Research on attention networks as a model for the integration of psychological science.
Abstract
As Titchener pointed out more than one hundred years ago, attention is at the center of the psychological enterprise. Attention research investigates how voluntary control and subjective experience arise from and regulate our behavior. In recent years, attention has been one of the fastest growing of all fields within cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience. This review examines attention as characterized by linking common neural networks with individual differences in their efficient utilization. The development of attentional networks is partly specified by genes, but is also open to specific experiences through the actions of caregivers and the culture. We believe that the connection between neural networks, genes, and socialization provides a common approach to all aspects of human cognition and emotion. Pursuit of this approach can provide a basis for psychology that unifies social, cultural, differential, experimental, and physiological areas, and allows normal development to serve as a baseline for understanding various forms of pathology. D.O. Hebb proposed this approach 50 years ago in his volume Organization of Behavior and continued with introductory textbooks that dealt with all of the topics of psychology in a common framework. Use of a common network approach to psychological science may allow a foundation for predicting and understanding human behavior in its varied forms.
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These attention systems both amplify and modulate reactivity in emotional and motivational systems.
“These attention systems serve to both amplify and modulate reactivity in emotional and motivational systems”
From School Readiness and Self-Regulation: A Developmental Psychobiological Approach (2015) · cites this paper as Posner & Rothbart 2007
Processes implement the range and degree of attention, from hypervigilance to deflecting attention.
“and those that implement the range and degree of attention (Posner and Rothbart, 2007), from hypervigilance to deflecting attention”
From Impulsive action: emotional impulses and their control (2014) · cites this paper as Posner and Rothbart, 2007
Attention is a well-established indicator of learning outcomes.
“Pedagogically, attention is a well-established indicator of learning outcomes [107]”
From AI Sensing and Intervention in Higher Education: Student Perceptions of Learning Impacts, Affective Responses, and Ethical Priorities (2026) · cites this paper as [107]
Interventions dealing with attention regulation in young children with ASD have not yet been reported, but in typically developing children, short-term training has improved attention control measures associated with effortful control.
“Interventions dealing with attention regulation in young children with ASD have not yet been reported, but in typically developing children, short-term training has improved attention control measures associated with effortful control. 62”
From Early Intervention for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder Under 3 Years of Age: Recommendations for Practice and Research (2015) · cites this paper as [62]
Posner's model of attention has been validated across different units of analysis.
“Posner's model of attention, which is widely accepted and, crucially, has itself been validated across different units of analysis [68-72].”
From Advancing the study of sluggish cognitive tempo via DSM, RDoC, and hierarchical models of psychopathology (2019) · cites this paper as [72]
In Posner's model, alerting, orienting, and executive control networks serve different functions involving different brain structures and neurotransmitters.
“Within this model, alerting, orienting, and executive control networks carry out different functions that involve different brain structures and neurotransmitters [68-72].”
From Advancing the study of sluggish cognitive tempo via DSM, RDoC, and hierarchical models of psychopathology (2019) · cites this paper as [72]
Negative emotionality interferes with higher order cognitive processes such as executive functioning.
“Negative emotionality is known to interfere with higher order cognitive processes such as executive functioning”
From Cardiac vagal control and children's adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis (2013) · cites this paper as Posner & Rothbart, 2007
Orienting differs from alerting, defined as achieving and maintaining a state of high sensitivity to incoming stimuli, and presumably varies on a longer timescale (minutes and tens of minutes) than orienting (milliseconds and seconds).
“Orienting differs from “alerting”, defined as “achieving and maintaining a state of high sensitivity to incoming stimuli” (Posner & Rothbart, 2007; p. 7), and presumably varies on a longer timescale (minutes and tens of minutes) than orienting (milliseconds and seconds).”
From Modes and models of forebrain cholinergic neuromodulation of cognition (2011) · cites this paper as Posner & Rothbart, 2007
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- Authors
- Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Oregon (US)
- ORCID
- Posner, Michael I.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2007-01-01
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-23
- ISSN
- 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2085
- OpenAlex
- W2078099808
- Cited by
- 1,569
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 89 · 2025: 77 · 2024: 85 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 104 · 2019: 84 · 2018: 77 · 2017: 111 · 2016: 85 · 2015: 92 · 2014: 96 · 2013: 94 · 2012: 87
- FWCI
- 3.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- attentional networks, attention, individual differences, artificial neural networks, gene-environment interaction, socialization, cognitive development, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive psychology, human behavior prediction
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Behavior, Brain, Child, Child, Preschool, Culture, Humans, Infant, Models, Psychological, Nerve Net, Neuropsychology, Psychology, Socialization, Temperament
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