The acceptability and preference for the psychological treatment of PTSD
Abstract
The acceptability and preference of psychological treatments is important in understanding patient treatment seeking, choice, engagement and attrition and possibly treatment response in health care. The acceptability of, and preference for, 14 different types of psychological treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were investigated in a student population through invitation to participate in a web-based survey. Respondents were asked to rate each treatment on 10 scales and to rank the treatments in order of preference. Respondents were also asked whether they would seek treatment themselves, recommend treatment to friends and family, feel stigmatised by suffering from PTSD, had any prior knowledge of the treatments and if this had been positive or negative and whether they had a history of psychological problems or treatment. A total of 330 respondents completed the survey. A past or current history of psychological problems and treatment was surprisingly high. Almost all respondents indicated that they would seek or recommend treatment in spite of high levels of stigmatisation. Factor analysis of the 10 scales indicated two factors: Endorsement and Discomfort. Rank ordering on preference and Endorsement scores was highly consistent. The highly preferred and endorsed treatments involved cognitive therapy, exposure or psycho-education in spite of high levels of discomfort anticipated with exposure. Treatments involving new technologies, EMDR and psychodynamic psychotherapy received the lowest Endorsement and preference. There was a modest influence of prior knowledge of a treatment.
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Patients with PTSD have strong preferences for their treatment, and many prefer to do exposure therapy when asked.
“This is important because patients with PTSD have strong preferences for their treatment, and many prefer to do exposure therapy when asked (Becker et al., 2007; Schwartzkopff et al., 2021; Tarrier et al., 2006).”
From An Open-Phase Pilot Trial of an Integration of Prolonged Exposure Therapy and the Coping Long-Term With Active Suicide Program (2026) · cites this paper as Tarrier et al., 2006
Analog studies have demonstrated participants prefer CT and exposure therapy over psychodynamic psychotherapy, EMDR, and therapies using novel technologies.
“Analog studies have demonstrated that participants have preferences for CT and exposure therapy over psychodynamic psychotherapy, EMDR, and therapies using novel technologies (e.g., virtual reality, computer-based therapy; Tarrier et al., 2006; Becker et al., 2007).”
From Treating PTSD: A Review of Evidence-Based Psychotherapy Interventions (2018) · cites this paper as Tarrier et al., 2006
Students confronted with treatment vignettes for anxiety disorders consistently show a preference for exposure-based CBT over other psychological interventions or medication.
“Students confronted with treatment vignettes for anxiety disorders consistently show a preference for exposure-based CBT over other psychological interventions or medication (Becker, Darius, & Schaumberg, 2007;Deacon & Abramowitz, 2005;Tarrier, Liversidge, & Gregg, 2006).”
From Effective—and Tolerable: Acceptance and Side Effects of Intensified Exposure for Anxiety Disorders (2023) · cites this paper as Tarrier, Liversidge, & Gregg, 2006
The study did not apply a comprehensive treatment acceptance scale, which reduces the comparability of acceptance scores.
“Second, we did not apply a comprehensive treatment acceptance scale (e.g., Tarrier et al., 2006), which reduces the comparability of acceptance scores.”
From Effective—and Tolerable: Acceptance and Side Effects of Intensified Exposure for Anxiety Disorders (2023) · cites this paper as Tarrier et al., 2006
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“Similarly, Walsh et al. (2015) used an intervention involving enhanced rehabilitation efforts for patients after ICU discharge: increased patient-specific treatments related to mobilization, exercise, diet therapy, occupational therapy, or speech/language therapy.”
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“Only one study found in the literature, conducted by Tarrier, Liversidge, and Gregg (2006), showed different results.”
ResultTreatment Beliefs and Preferences for Psychological Therapies for Weight Management
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“The information is comprehensive, extending what has been reported in the literature by detailing the activities in which participants are to engage (e.g., Tarrier et al., 2006).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDeployed soldiers’ reactions to exposure and medication treatments for PTSD
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Providing a treatment rationale for PTSD: Does what we say matter?
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“Most respondents said they would seek psychological treatment (Tarrier et al., 2006), and exposure therapy was among the most preferred treatments (Becker et al., 2007; Tarrier et al., 2006).”
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“This hypothesis is based upon prior studies of non-veterans who showed a preference for exposure-based and cognitive-behavioral psychotherapies versus other form of psychotherapy (Becker et al., 2007; Tarrier et al., 2006).”
MethodResultFactors Associated with Choice of Exposure Therapy for PTSD
Jaeger, J., Echiverri, A., Zoellner, L., Post, L., & Feeny, N. (2009) · International journal of behavioral and consultation therapy · doi:10.1037/h0100890 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Two studies report small associations between past experience and treatment preference (Roy-Byrne et al., 2003; Tarrier et al., 2006), with positive past therapy experience or knowledge predicting preference for psychotherapy (Tarrier et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialMansour, M., Joseph, G. R., Joy, G. K., Khanal, S., Dasireddy, R. R., Menon, A., Mason, I. B., Kataria, J., Patel, T., & Modi, S. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.44905 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Although research does not conclusively favor one over the others, they are considered first-line treatments for PTSD, taking into account patient preferences and clinician expertise [33].”
InfluentialPukay-Martin, N. D., Torbit, L. A., Landy, M. S. H., Wanklyn, S. G., Shnaider, P., Lane, J. E. M., & Monson, C. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22166 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Kilfedder, C., Power, K., Karatzias, T., McCafferty, A., Niven, K., Chouliara, Z., Galloway, L., & Sharp, S. (2009) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1348/147608309x476348 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Levy, H. C., Senn, J. M., & Radomsky, A. S. (2014) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.28.4.303 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
An Integrated Strategy for the Cultural Adaptation of Evidence-Based Interventions
Sidani, S., Ibrahim, S., Lok, J., Fan, L., Fox, M. T., & Guruge, S. (2017) · Health · doi:10.4236/health.2017.94053 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“The description presents this information about an EBI in simple language, easy to follow format, and as factual statements, as recommended by Tarrier, Liversidge and Gregg [26].”
MethodDeveloping Pluralistic Practice in Counselling and Psychotherapy: Using What the Client Knows
McLeod, J. (2013) · The European Journal of Counselling Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejcop.v2i1.5 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“…that they believe to be credible and effective for conditions such as anxiety, depression and trauma (Bakker, Spinhoven, van Balkom, Vleugel, & van Dyck, 2000; Bragesjö, Clinton, & Sandell, 2004; Hemmings, 2000; Lang, 2005; McLeod & Sweeting, 2010; Sobel, 1979; Tarrier, Liversidge, & Gregg, 2006).”
An integrative model of patients’ perceived value of healthcare service quality in North Cyprus
Sanıl, M., & Eminer, F. (2021) · Archives of Public Health · doi:10.1186/s13690-021-00738-6 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Specific examples of different definitions, such as the terms “treatment acceptability” [48, 49] and “social acceptability” [33, 50], confirm that defining acceptability is not a straightforward matter, especially within the healthcare literature, which shows the considerable ambiguity of this concept.”
BackgroundHarned, M. S., Tkachuck, M. A., & Youngberg, K. A. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.21943 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Despite this, previous studies have found that when other PTSD treatments are offered, exposure-based therapies such as PE are still one of the most preferred treatments (e.g., Becker et al., 2007; Angelo et al., 2008; Tarrier et al., 2006; Zoellner et al., 2003; Zoellner et al., 2009).”
ResultWhat do clients want from therapy? A practice-friendly review of research into client preferences
McLeod, J. (2012) · European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counselling · doi:10.1080/13642537.2012.652390 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Effective—and Tolerable: Acceptance and Side Effects of Intensified Exposure for Anxiety Disorders
Heinig, I., Knappe, S., Hoyer, J., Wittchen, H.-U., Richter, J., Arolt, V., Deckert, J., Domschke, K., Hamm, A., Kircher, T., et al. (2023) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2022.11.001 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
SPATIAL ACCESSIBILITY OF HEALTH CARE IN INDIANAPreprint
Unal, E., Chen, S. E., & Waldorf, B. S. (2007) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · doi:10.22004/ag.econ.7329 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
It’s the who not the when: An investigation of safety behavior fading in exposure to contamination
Levy, H. C., & Radomsky, A. S. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.02.006 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Increasing engagement with computerised cognitive behavioural therapies
Cavanagh, K., & Millings, A. (2013) · ICST Transactions on Ambient Systems · doi:10.4108/trans.amsys.01-06.2013.e3 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Conducting a two-stage preference trial: Utility and challenges
Sidani, S., Fox, M. T., & Epstein, D. R. (2015) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2015.02.006 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Casey, L. M., & Clough, B. A. (2015) · doi:10.1515/9783110473780-010 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Tarrier, N. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2010.01203.x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Clinician Experiences With EMDR: Factors Influencing Continued Use
Grimmett, J., & Galvin, M. D. (2015) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/1933-3196.9.1.3 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“With such large numbers of clinicians being trained each year, it is unclear why consumers lack awareness of EMDR (Tarrier et al, 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialFirth, N., Delgadillo, J., Kellett, S., & Lucock, M. P. (2019) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2019.1589652 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Although treatment acceptability (Tarrier et al., 2006) has tended to focus on the treatment itself and less on the context in which the treatment is delivered, the above findings fit within a wider evidence-base which highlights the adverse impact of socio-economic factors on psychological treatment utilisation (Delg…”
ResultCognitive therapy for compulsive checking in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pilot trial
Radomsky, A. S., Giraldo-O’Meara, M., Wong, S. F., Dugas, M. J., Gelfand, L. A., Rachman, S., Schell, S., Senn, J. M., Shafran, R., & Whittal, M. L. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112850 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Shafran, R., Gyani, A., Rostron, J., Allen, S., Myles-Hooton, P., Allcott-Watson, H., & Rose, S. (2019) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465818000498 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“This is despite the fact that people presenting with common mental health disorders prefer psychological treatments to medication (Kwan et al., 2010; McHugh et al., 2013) and prefer psychological treatments that have more empirical support than those that do not (Tarrier et al., 2006).”
BackgroundSidani, S., Fox, M. T., Streiner, D. L., Miranda, J., Fredericks, S., & Epstein, D. R. (2015) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-015-0108-4 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“The content and format for presenting treatment-related information affect participants’ perception of the treatment options [18–20].”
BackgroundVirtual Reality Exposure for Trauma and Stress-Related Disorders for City Violence Crime Victims
Cárdenas‐López, G., la Rosa-Gómez, A. D., Durón-Figueroa, R., & Durán-Baca, X. (2016) · International journal of child health and human development · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Wallman, E. J., Segrave, R. A., Gordon, M. S., Fraser, M. J. O. B., Pavlou, C., & Melvin, G. A. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.057 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Neal, R. L., & Radomsky, A. S. (2019) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s135246581900050x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Computer und Psychotherapie – geht das zusammen?
Schuster, R., Berger, T., & Laireiter, A. (2017) · Psychotherapeut · doi:10.1007/s00278-017-0214-8 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Einschränkungen in der Anwendung von Online-Interventionen bestehen dementsprechend sowohl auf Ebene verschiedener differenzieller Aspekte und spezifischer Problembereiche (z. B. Suizidalität, Intelligenzminderung, psychotische Störungen) als auch hinsichtlich demografischer Merkmale (etwa Alter, Bildungsstand, Intern…”
BackgroundInfluentialDrivers of Preference for Evidence-Based PTSD Treatment: A Qualitative Assessment
Etingen, B., Grubbs, K. M., & Harik, J. M. (2020) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usz220 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Mahoney, A., Chouliara, Z., & Karatzias, T. (2015) · Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.1080/14789949.2015.1062993 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Garfield, J. B. B., Piercy, H., Arunogiri, S., Lubman, D. I., Campbell, S. C., Sanfilippo, P. G., Gavin, J., Hopwood, M., Kotler, E., George, S., et al. (2021) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-020-04927-6 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Schwartzkopff, L., Gutermann, J., Steil, R., & Müller-Engelmann, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.694038 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The higher disinclination rate for EMDR is consistent with previous research (Tarrier et al., 2006; Becker et al., 2007, 2009; Harik et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMethodResultPost-traumatic Stress Disorder
Draper, C., & Ghiglieri, M. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6510-3_5 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Melani, M., Paiva, J. M., Mendlowicz, M. V., Vilete, L. M. P., Luz, M. P., Ventura, P. R., Passos, R. B. F., & Berger, W. L. (2024) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001769 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Counseling and Psychotherapy with Clients of Middle Eastern Descent: A Qualitative Inquiry
Boghosian, S. (2021) · Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) · doi:10.26076/c766-e35b · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ladwig, S., Pauls, F., Gerke, L., & Nestoriuc, Y. (2024) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2977 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Graham, F., Bartik, W. J., Wayland, S., & Maple, M. J. (2024) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2024.2351101 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Moreover, users’ compliance with health-care recommendations may increase for supports perceived as acceptable (e.g., Sidani et al., 2009; Tarrier et al., 2006).”
Schuster, R., Berger, T., & Laireiter, A. (2018) · doi:10.7892/boris.113561 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
van Geusau, V. A., de Jongh, A., Nuijs, M. D., Brouwers, T. C., Moerbeek, M., & Matthijssen, S. J. M. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1278052 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Treatment acceptability is assessed with four questions based on Tarrier et al. (78) and Devilly (79) which measure several facets which could be grouped under treatment acceptability.”
Simon, N. A., Evans, J., Bispham, D., Williams, F., Jones, J., Roberts, N. P., & Waters, C. S. (2025) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/da/3698331 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…would include considering motivation towards treatment, and whether there would be a Depression and Anxiety preference for face-to-face CBT, or whether CBT GSH may be suitable, which may be an empowering and cost-effective alternative offer depending on an individual ’ s circumstances [99, 100].”
Mills, S. D., & Hulbert‐Williams, L. (2012) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2012.682563 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“By most measures, the evidence base for exposure-based therapies, especially exposure-based CBT is stronger, but data suggest that only about 20% of practitioners who specialise in the treatment of anxiety disorders use this type of therapy to treat PTSD (Tarrier et al., 2006).”
BackgroundControl-theoretic treatment scheduling for posttraumatic stress disorder
Noble, S. L. (2013) · Proceedings of the ... American Control Conference/Proceedings of the American Control Conference · doi:10.1109/acc.2013.6579921 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Watson, J. M., Tober, G., Raistrick, D., Mdege, N. D., Dale, V., Crosby, H., Godfrey, C., Lloyd, C., Toner, P., & Parrott, S. (2013) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-14-117 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The acceptability of a treatment is one factor in engagement and retention in psychological therapies [12].”
BackgroundTrauma and PTSD in the Perinatal Period
Hopkins, T. A., & Hellberg, S. N. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-71497-0_16 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pedro, L. M. R., de Oliveira, M. C. S., Pereira, M., Fonseca, A., & Canavarro, M. C. (2024) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-024-01391-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The knowledge gathered within this study will help to out-line strategies for increasing individuals’ adherence to unified transdiagnostic CBT in group format (Sekhon et al., 2021 ; Tarrier et al., 2006).”
MethodPukay‐Martin, N. D., Torbit, L. A., Landy, M. S. H., Macdonald, A., & Monson, C. M. (2017) · Couple and Family Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/cfp0000071 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Harik, J. M., Grubbs, K. M., & Hamblen, J. L. (2020) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22528 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
RetractedPosttraumatic Stress Disorder in Primary Care Patients
Bronson, D. L., Franco, K. S. N., & Budur, K. S. (2007) · Comprehensive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s12019-007-8018-3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The efficacy of these treatments is dependent upon patient preference, motivation, and other factors including the severity of illness and comorbid disorders ( 58 ).”
BackgroundChazan, R. (1989) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/9780520407022-011 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Li, H., Xiong, C., & Liu, X. (2024) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2024.2420859 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“In psychology, acceptance represents a kind of psychological adaptation behaviour, showing an individual’s sense of identity with things, accompanied by a state or a degree (Tarrier et al., 2006).”
Maternal acceptability of iron supplementation in young breastfed rural Gambian infants
Stelle, I., Bah, M., Saidykhan, M., Verhoef, H., Prentice, A. M., Cerami, C., Silverio, S. A., & Moore, S. E. (2023) · Reproductive Female and Child Health · doi:10.1002/rfc2.29 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Goodmann, D. R., Brown, L. M., Bunge, E. L., & Leykin, Y. (2023) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-023-00342-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…(i.e., therapies that expose the patients to feared and avoided stimuli in a safe environment) are effective, they may be distressing for some patients (Tarrier et al., 2006), and implementing an exposure-based therapy online without professional support is fraught with ethical challenges.”
Skeva, R., Jay, C., Pettifer, S. R., & Gregg, L. (2024) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2024.03.004 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Yamada, J., Ballantyne, M., Kron, A., & Sidani, S. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0844562120931661 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“A description of the intervention is highly recommended (Tarrier et al., 2006; Witteman et al., 2015) to ensure parents have an understanding of the intervention, which is required for its meaningful appraisal.”
BackgroundEssayli, J. H., Webster, A. E., Quaill, M. A., Zickgraf, H. F., & Lane‐Loney, S. E. (2021) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23468 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Intervenção educativa para o autocuidado de adultos com insuficiência cardíaca: estudo piloto
Conceição, A. P. (2020) · doi:10.11606/t.7.2020.tde-01032021-113004 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Habit Reversal Training for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Multiple Case Report
Toffolo, M. B. J., & Saxena, S. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/gefv6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Manning, V., Whelan, D., Piercy, H., Hopwood, M., Maloney, M., Kotler, E., Okedara, G., Lubman, D. I., Arunogiri, S., & Garfield, J. B. B. (2026) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.70151 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Participants self-administered the Endorsement and Discomfort Scale (EDS) [33] to measure acceptability of the training.”
Understanding the Role of Negative Cognitions in PTSD Treatment Choice
Bergman, H. E. (2013) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Treatment Considerations for Youth Exposed to Interpersonal Violence
Berman, I. S., Seifert, H. T. P., & Briggs, E. C. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-89999-2_328 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Pharmacological, Somatic, and Behavioral Augmentations of PE
Bird, C. M., Douglas, M. E., & Powers, M. B. (2024) · CBT: science into practice · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-72720-7_11 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Tarrier, N., Liversidge, T., & Gregg, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Tarrier, Nicholas
- ORCID
- Gregg, Lynsey
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-11
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1643-1656
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2171832848
- Cited by
- 134
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 6.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, psychological intervention, treatment acceptability, treatment preferences, treatment seeking, stigma, cognitive therapy, exposure therapy, psychoeducation, EMDR, psychodynamic psychotherapy, treatment discontinuation, treatment engagement, prior treatment experience, student population
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, England, Female, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Psychotherapy, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Patient Satisfaction
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