Sleep and posttraumatic stress disorder: a review

Harvey, Allison G; Jones, Charlie; Schmidt, D.Anne

doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(03)00032-1

Cited by 337Sleep and related disordersPosttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchSleep and Wakefulness Research

Sleep and posttraumatic stress disorder: a review

Harvey, Allison G, Jones, Charlie, Schmidt, D.Anne·2003·Clinical Psychology Review

DOI 10.1016/s0272-7358(03)00032-1

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Abstract

Research seeking to establish the relationship between sleep and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is in its infancy. An empirically supported theory of the relationship is yet to emerge. The aims of the present paper are threefold: to summarise the literature on the prevalence and treatment of sleep disturbance characteristic of acute stress disorder (ASD) and PTSD, to critically review this literature, and to draw together the disparate theoretical perspectives that have been proposed to account for the empirical findings. After a brief overview of normal human sleep, the literature specifying the relation between sleep disturbance and PTSD is summarized. This includes studies of the prevalence of sleep disturbance and nightmares, content of nightmares, abnormalities in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, arousal threshold during sleep, body movement during sleep, and breathing-related sleep disorders. In addition, studies of the treatment of sleep disturbance in individuals with PTSD are reviewed. We conclude that the role of sleep in PTSD is complex, but that it is an important area for further elucidating the nature and treatment of PTSD. Areas for future research are specified. In particular, a priority is to improve the methodology of the research conducted.

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Flagged first, then by citations

2 of the 142 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

Stress and Health: Psychological, Behavioral, and Biological Determinants
Schneiderman, N., Ironson, G., & Siegel, S. D. (2005) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144141 · Cited by 2,252 · see citing works
“Another variable related to stress that could provide a link to health is the increased sleep problems that have been reported after sychological trauma (Harvey et al. 2003).”
Background
Overnight therapy? The role of sleep in emotional brain processing
Walker, M. P., & van der Helm, E. (2009) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0016570 · Cited by 1,087 · see citing works
“It may not be coincidental, therefore, that such patients continue to display hyperarousal reactions to associated trauma cues (Harvey et al., 2003; Pole, 2007 ) and may indicate that the process of separating the affective tone from the emotional experience has not been accomplished.”
BackgroundInfluential
Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Scott, A. J., Webb, T. L., Martyn-St James, M., Rowse, G., & Weich, S. (2021) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101556 · Cited by 1,094 · see citing works
The role of sleep in emotional brain function
Goldstein, A. N., & Walker, M. P. (2014) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153716 · Cited by 1,052 · see citing works
“Moreover, these reports offer tentative neural explanations for the pervasive co-occurrence of sleep abnormalities in psychiatric disorders (Armitage 2007, Buysse 2004, Franzen & Buysse 2008, Gottesmann & Gottesman 2007, Harvey et al 2003, Tsuno et al 2005).”
BackgroundInfluential
The Role of Sleep in Cognition and Emotion
Walker, M. P. (2009) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04416.x · Cited by 1,056 · see citing works
“It may not be coincidental, therefore, that these patients continue to display hyperarousal reactions to associated trauma cues (Harvey et al. 2003; Pole 2007), indicating that the process of separating the affective tone from the emotional experience has not been accomplished.”
Background
The Biological Effects of Childhood Trauma
De Bellis, M. D., & Zisk, A. (2014) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2014.01.002 · Cited by 892 · see citing works
“Many of victims of traumahave sleepproblems.(242,243) In a longitudinal investigation of sexually abused girls, self-reported sleep disturbances were seen approximately 10 years post abuse disclosure compared with control girls and were related to current depression, PTSD, and revictimization.”
REM sleep, prefrontal theta, and the consolidation of human emotional memory
Nishida, M., Pearsall, J., Buckner, R. L., & Walker, M. P. (2009) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn155 · Cited by 603 · see citing works
“post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is also associated with a dysregulation of REM sleep, with reports of increased sympathetic autonomic tone (Harvey et al. 2003; Mellman and Hipolito 2006).”
Disturbed dreaming, posttraumatic stress disorder, and affect distress: A review and neurocognitive model.
Levin, R., & Nielsen, T. A. (2007) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.3.482 · Cited by 554 · see citing works
“Of all psychiatric and health problems, nightmares are most closely associated with PTSD (Harvey et al., 2003; Mellman, Bustamante, Fins, Pigeon, & Nolan, 2002; Pillar, Malhotra, & Lavie, 2000).”
Background
Disturbed sleep in post-traumatic stress disorder: secondary symptom or core feature?
Spoormaker, V. I., & Montgomery, P. (2008) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2007.08.008 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
Sleep-specific mechanisms underlying posttraumatic stress disorder: integrative review and neurobiological hypotheses
Germain, A., Buysse, D. J., & Nofzinger, E. (2008) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2007.09.003 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Nightmares: A new neurocognitive model
Nielsen, T., & Levin, R. (2007) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2007.03.004 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Reformulating PTSD for<i>DSM‐V</i>: Life after Criterion A
Brewin, C. R., Lanius, R. A., Novac, A., Schnyder, U., & Galea, S. (2009) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20443 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Sleep Disturbances in Patients with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Maher, M. J., Rego, S. A., & Asnis, G. M. (2006) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/00023210-200620070-00003 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Acute and Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in the Emergence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Network Analysis
Bryant, R. A., Creamer, M., O’Donnell, M., Forbes, D., McFarlane, A. C., Silove, D., & Hadzi-Pavlovic, D. (2017) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3470 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Temporal relations between sleep problems and both traumatic event exposure and PTSD: A critical review of the empirical literature
Babson, K. A., & Feldner, M. T. (2010) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.08.002 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
“Furthermore, prior reviews focused on sleep and PTSD have included this study as an initial study in this area that has informed more recent research (Harvey et al., 2003).”
A systematic review and meta-analysis of cognitive-behavioural interventions to reduce problem gambling: Hedging our bets?
Gooding, P., & Tarrier, N. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.04.002 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Annual Research Review: Sleep problems in childhood psychiatric disorders – a review of the latest science
Gregory, A. M., & Sadeh, A. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12469 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
“Nonetheless, certain objective measures of sleep have been reported in some adults with PTSD as compared to controls – such as increased REM sleep (see Harvey et al., 2003).”
Background
Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory
Pace-Schott, E. F., Germain, A., & Milad, M. R. (2015) · Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1186/s13587-015-0018-9 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
“As noted, however, specific polysomnographic sleep abnormalities reported in different studies of PTSD are highly variable in type and severity [134] and can vary with age, sex, comorbidities, and other factors (for reviews, see [13, 134, 139, 144, 145]).”
Background
Sleep Disturbance Immediately Prior to Trauma Predicts Subsequent Psychiatric Disorder
Bryant, R. A., Creamer, M., O'Donnell, M., Silove, D., & McFarlane, A. C. (2010) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/33.1.69 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Posttraumatic stress symptoms of health care workers during the corona virus disease 2019
Yin, Q., Sun, Z., Liu, T., Ni, X., Deng, X., Jia, Y., Shang, Z., Zhou, Y., & Liu, W. (2020) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2477 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Prevalence and impact of short sleep duration in redeployed OIF soldiers
Luxton, D. D., Greenburg, D., Ryan, J., Niven, A., Wheeler, G., & Mysliwiec, V. (2011) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep.1236 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Sleep Disturbances and Childhood Sexual Abuse
Noll, J. G., Trickett, P. K., Susman, E. J., & Putnam, F. W. (2005) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsj040 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
“Posttraumatic stress disorder resulting from significant trauma, including sexual abuse, is to some extent characterized by sleep disturbances and nightmares in response to trauma ( Harvey, Jones, & Schmidt, 2003 ).”
Post-traumatic stress disorder and suicidal behavior: A narrative review
Panagioti, M., Gooding, P., & Tarrier, N. (2009) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.05.001 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Aetiology and treatment of nightmare disorder: State of the art and future perspectives
Gieselmann, A., Ait Aoudia, M., Carr, M., Germain, A., Gorzka, R., Holzinger, B., Kleim, B., Krakow, B., Kunze, A. E., Lancee, J., et al. (2019) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12820 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of imagery rehearsal for post-trauma nightmares: Effects on nightmare frequency, sleep quality, and posttraumatic stress
Casement, M. D., & Swanson, L. M. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.06.002 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Sample of Women
Roberts, A. L., Agnew‐Blais, J. C., Spiegelman, D. L., Kubzansky, L. D., Mason, S. M., Galea, S., Hu, F. B., Rich-Edwards, J. W., & Koenen, K. C. (2015) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.2632 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Trauma, exile and mental health in young refugees
Montgomery, E. (2011) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01740.x · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Stress-induced changes in sleep in rodents: Models and mechanisms
Pawlyk, A. C., Morrison, A. R., Ross, R. J., & Brennan, F. X. (2008) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.06.001 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
“This is based on several related pieces of evidence; first, the prevalence of anxiety dreams in patients with PTSD is high (Harvey et al., 2003).”
Background
Dreaming in posttraumatic stress disorder: a critical review of phenomenology, psychophysiology and treatment
Wittmann, L., Schredl, M., & Kramer, M. (2007) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000096362 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Randomized clinical trial for treatment of chronic nightmares in trauma‐exposed adults
Davis, J. L., & Wright, D. C. (2007) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20199 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Efficacy of a Cognitive‐Behavioral Treatment for Insomnia and Nightmares in Afghanistan and Iraq Veterans With PTSD
Margolies, S. O., Rybarczyk, B. D., Vrana, S. R., Leszczyszyn, D. J., & Lynch, J. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.21970 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
The reorganisation of memory during sleep
Landmann, N., Kühn, M., Piosczyk, H., Feige, B., Baglioni, C., Spiegelhalder, K., Frase, L., Riemann, D. W., Sterr, A., & Nissen, C. (2014) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.03.005 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with bipolar disorder: a review of prevalence, correlates, and treatment strategies
Otto, M. W., Perlman, C. A., Wernicke, R. A., Reese, H. E., Bauer, M. S., & Pollack, M. H. (2004) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2004.00151.x · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Sleep, memory and emotion
Walker, M. P. (2010) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53702-7.00004-x · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“Alternatively, it may be the hyperarousal status of the brain during REM sleep in these patients (Harvey et al., 2003; Pole, 2007; Strawn and Geracioti, 2008), potentially lacking sufficient aminergic demodulation, that prevents the processing and separation of emotion from memory.”
Background
Effects of rapid eye movement sleep deprivation on fear extinction recall and prediction error signaling
Spoormaker, V. I., Schröter, M. S., Andrade, K. C., Dresler, M., Kiem, S. A., Goya‐Maldonado, R., Wetter, T. C., Holsboer, F., Sämann, P. G., & Czisch, M. (2012) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21369 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
“…Objective sleep disturbances as measured with polysomnography have been less pronounced than subjective sleep complaints in PTSD (for reviews see Harvey et al., 2003; Pillar et al., 2000], but this may have been due to confounding factors in the studied PTSD samples such as age, gender,…”
Method
The neural correlates and temporal sequence of the relationship between shock exposure, disturbed sleep and impaired consolidation of fear extinction
Spoormaker, V. I., Sturm, A., Andrade, K. C., Schröter, M. S., Goya‐Maldonado, R., Holsboer, F., Wetter, T. C., Sämann, P. G., & Czisch, M. (2010) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.04.017 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“(1989) proposed that REM sleep disturbances are the hallmark of PTSD, but objective sleep disruptions have appeared less pronounced in PTSD (Harvey et al., 2003) than subjective sleep complaints such as insomnia and nightmares (Neylan et al.”
Background
The acceptability and preference for the psychological treatment of PTSD
Tarrier, N., Liversidge, T., & Gregg, L. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.11.012 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Sleep Disturbances in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Updated Review and Implications for Treatment
Koffel, E., Khawaja, I. S., & Germain, A. (2016) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/00485713-20160125-01 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Electric foot shock stress: a useful tool in neuropsychiatric studies
Bali, A., & Jaggi, A. S. (2015) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2015-0015 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“The electric foot shock-induced PTSD model meets the criteria of face validity in terms of persistent fear development (high levels of persistent freezing), signs of emotional blunting, social withdrawal (decreased activity, reactivity, and interest in surroundings), ‘hyper-arousal’ (irritability and exaggerated respo…”
Posttraumatic stress disorder and sleep-disordered breathing: a review of comorbidity research
Krakow, B. J., Ulibarri, V. A., Moore, B. A., & McIver, N. D. (2014) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.11.001 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
The subjective consequences of suffering a first episode psychosis: trauma and suicide behaviour
Tarrier, N., Khan, S., Cater, J., & Picken, A. (2007) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-006-0127-2 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Depression and anxiety complaints; relations with sleep disturbances
Spoormaker, V. I., & van den Bout, J. (2005) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2004.11.006 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“This indicates that not only PTSD-patients have a perception of bad sleep [4], but also people with PTSDcomplaints (without having the disorder).”
Influential
A rodent model of sleep disturbances in posttraumatic stress disorder: The role of context after fear conditioning
Pawlyk, A. C., Jha, S. K., Brennan, F. X., Morrison, A. R., & Ross, R. J. M. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.008 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Augmenting cognitive processing therapy to improve sleep impairment in PTSD: A randomized controlled trial.
Galovski, T. E., Harik, J. M., Blain, L. M., Elwood, L. S., Gloth, C. A., & Fletcher, T. D. (2015) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000059 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Unusual sleep experiences, dissociation, and schizotypy: Evidence for a common domain
Koffel, E., & Watson, D. (2009) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.06.004 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“Many studies have been conducted to determine if various aspects of REM sleep differ in people with and without PTSD, with inconsistent results (Harvey et al., 2003; Ross et al., 1989).”
Influential
Understanding posttraumatic nightmares: An empirical and conceptual review
Phelps, A. J., Forbes, D., & Creamer, M. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.06.001 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Effort–reward imbalance, sleep disturbances and fatigue
Fahlén, G., Knutsson, A., Peter, R., Åkerstedt, T., Nordin, M., Alfredsson, L. S., & Westerholm, P. J. M. (2005) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-005-0063-6 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“posttraumatic sleep disorder (Harvey et al. 2003) and burnout (Melamed et al.”
Background
Impact of Sleep Disturbances on PTSD Symptoms and Perceived Health
Belleville, G., Guay, S., & Marchand, A. (2009) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181961d8e · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“Results regarding objective sleep data obtained with polysomnography have traditionally been inconsistent and inconclusive (Harvey et al., 2003).”
Sleep and emotional memory processing
van der Helm, E., & Walker, M. P. (2011) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2010.12.010 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Allostatic Load in Women With and Without PTSD Symptoms
Glover, D. A., Stuber, M. L., & Poland, R. E. (2006) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/psyc.2006.69.3.191 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
A noradrenergic-hypothalamic neural substrate for stress-induced sleep disturbances
Antila, H., Kwak, I., Choi, A., Pisciotti, A., Covarrubias, I., Baik, J., Eisch, A. J., Beier, K. T., THOMAS, S. A., Weber, F., et al. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2123528119 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
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Sleep disturbances in sexual abuse victims: A systematic review
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“Disturbances of sleep, in the form of repetitive, stereotypical anxiety dreams and insomnia, are a clinically significant feature of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Harvey et al., 2003; Ross et al., 1989).”
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Rodent models of insomnia: A review of experimental procedures that induce sleep disturbances
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“In humans, stressful or traumatic events such as post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) have been associated with sleep disturbances (Harvey et al., 2003; Lavie, 2001; Ross et al., 1989).”
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Physiological Predictors of Response to Exposure, Relaxation, and Rescripting Therapy for Chronic Nightmares in a Randomized Clinical Trial
Davis, J. L., Rhudy, J. L., Pruiksma, K. E., Byrd, P. M., Williams, A. E., McCabe, K. M., & Bartley, E. J. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.1466 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
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“It takes approximately 5–10 min to fill in the index and approximately 5 min to score it [13, 14].”
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Sleep Disturbance in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Epiphenomenon or Causal Factor?
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Neuroscience-driven discovery and development of sleep therapeutics
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“Sleep disorders such as nightmares and insomnia are prevalent in PTSD and may exacerbate PTSD symptoms during daytime and sleep (Pillar et al., 2000; Harvey et al., 2003; Spoormaker & Montgomery, 2008).”
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Sleep, circadian system and traumatic stress
Agorastos, A., & Olff, M. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1956746 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“…sleep management and social rhythm group therapy constitute an acceptable and effective treatment option in PTSD (Epstein, Babcock-Parziale, Haynes, & Herb, 2012; Haynes et al., 2016; Margolies, Rybarczyk, Vrana, Leszczyszyn, & Lynch, 2013; Schoenfeld, Deviva, & Manber, 2012; Talbot et al., 2014).”
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“However, such disturbances can both exacerbate and prolong PTSD, especially since sleep serves a restorative function and facilitates emotional processing.(11)”
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Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing and Slow Wave Sleep: A Putative Mechanism of Action
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“Long-lasting sleep disturbances are hallmark symptoms of PTSD that could interfere with a correct memory processing (Roszell et al., 1991; Leskin et al., 2002; Harvey et al., 2003) also causing functional and structural changes (Nardo et al.”
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A Psychometric Study of the Fear of Sleep Inventory-Short Form (FoSI-SF)
Pruiksma, K. E., Taylor, D. J., Ruggero, C. J., Boals, A., Davis, J. L., Cranston, C. C., DeViva, J. C., & Zayfert, C. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.3710 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The Impact of Insufficient Sleep on Combat Mission Performance
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“Sleep disturbances were found to be core features of PTSD (Harvey et al., 2003; Szelenberger & Soldatos 2005; Germain et al. 2008; van Liempt 2012; Germain 2013; Huntley et al. 2014; Meyerhoff et al. 2014) while both REM and N-REM sleep are disrupted.”
Background
Sleep disturbance in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): a systematic review and meta-analysis of actigraphy studies
Lewis, C., Lewis, K. S., Kitchiner, N., Isaac, S., Jones, I. R., & Bisson, J. I. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1767349 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
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Consciousness across Sleep and Wake: Discontinuity and Continuity of Memory Experiences As a Reflection of Consolidation Processes
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“Indeed, it seems likely that the only instances in which memories are replayed in their precise manner as they were originally experiences, is when they are so emotionally intense and negatively valenced that they were traumatic to the individual (50).”
Background
Auricular Acupuncture for Sleep Disturbance in Veterans With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Feasibility Study
King, H., Spence, D., Hickey, A. H., Sargent, P., Elesh, R., & Connelly, C. D. (2015) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-14-00451 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“7) 0(0) 2 (10) Branch of Service Army (n, %) 1 (8.”
The relationship between subjective sleep disturbance, sleep quality, and emotion regulation difficulties in a sample of college students reporting trauma exposure.
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“Given that sleep disturbance is a common experience following trauma exposure and may be a risk factor for the subsequent development of PTSD (Babson & Feldner, 2010; Germain, 2013; Harvey et al., 2003; Marcks et al., 2010), it is important to understand how emotional reactivity and emotion regulation are associated w…”
Background
Sleep as a Mediator in the Pathway From Violence-Induced Traumatic Stress to Poorer Health and Functioning: A Review of the Literature and Proposed Conceptual Model
Spilsbury, J. C. (2009) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402000903190207 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Many of these reviews focus specifically on the sleep characteristics of individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or acute stress disorder (ASD; Harvey et al., 2003; Pillar et al., 2000; Singareddy & Balon, 2002).”
Background
Objective and subjective measurement of sleep disturbance in female trauma survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder
Werner, K. B., Griffin, M. G., & Galovski, T. E. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.039 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Treatment of PTSD by Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) Improves Sleep Quality, Quality of life, and Perception of Stress
Raboni, M. R., Tufik, S., & Suchecki, D. (2006) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1364.054 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Traumatic stress and the circadian system: neurobiology, timing and treatment of posttraumatic chronodisruption
Agorastos, A., & Olff, M. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1833644 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Posttraumatic stress and sleep: Differential relations across types of symptoms and sleep problems
Babson, K. A., Feldner, M. T., Badour, C. L., Trainor, C. D., Blumenthal, H., Sachs‐Ericsson, N., & Schmidt, N. B. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.03.007 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“These null findings also are consistent with the limited focus on avoidance symptoms in contemporary theoretical work aiming to explain linkages between PTSD and sleep problems (Harvey et al., 2003).”
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex activity and rapid eye movement sleep are associated with subsequent fear expression in human subjects
Spoormaker, V. I., Gvozdanovic, G., Sämann, P. G., & Czisch, M. (2014) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-014-3831-2 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for nightmare disorder
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“Nightmares have a strong association with PTSD (Harvey et al., 2003; Kilpatrick et al., 1994; Mellman et al., 1995; Ohayon & Shapiro, 2000; Ross et al., 1989).”
Background
Dissociation, memory commission errors, and heightened autonomic reactivity
Giesbrecht, T., Geraerts, E., & Merckelbach, H. L. G. J. (2007) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.04.016 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“For example, Harvey et al. (2003) consider sleep disruptions a typical reaction to traumatic events.”
Background
Sleep’s role in the processing of unwanted memories: Sleep and processing of unwanted memories
FISCHER, S., DIEKELMANN, S., & BORN, J. (2011) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2010.00881.x · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“…the unexpected disinhibition of suppressed memories observed after REM-rich sleep may have clinical implications, because diseases such as major depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are often related to increased REM sleep and REM density (Benca et al., 1992; Harvey et al., 2003).”
Background
Effects of REM deprivation and an NMDA agonist on the extinction of conditioned fear
Silvestri, A. J., & Root, D. H. (2007) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.08.020 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Longitudinal Relationships between Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Sleep Problems in Adolescent Survivors following the Wenchuan Earthquake in China
Zhou, X., Wu, X., An, Y., & Fu, F. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104470 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Furthermore, prior studies do not allow for conclusions regarding the causal relationships between specific PTSD symptom clusters and sleep problems because of cross-sectional design [12].”
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Deleterious effects of an environmental noise on sleep and contribution of its physical components in a rat model
Rabat, A., Bouyer, J. J., Aran, J. ‐., Courtière, A., Mayo, W., & Moal, M. L. (2004) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2004.02.046 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Subjective sleep quality in women experiencing intimate partner violence: Contributions of situational, psychological, and physiological factors
Woods, S. J., Kozachik, S. L., & Hall, R. J. (2010) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20495 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Obligate symbiosis: Sleep and affect
Walker, M. P., & Harvey, A. G. (2010) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2010.02.003 · Cited by 45 · see citing works

Sleep disturbances as the hallmark of PTSD: where are we now?
Germain, A. (2013) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12040432 · Cited by 634 · see citing works
Sleep Disturbances in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Updated Review and Implications for Treatment
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Sleep disturbances in posttraumatic stress disorder: Current knowledge and clinical management
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Sleep Disturbances in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Possible Mechanisms and Main Approaches to Treatment
Ukraintseva, Y. V., & Cheremushkin, E. A. (2026) · Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology · doi:10.1007/s11055-026-01982-5
Sleep Disturbance in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Epiphenomenon or Causal Factor?
Cox, R. C., Tuck, B. M., & Olatunji, B. O. (2017) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-017-0773-y · Cited by 67 · see citing works

Authors: Harvey, A. G., Jones, C., & Schmidt, D. A.
Affiliations: University of Oxford (GB)
Corresponding author: Harvey, Allison G
ORCID: Harvey, Allison G
Venue: Clinical Psychology Review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2003-05
Volume: 23
Issue: 3
Pages: 377-407
ISSN: 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0272-7358(03)00032-1
OpenAlex: W2163325497
Cited by: 337
References: 142
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 15
FWCI: 12.91
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
Keywords: post-traumatic stress disorder, sleep disorders, acute stress disorder, nightmares, REM sleep abnormalities, sleep-related movement disorders
MeSH terms: Humans, Middle Aged, Sleep Wake Disorders, Sleep, REM, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Veterans, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

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