much withdrawal a child can engage in during challenging situations.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Given evidence that baseline physiological arousal is systematically related to reactivity (Graziano & Derefinko, 2013), baseline arousal prior to the task was included as a covariate along with significantly correlated demographic variables.”
From Physiological Correlates of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo in Children: Examining Autonomic Nervous System Reactivity During Social and Cognitive Stressor Tasks (2020) · cites this paper as Graziano & Derefinko, 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Among children, meta-analytic results suggest that RSA withdrawal to stress or challenge is associated with lower levels of both internalizing and externalizing problems in children (Graziano & Derefinko, 2013).”
From Physiological Correlates of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo in Children: Examining Autonomic Nervous System Reactivity During Social and Cognitive Stressor Tasks (2020) · cites this paper as Graziano & Derefinko, 2013
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- ConsistentF(1, 21) = 6.16reported p = .02 · recomputed p = .022
“F (1, 21) = 6.16, p = .02”
- ConsistentF(1, 2003) = 11.3reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F (1, 2003) = 11.30, p < .001”
- ConsistentF(1, 1342) = 3.61reported p = .058 · recomputed p = .058
“F(1, 1342) = 3.61, p = .058”
- ConsistentF(1, 2976) = 250.5reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(1, 2976) = 250.50, p < .001”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > Primary Analyses
“r = .06, 95% CI = −.10 to −.01, ns”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > Primary Analyses
“a non-significant relation between RSA withdrawal and measure of children’s social functioning problems was found”
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
“had significantly lower absolute levels of baseline RSA as well as RSA withdrawal compared to children from community/healthy samples.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > Heterogeneity and Moderation Analyses
“children from community/healthy samples had marginally higher levels of RSA withdrawal (weighted M = .27, SD = .51) compared to children from clinically/at-risk samples (weighted M = .20, SD = .27), F(1, 1342) = 3.61, p = .058.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > Heterogeneity and Moderation Analyses
“This analysis (graphically depicted in Figure 1) indicated a significant effect for co-varying baseline RSA, F (1, 21) = 6.16, p = .02.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Method > Data Analysis
“we used a minimum alpha level of .01 (two-tailed tests).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > File Drawer Analysis
“for RSA withdrawal and academic/cognitive performance and social functioning problems, considerably fewer studies would be necessary to reduce results to non-significance (10 and 32, respectively)”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > Primary Analyses
“a non-significant relation between RSA withdrawal and measure of children’s social functioning problems was found”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Graziano, P., & Derefinko, K.
- Affiliations
- Florida International University (US)
- University of Kentucky (US)
- Corresponding author
- Graziano, Paulo
- Venue
- Biological Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-09
- Volume
- 94
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 22-37
- ISSN
- 0301-0511 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4074920
- OpenAlex
- W2043258274
- Semantic Scholar
- 6f6524f8faae07be66200280c4ae424a36c5fc08
- Cited by
- 439
- References
- 145
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 4.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (T32DA007304, T32DA035200)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
- Keywords
- cardiac vagal control, polyvagal theory, self-regulation, externalizing problems, internalizing problems, academic difficulties, social problems, respiration measurement, racial differences
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Arrhythmia, Sinus, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Cognition Disorders, Humans, Respiration, Social Behavior, Vagus Nerve
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-07, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-07 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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