The DOI matches its Crossref record; 146 of the 146 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 98 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Cardiac vagal control and children's adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Polyvagal theory has influenced research on the role of cardiac vagal control, indexed by respiratory sinus arrhythmia withdrawal (RSA-W) during challenging states, in children’s self-regulation. However, it remains unclear how well RSA-W predicts adaptive functioning (AF) outcomes and whether certain caveats of measuring RSA (e.g., respiration) significantly impact these associations. A meta-analysis of 44 studies (n = 4,996 children) revealed small effect sizes such that greater levels of RSA-W were related to fewer externalizing, internalizing, and cognitive/academic problems. In contrast, RSA-W was differentially related to children’s social problems according to sample type (community vs. clinical/at-risk). The relations between RSA-W and children’s AF outcomes were stronger among studies that co-varied baseline RSA and in Caucasian children (no effect was found for respiration). Children from clinical/at-risk samples displayed lower levels of baseline RSA and RSA-W compared to children from community samples. Theoretical/practical implications for the study of cardiac vagal control are discussed.
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59 Not checked yet · 34 Own result · 16 Own interpretation · 7 No basis given · 5 Own method · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The relations between RSA-W and children’s AF outcomes were stronger among studies that co-varied baseline RSA and in Caucasian children (no effect was found for respiration).”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A meta-analysis of 44 studies (n = 4,996 children) revealed small effect sizes such that greater levels of RSA-W were related to fewer externalizing, internalizing, and cognitive/academic problems.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 4,996- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Children from clinical/at-risk samples displayed lower levels of baseline RSA and RSA-W compared to children from community samples.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, RSA-W was differentially related to children’s social problems according to sample type (community vs. clinical/at-risk).”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The relations between RSA-W and children’s AF outcomes were stronger among studies that co-varied baseline RSA and in Caucasian children (no effect was found for respiration).”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A meta-analysis of 44 studies (n = 4,996 children) revealed small effect sizes such that greater levels of RSA-W were related to fewer externalizing, internalizing, and cognitive/academic problems.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 4,996- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The relations between RSA-W and children’s AF outcomes were stronger among studies that co-varied baseline RSA and in Caucasian children (no effect was found for respiration).”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Children from clinical/at-risk samples displayed lower levels of baseline RSA and RSA-W compared to children from community samples.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 4,996- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A meta-analysis of 44 studies (n = 4,996 children) revealed small effect sizes such that greater levels of RSA-W were related to fewer externalizing, internalizing, and cognitive/academic problems.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 4,996- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In terms of measurement issues, it is important to note that we found significant associations between baseline RSA and RSA withdrawal (r = .427, p < .05) as well as child age (r = .422, p < .05).”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > Heterogeneity and Moderation Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Measurement of respiration rates (versus using normative rates) did not significantly impact the magnitude of the ESs (p = .70) nor did type of challenging task (cognitive, social, negative mood/stressors, multiple tasks) used to derive RSA withdrawal scores (p = .08).”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > Heterogeneity and Moderation Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of note, probing of this marginal significant finding indicated that studies which used negative mood/stressor tasks obtained larger RSA withdrawal to adaptive functioning associations compared to studies that used cognitive tasks to derive RSA withdrawal scores, p = .041.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > Heterogeneity and Moderation Analyses
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, a non-significant relation between RSA withdrawal and measure of children’s social functioning problems was found, indicating that RSA withdrawal is not associated with social functioning across studies (r = .06, 95% CI = −.10 to −.01, ns).”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > Primary Analyses
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In terms of measurement issues, it is important to note that we found significant associations between baseline RSA and RSA withdrawal (r = .427, p < .05) as well as child age (r = .422, p < .05).”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > Heterogeneity and Moderation Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As seen in Figure 2, it is important to note that children from community/healthy samples had significantly higher levels of baseline RSA (weighted M = 6.26, SD = 1.50) compared to children from clinically/at-risk samples (weighted M = 6.09, SD = .88), F (1, 2003) = 11.30, p < .001.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > Heterogeneity and Moderation Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, the association between baseline RSA and RSA withdrawal was significantly higher among children from clinically/at-risk samples (r = .36) compared to children from community/healthy samples (r = .20), F(1, 2976) = 250.50, p < .001.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > Heterogeneity and Moderation Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The I2 values for the RSA withdrawal relations with the adaptive functioning outcomes indicated moderate heterogeneity for externalizing, internalizing, and social problems (54%, 54%, and 71%, respectively).”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > Heterogeneity and Moderation Analyses
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, the relation between RSA withdrawal and measures of children’s internalizing problems had a weighted ES of r = −.16 (95% CI = −.21 to −.12, p = .001), also indicating a small negative effect.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > Primary Analyses
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The relation between RSA withdrawal and measures of children’s externalizing problems had a weighted ES of r = −.16 (95% CI = −.19 to −.12, p = .001), indicating a small negative effect.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > Primary Analyses
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In terms of RSA withdrawal, and after controlling for baseline RSA, children from community/healthy samples had marginally higher levels of RSA withdrawal (weighted M = .27, SD = .51) compared to children from clinically/at-risk samples (weighted M = .20, SD = .27), F(1, 1342) = 3.61, p = .058.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > Heterogeneity and Moderation Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lastly, the relation between RSA withdrawal and measures of children’s cognitive/academic problems also had a weighted ES of r = −.16 (95% CI = −.10 to −.22, p = .001), indicating a small negative effect.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > Primary Analyses
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This analysis (graphically depicted in Figure 1) indicated a significant effect for co-varying baseline RSA, F (1, 21) = 6.16, p = .02. Specifically, studies that co-varied baseline RSA had stronger associations between RSA withdrawal and adaptive functioning outcomes, M = −.19, SE = .03, compared to studies that did not co-vary baseline RSA, M = −.09, SE = .04.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Co-varying baseline RSA during analyses does strengthen the associations between RSA withdrawal and adaptive functioning outcomes.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > Heterogeneity and Moderation Analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Measurement of respiration rates (versus using normative rates) did not significantly impact the magnitude of the ESs (p = .70) nor did type of challenging task (cognitive, social, negative mood/stressors, multiple tasks) used to derive RSA withdrawal scores (p = .08).”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > Heterogeneity and Moderation Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No other differences among tasks were found.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > Heterogeneity and Moderation Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the ESs of our significant associations were quite small in nature”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In the case of RSA withdrawal and externalizing problems, the file drawer analysis indicated over 100 studies necessary to overturn significant findings.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > File Drawer Analysis
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Other moderation analyses failed to find any significant associations between child age or gender and the associations between RSA withdrawal and children’s adaptive functioning outcomes.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
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In the paper
“It is important to note that all studies that we reviewed used a broad measure of social functioning whether reported by parents, teacher, or peers.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, for RSA withdrawal and academic/cognitive performance and social functioning problems, considerably fewer studies would be necessary to reduce results to non-significance (10 and 32, respectively), suggesting that these varied findings are less likely to remain stable as new research emerges.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > File Drawer Analysis
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, in the case of RSA withdrawal and internalizing problems, the file drawer analysis indicated 65 studies would be necessary to overturn significant findings.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > File Drawer Analysis
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, for RSA withdrawal and academic/cognitive performance and social functioning problems, considerably fewer studies would be necessary to reduce results to non-significance (10 and 32, respectively), suggesting that these varied findings are less likely to remain stable as new research emerges.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > File Drawer Analysis
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our moderation analyses indicated that the strongest associations between RSA withdrawal and children’s externalizing outcomes were among studies with a higher percentage of Caucasian as participants”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A pattern of physiological dysregulation in the form of both lower sympathetic activity and lower levels of vagal withdrawal may underlie children with externalizing behavior problems’ ability to cope with stress and challenging situations”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Vagal Withdrawal and Externalizing Behavior Problems
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“a fair number of studies have found that children with externalizing behavior problems display a more blunted vagal response to challenge”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Vagal Withdrawal and Externalizing Behavior Problems
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Beauchaine, 2001
- Not checked yetcites Boyce et al., 2001 source
- Not checked yetcites Calkins & Dedmon, 2000
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“some studies have failed to find a link between RSA withdrawal and externalizing problems”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Vagal Withdrawal and Externalizing Behavior Problems
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Beauchaine, Gatzke-Kopp, & Mead, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Eisenberg et al., 2012 source
- Not checked yetcites Erath, Tu, & El-Sheikh, 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) have been observed to have low baseline RSA compared to healthy controls”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Vagal Withdrawal and Social Functioning
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Additionally, the results of the few studies that have examined the link between RSA withdrawal and social functioning have been mixed.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Vagal Withdrawal and Social Functioning
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“self-regulation skills, particularly emotion regulation, as critical for children’s adaptive functioning across various domains including behavioral, social, and cognitive/academic”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Baumeister & Vohs, 2004
- Not checked yetcites Blair, 2002 source
- Not checked yetcites Calkins & Fox, 2002
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Blair (2003) found an inverse relation between RSA withdrawal and social competence as reported by teachers.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Vagal Withdrawal and Social Functioning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Blair, 2003
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“there is a well-documented overlap in the brain structures (e.g., anterior cingulated cortex and orbitofrontal cortex) responsible for regulating both emotions and higher order cognitive processes”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Vagal Withdrawal and Cognitive/Academic Problems
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Children with externalizing behavior problems such as aggression, hyperactivity, and inattention are more likely to have emotion regulation and behavioral control difficulties such as impulsivity”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Vagal Withdrawal and Externalizing Behavior Problems
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gilliom & Shaw, 2004
- Not checked yetcites Keenan & Shaw, 2003
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Negative emotionality is known to interfere with higher order cognitive processes such as executive functioning”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Vagal Withdrawal and Cognitive/Academic Problems
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Initial studies do show that children with higher vagal withdrawal scores, indicative of better emotion regulation, perform better on cognitive and academic tasks”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Vagal Withdrawal and Cognitive/Academic Problems
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Blair & Peters, 2003
- Not checked yetcites Katz & Gottman, 1997
- Not checked yetcites Quas, Bauer, & Boyce, 2004 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“During such restful periods, the vagus exerts an inhibitory influence on the heart acting as a “brake” by increasing vagal output to the sino-atrial (SA) node of the heart and limiting sympathetic influences which contributes to a steady slow heart rate.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Porges et al., 1996 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“cardiac vagal tone–an index of the parasympathetic influence on the heart–has emerged as a psychophysiological marker for emotion regulation in both children and adults”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Beauchaine, 2001
- Not checked yetcites Calkins, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Porges, 2007 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the theoretical link between RSA withdrawal and social functioning, most of the empirical research has focused only on baseline RSA.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Vagal Withdrawal and Social Functioning
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, significantly less research has examined the link between RSA withdrawal and social competence.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Vagal Withdrawal and Social Functioning
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the frequency band (.12–.40 Hz) used in the Porges adaptive filter method to define RSA in adults can accurately capture respiration rates (less than 1% of individual breaths fell outside this frequency band).”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Measurement Issues Associated with RSA
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lewis et al., 2012 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“baseline RSA impacts the magnitude of RSA withdrawal that may occur during challenging situations”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Measurement Issues Associated with RSA
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Beauchaine, 2001
- Not checked yetcites Calkins, Graziano, Berdan, Keane, & Degnan, 2008
- Not checked yetcites El-Sheikh, 2005
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“studies vary in terms of which types of challenging tasks are used to derive RSA withdrawal values ranging from cognitively challenging tasks to more socially oriented or negative mood/stress inductions.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Measurement Issues Associated with RSA
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“statistically controlling for respiratory parameters as covariates in between subjects designs (e.g., ANCOVAs) does not “solve” the problem of the impact of respiration on RSA.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Measurement Issues Associated with RSA
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grossman & Taylor, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Allen et al., 2007 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“studies have varied in terms of whether baseline RSA levels are co-varied when examining links between RSA withdrawal and adaptive functioning outcomes.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Measurement Issues Associated with RSA
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Beauchaine, 2001
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“a time domain method that extracts only the heart rate variability within a defined band of breathing frequencies (i.e., Porges adaptive filter method), is equivalent to spectral analyses.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Measurement Issues Associated with RSA
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Denver et al., 2007 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“across 20 studies and regardless of method used to derive RSA, respiration rates and tidal volume significantly affect RSA magnitude.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Measurement Issues Associated with RSA
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grossman & Taylor, 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the associations between respiratory measures and RSA are much stronger within individuals versus between individuals”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Measurement Issues Associated with RSA
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ben Lamine et al., 2004
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Indeed, findings are mixed on whether higher vagal withdrawal scores relate to lower (Gentzler et al., 2009; Pearson et al., 2005; Schmidt, Fox, Schulkin, & Gold, 1999) or higher (Boyce et al., 2001; Hastings, Sullivan, et al., 2008; Hinnant & El-Sheikh, 2009) levels of internalizing symptoms.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Vagal Withdrawal and Internalizing Problems
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“across a review of 13 studies that statistically adjusting for respiration parameters including tidal volume or respiration frequency did not change any of the results.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Measurement Issues Associated with RSA
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Denver et al., 2007 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“frequency domain methods such as spectral analysis are less affected by respiration rates compared to methods that assess the amplitude of RSA oscillations”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Measurement Issues Associated with RSA
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grossman, van Beek, & Wientjes, 1990
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there is a lack of studies examining actual rates of RSA withdrawal among children from different ethnicities/race”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Graziano and colleagues (2011) found that a cardiovascular profile characterized by lower levels of RSA withdrawal and heart period represented a significant risk factor for the development of obesity, but only for African-American children.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Graziano and colleagues (2011)
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, it is important to recognize that we were not able to distinguish the extent to which our findings are a function of higher absolute levels of RSA withdrawal versus lower levels of RSA withdrawal or more importantly RSA augmentation.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“research by El-Sheik and colleagues (2009) demonstrated that co-activation or co-inhibition of the PNS and SNS predicted greater externalizing behavior problems associated with marital conflict”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites El-Sheik and colleagues (2009)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“but did not experience growth in baseline RSA over a two year period”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hinnant and colleagues (2011)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Greater levels of RSA withdrawal are also more strongly associated with reductions in stress reactivity in the context of higher social support (Wolff et al., 2012)”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wolff et al., 2012 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“researchers tend to examine widely different biological markers independently”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary, this study marks the first meta-analysis to confirm the role of cardiac vagal control, as measured via RSA withdrawal, in contributing to children’s adaptive functioning across externalizing, internalizing, and cognitive/academic domains.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is important to note that our meta-analysis could not examine gender or age differences as they relate to absolute levels of baseline RSA and RSA withdrawal.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results of our meta-analysis provide clear support for the latter view in that greater levels of RSA withdrawal were associated with fewer internalizing symptoms.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our meta-analysis elucidates potential etiological mechanisms by finding that a physiological regulatory function in the PNS, as indexed by RSA withdrawal, is also compromised in children with externalizing problems.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“First, it is important to acknowledge the difficulty in extrapolating biological and psychological processes that tend to be examined within normative samples to high-risk groups (Beauchaine, 2001).”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Beauchaine, 2001
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“children displaying less RSA withdrawal to a stressful event only showed elevated conduct problems in the context of a violent home environment (Katz, 2007)”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Katz, 2007 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This finding is counter to what one would expect based on Polyvagal theory and the Social Engagement System, outlined by Porges (2003b).”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“while reciprocal action of the PNS and SNS served as a protective factor”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites El-Sheik and colleagues (2009)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Hence, consistent with Denver and colleagues (2007), our findings indicate that the predictive validity of RSA towards various outcomes does not change as a function of how respiration is accounted for.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Denver et al., 2007 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“From a physiological perspective such link is not surprising given the significant overlap in the brain structures (e.g., ACC and orbitofrontal cortex) that facilitate the regulation of both emotions and higher order cognitive processes (Bush et al., 2000).”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bush et al., 2000 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence, despite potential age differences, and to a lesser extent gender differences, in the magnitude of RSA, it appears that at least the links between RSA and children’s adjustment outcomes work similarly for boys and girls across development.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our findings are consistent with such literature by documenting a significant link between a biological marker for self-control and children’s cognitive/academic functioning.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, the higher association between levels of baseline RSA and RSA withdrawal among children from clinical-at-risk samples versus children from community/healthy samples suggest lower variability or flexibility in their physiological system’s response to stress/challenge, even when considering varying baseline levels.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the few studies available have not found any significant differences”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Graziano, Calkins, et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Graziano, Keane, et al., 2007
- Not checked yetcites Matthews et al., 2002 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, for RSA withdrawal and academic/cognitive performance and social functioning problems, considerably fewer studies would be necessary to reduce results to non-significance (10 and 32, respectively), suggesting that these varied findings are less likely to remain stable as new research emerges.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > File Drawer Analysis
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Hinnant and colleagues (2011) found that African-American children had higher levels of baseline RSA compared to Caucasian children”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hinnant and colleagues (2011)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As it stands, however, the phylogenetic contributions to social behavior outlined by Polyvagal Theory have little empirical support for individuals with other significant clinical impairment.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 22
- It may state two separate claims as one. 23
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“some studies have demonstrated that cognitively or frustrating challenging tasks incur greater RSA withdrawal levels compared to positive or neutral mood induction tasks”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Measurement Issues Associated with RSA
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Calkins et al., 2007
- Partly supportedcites Moore, 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Tests of Hypotheses; page not provided) report greater RSA withdrawal in mothers exposed to anger than in mothers exposed to neutral or excited affect. The paper also discusses RSA withdrawal in challenge contexts, but it does not compare cognitive or frustrating tasks with positive or neutral mood-induction tasks as the claim states. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Could not verifycites Musser et al., 2011 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods (Emotion Induction Procedure; page unavailable) describe positive and negative film-clip tasks with neutral baselines, while the Results (Effects of Emotion Induction and Suppression on RSA and PEP; page unavailable) compare RSA responses across emotion conditions and ADHD groups. Neither passage reports that cognitively challenging or frustrating tasks produce greater RSA withdrawal than positive or neutral mood-induction tasks. Searches for cognitive challenge, frustrating tasks, and withdrawal found no such comparison in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The I2 values for academic/cognitive performance did not exceed 50%, suggesting relatively low heterogeneity.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > Heterogeneity and Moderation Analyses
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No other significant demographic moderators were identified.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > Heterogeneity and Moderation Analyses
plain- Asserted: unclear — It is unclear whether the authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regression analyses indicated that ethnicity of sample was significantly associated with the average strength of the relation between RSA withdrawal and externalizing problems (β = −.62, p < .01). This indicates that the association between RSA withdrawal and externalizing problems is stronger (more negative) among studies which had a sample containing a high percentage of Caucasian children.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > Heterogeneity and Moderation Analyses
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“research has shown that greater levels of RSA withdrawal are associated with better self-regulation and active coping skills as well as observed emotion regulation during frustrating/stressful tasks”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Degangi, Dipietro, Greenspan, & Porges, 1991
- Not checked yetcites Gentzler, Santucci, Kovacs, & Fox, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Huffman et al., 1998 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A child with good emotion regulation skills who has a history of using such physiological system efficiently during challenging or stressful situations should theoretically have an even easier time recruiting the orbitofrontal cortex for higher order cognitive functions during less stressful situations.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Vagal Withdrawal and Cognitive/Academic Problems
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“these findings are equivocal as some studies do not find such an association (Quas, Carrick, Alkon, Goldstein, & Boyce, 2006) or find a more quadratic association (Marcovitch et al., 2010).”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Vagal Withdrawal and Cognitive/Academic Problems
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Quas, Carrick, Alkon, Goldstein, & Boyce, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Marcovitch et al., 2010 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), a component of heart rate variability, has emerged as a non-invasive measure of the functional output of the vagal pathways on the heart.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grossman, Stemmler, & Meinhardt, 1990
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“high levels of baseline RSA have been associated with uninhibited behavior, assertiveness, sociability, and social competence.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Vagal Withdrawal and Social Functioning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Beauchaine, 2001
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in a sample of kindergarteners, Graziano and colleagues (2007) found that higher levels of RSA withdrawal (which is calculated by subtracting children’s RSA score during a challenging task from children’s RSA score during a resting or baseline task) were associated with higher social preference scores.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Vagal Withdrawal and Social Functioning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Graziano et al., 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“According to Polyvagal theory, however, successful vagal regulation is marked by RSA suppression or withdrawal, which is thought to facilitate an organism’s ability to cope with challenging states by mediating metabolic output via heart rate increases”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Abstract
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Baseline measures of vagal tone represent an organism’s ability to maintain homeostasis and the potential responsiveness of that organism.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Porges et al., 1996 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All averaged measures used in the current study were judged by both coders as being of approximately equal validity.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Method > Computation of Effect Sizes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reliability between coders was excellent (all ICC values > .90 and κ values = 1.00).”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Method > Coding of Moderators
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“RSA, under controlled respiratory conditions, is relatively uninfluenced by variations in sympathetic activity, and provides a sensitive index of cardiac vagal tone, even when alterations in parasympathetic activity are small”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grossman, Stemmler, & Meinhardt, 1990
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“during stressful periods, the vagal “brake” is disengaged resulting in a decrease in vagal output to the SA node of the heart and thus contributing to an increase in heart rate”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Porges et al., 1996 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence, while greater levels of RSA withdrawal was associated with fewer social problems among community/healthy children the reverse was true for clinically/at-risk children where greater levels of RSA withdrawal was associated with more social problems.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > Heterogeneity and Moderation Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Society for Psychophysiological Research’s Task Force committee concluded that no single measure for quantifying RSA can be viewed as the gold standard as each of approaches offers advantages and disadvantages”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Measurement Issues Associated with RSA
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Berntson et al., 1997 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“compared to the other two methods, the Porges adaptive filter method was significantly more sensitive to vagal mechanisms (effect sizes were reported as more than 3 times greater than the other two methods) as evidenced through a glycopyrrolate infusion.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Measurement Issues Associated with RSA
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lewis et al., 2012 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The main source of debate is regarding how much respiration confounds RSA as an estimate of cardiac vagal tone.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Measurement Issues Associated with RSA
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the adaptive nature of RSA withdrawal may be contingent in the context children are in.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Measurement Issues Associated with RSA
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The law of initial values also suggests that participants with higher baseline levels of a physiological measure have a greater potential for decreases in that measure”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Measurement Issues Associated with RSA
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lacey & Lacey, 1962
- Not checked yetcites Wilder, 1956 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it is not clear whether the type of challenging task actually affects any potential associations with adaptive functioning outcomes.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Measurement Issues Associated with RSA
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“while respiration frequency strongly relates to the frequency of RSA, it minimally impacts the amplitude of RSA (2–10% of variance).”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Measurement Issues Associated with RSA
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Denver et al., 2007 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The use of ANCOVAs may also create spurious group effects or remove an actual effect of interest”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Measurement Issues Associated with RSA
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Miller & Chapman, 2001 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Chronic periods of unnecessary regulation can lead to increases in stress and be maladaptive”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Vagal Withdrawal and Cognitive/Academic Problems
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schubert, Lambertz, Nelesen, Bardwell, Choi, & Dimsdale, 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“while a stressful or threat perceiving context may call for a reduction or suppression of RSA in order to active cardiac activity and mobilize metabolic resources to deal with the stress/threat, a more positive or threat free context may not require prolonged decreases in RSA and in fact augmentation of RSA may be more adaptive”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Measurement Issues Associated with RSA
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hastings, Nuselovici, et al., 2008
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While we examined certain measurement issues associated with RSA, we were not able to examine whether the task length or length of the baseline period affected any of the findings.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Children with emotional and behavioral control difficulties also perform worse on cognitive tasks and have worse academic outcomes (Holmes et al., 2010; Massetti et al., 2008; Masten et al., 2005).”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“display lower autonomic regulation compared to Caucasian adults”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cossrow & Falkner, 2004
- Not checked yetcites Sloan et al., 2008 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“One perspective indicated that children with internalizing problems physiologically overregulate which contributes to their symptoms (Thayer & Lane, 2000) while another perspective highlighted that internalizing problems are also a function of physiological dysregulation (Schmitz et al., 2011).”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Thayer & Lane, 2000 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“One perspective indicated that children with internalizing problems physiologically overregulate which contributes to their symptoms (Thayer & Lane, 2000) while another perspective highlighted that internalizing problems are also a function of physiological dysregulation (Schmitz et al., 2011).”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schmitz et al., 2011 source
plaindirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the question appears to be not whether RSA withdrawal is associated with improved social functioning, but for whom.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Within the externalizing domain, lack of self-control has long been conceptualized as a core feature of children who display significant behavioral problems such as those diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (Barkley, 1997; Keenan & Shaw, 2003).”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barkley, 1997 source
- Not checked yetcites Keenan & Shaw, 2003
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Within the cognitive/academic domain, a significant amount of research has linked better emotion regulation with optimal academic outcomes including school readiness (Graziano, Reavis, et al., 2007) as well as cognitive processes such as executive functioning (Bierman, Nix, Greenberg, Blair, & Domitrovich, 2008; Blair, 2002).”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Previous physiological research had highlighted children with externalizing problems as having overall low reactivity as measured primarily through the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) via both electrodermal activity and lower baseline heart rate levels (see meta-analysis by Lorber, 2004).”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lorber, 2004 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The empirical data summarized here appear to support the possibility that greater RSA withdrawal contributes to the allocation of metabolic resources. Specifically, increases in heart rate may facilitate the use of attentional abilities, which in turn may aid children in controlling both their behaviors and emotions during challenging states.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although we found evidence for the role of vagal regulation in the social behavior of healthy children (as predicted by the Social Engagement System outlined by Polyvagal Theory), we found the opposite to be true for clinical/at-risk populations, suggesting that the vagal “brake” does not uniformly enhance social functioning across all children.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“African-Americans tend to show higher rates of hypertension and cardiovascular disease”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cossrow & Falkner, 2004
- Not checked yetcites Sloan et al., 2008 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“some recent studies have documented differences among African-American children versus Caucasian children”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hinnant and colleagues (2011)
- Not checked yetcites Graziano and colleagues (2011)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
High-risk groups have more complex psychological and biological deficits that contribute to their impairment.
“While our mixed findings are unlikely the result of smaller sample sizes for children from clinical/at-risk samples (44% of studies we reviewed contained clinical/at-risk samples), high-risk groups undoubtedly have more complex psychological and biological deficits that contribute to their impairment.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Baseline RSA represents a general responsiveness measure and provides a ceiling on how much withdrawal a child can engage in during challenging situations.
“Baseline RSA is thought to represent a general responsiveness measure as it provides a ceiling on how much withdrawal a child can engage in during challenging situations.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Given evidence that baseline physiological arousal is systematically related to reactivity (Graziano & Derefinko, 2013), baseline arousal prior to the task was included as a covariate along with significantly correlated demographic variables.”
From Physiological Correlates of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo in Children: Examining Autonomic Nervous System Reactivity During Social and Cognitive Stressor Tasks (2020) · cites this paper as Graziano & Derefinko, 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Among children, meta-analytic results suggest that RSA withdrawal to stress or challenge is associated with lower levels of both internalizing and externalizing problems in children (Graziano & Derefinko, 2013).”
From Physiological Correlates of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo in Children: Examining Autonomic Nervous System Reactivity During Social and Cognitive Stressor Tasks (2020) · cites this paper as Graziano & Derefinko, 2013
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- ConsistentF(1, 21) = 6.16reported p = .02 · recomputed p = .022
“F (1, 21) = 6.16, p = .02”
- ConsistentF(1, 2003) = 11.3reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F (1, 2003) = 11.30, p < .001”
- ConsistentF(1, 1342) = 3.61reported p = .058 · recomputed p = .058
“F(1, 1342) = 3.61, p = .058”
- ConsistentF(1, 2976) = 250.5reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(1, 2976) = 250.50, p < .001”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > Primary Analyses
“r = .06, 95% CI = −.10 to −.01, ns”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > Primary Analyses
“a non-significant relation between RSA withdrawal and measure of children’s social functioning problems was found”
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Discussion
“had significantly lower absolute levels of baseline RSA as well as RSA withdrawal compared to children from community/healthy samples.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > Heterogeneity and Moderation Analyses
“children from community/healthy samples had marginally higher levels of RSA withdrawal (weighted M = .27, SD = .51) compared to children from clinically/at-risk samples (weighted M = .20, SD = .27), F(1, 1342) = 3.61, p = .058.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > Heterogeneity and Moderation Analyses
“This analysis (graphically depicted in Figure 1) indicated a significant effect for co-varying baseline RSA, F (1, 21) = 6.16, p = .02.”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Method > Data Analysis
“we used a minimum alpha level of .01 (two-tailed tests).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > File Drawer Analysis
“for RSA withdrawal and academic/cognitive performance and social functioning problems, considerably fewer studies would be necessary to reduce results to non-significance (10 and 32, respectively)”
§ Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis > Results > Primary Analyses
“a non-significant relation between RSA withdrawal and measure of children’s social functioning problems was found”
Citations
Cites
Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 · Cited by 63,139
Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta‐analysis
Higgins, J. P. T., & Thompson, S. G. (2002) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1186 · Cited by 36,763
Wasserman, S. S., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1988) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164953 · Cited by 10,377
Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex
Bush, G., Luu, P., & Posner, M. I. (2000) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01483-2 · Cited by 6,259
Heart rate variability: origins, methods, and interpretive caveats
BERNTSON, G. G., THOMAS BIGGER, J., ECKBERG, D. L., GROSSMAN, P., KAUFMANN, P. G., MALIK, M., NAGARAJA, H. N., PORGES, S. W., SAUL, J. P., STONE, P. H., et al. (1997) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02140.x · Cited by 3,962
Some Methods for Strengthening the Common χ 2 Tests
Cochran, W. G. (1954) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/3001616 · Cited by 3,718 · cited 1×
“The measure I2 is a modification of Cochrane's Q test (Cochran, 1954) which measures whether the ratio of variation that exceeds chance, thereby accounting for the number of studies utilized in metaanalysis with more accuracy (Higgins & Thompson, 2002).”
MethodHandbook of self-regulation: research, theory, and applications
(2005) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.42-3719 · Cited by 3,646
Porges, S. W. (2007) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.06.009 · Cited by 3,415
A model of neurovisceral integration in emotion regulation and dysregulation
Thayer, J. F., & Lane, R. D. (2000) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(00)00338-4 · Cited by 3,092
Fixed-and random-effects models in meta-analysis.
Hedges, L. V., & Vevea, J. L. (1998) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.3.4.486 · Cited by 2,977
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Heart rate variability as a transdiagnostic biomarker of psychopathology
Beauchaine, T. P., & Thayer, J. F. (2015) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.08.004 · Cited by 870
Aldao, A., Gee, D. G., De Los Reyes, A., & Seager, I. (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579416000638 · Cited by 636
Future Directions in Emotion Dysregulation and Youth Psychopathology
Beauchaine, T. P. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2015.1038827 · Cited by 394
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and children's emotion dysregulation: A meta-analysis.
Graziano, P. A., & Garcia, A. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.04.011 · Cited by 366
Self-citationde Geus, E. J. C., Gianaros, P. J., Brindle, R. C., Jennings, J. R., & Berntson, G. G. (2019) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13287 · Cited by 219
Metadata
- Authors
- Graziano, P., & Derefinko, K.
- Affiliations
- Florida International University (US)
- University of Kentucky (US)
- Corresponding author
- Graziano, Paulo
- Venue
- Biological Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-09
- Volume
- 94
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 22-37
- ISSN
- 0301-0511 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4074920
- OpenAlex
- W2043258274
- Semantic Scholar
- 6f6524f8faae07be66200280c4ae424a36c5fc08
- Cited by
- 439
- References
- 145
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 4.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (T32DA007304, T32DA035200)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
- Keywords
- cardiac vagal control, polyvagal theory, self-regulation, externalizing problems, internalizing problems, academic difficulties, social problems, respiration measurement, racial differences
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Arrhythmia, Sinus, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Cognition Disorders, Humans, Respiration, Social Behavior, Vagus Nerve
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-07, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-07 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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