Emotion Regulation via the Autonomic Nervous System in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
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Despite growing interest in conceptualizing ADHD as involving disrupted emotion regulation, few studies have examined the physiological mechanisms related to emotion regulation in children with this disorder. This study examined parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system reactivity via measures of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and cardiac pre-ejection period (PEP) in children with ADHD (n=32) and typically developing controls (n=34), using a novel emotion task with four conditions: negative induction, negative suppression, positive induction, and positive suppression of affect. Both groups showed strong task-response effects in RSA. However, typically developing children showed systematic variation in parasympathetic activity (RSA) depending on both emotion valence (more activation for negative emotion, reduced activation for positive emotion) and task demand (more activation for suppression than induction). In contrast, children with ADHD displayed a stable pattern of elevated parasympathetic activity (RSA) across all task conditions compared to baseline. No group differences in sympathetic activity (PEP) were observed. It is concluded ADHD in childhood is associated with abnormal parasympathetic mechanisms involved in emotion regulation.
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Musser et al. (2011) found, in the control group, an increase of RSA from baseline to the negative-emotion suppression condition, reflecting PNS withdrawal, and a decrease in RSA from baseline to the positive-emotion induction condition.
“An earlier study by the same group (Musser et al., 2011) measured induction or suppression of positive or negative emotions and found, in the control group, an increase of RSA from baseline to the negative-emotion suppression condition, reflecting PNS withdrawal and a decrease in RSA from baseline to the positiveemotion induction condition.”
From Is autonomic nervous system function atypical in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)? A systematic review of the evidence (2020) · cites this paper as Musser et al., 2011
The Results section (Effects of Emotion Induction and Suppression on RSA and PEP; page unavailable) reports that controls’ RSA increased from baseline during negative-emotion suppression and decreased during positive-emotion induction. It does not describe the RSA increase as PNS withdrawal, so that interpretation is not supported by the cited passage. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThese emotion-condition effects were absent in ADHD.
“These emotion-condition effects were absent in ADHD, therefore the authors concluded that ADHD is associated with PNS hypo-activation but intact sympathetic functioning (no significant results were found for PEP).”
From Is autonomic nervous system function atypical in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)? A systematic review of the evidence (2020) · cites this paper as Musser et al., 2011
Some studies have demonstrated that cognitively or frustrating challenging tasks incur greater RSA withdrawal levels compared to positive or neutral mood induction tasks.
“some studies have demonstrated that cognitively or frustrating challenging tasks incur greater RSA withdrawal levels compared to positive or neutral mood induction tasks”
From Cardiac vagal control and children's adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis (2013) · cites this paper as Musser et al., 2011
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- Authors
- Musser, E. D., Backs, R. W., Schmitt, C. F., Ablow, J. C., Measelle, J. R., & Nigg, J. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Oregon (US)
- Central Michigan University (US)
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Musser, Erica D.
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
- Published
- 2011-03-11
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 841-852
- ISSN
- 0091-0627 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2835
- PMC
- PMC3112468
- OpenAlex
- W2138056764
- Cited by
- 179
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 7.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2018-01-26)
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH-59105, R37MH059105, R01MH059105, R01MH086654)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, emotion regulation, autonomic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system, sympathetic nervous system, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, emotion induction, emotional suppression, children
- MeSH terms
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Autonomic Nervous System, Child, Emotions, Heart Rate, Humans, Neuropsychological Tests, Respiration
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