Virtual reality in mental health: A review of the literature
Abstract
Background Several virtual reality (VR) applications for the understanding, assessment and treatment of mental health problems have been developed in the last 10 years. The purpose of this review is to outline the current state of virtual reality research in the treatment of mental health problems.Methods PubMed and PsycINFO were searched for all articles containing the words "virtual reality". In addition a manual search of the references contained in the papers resulting from this search was conducted and relevant periodicals were searched. Studies reporting the results of treatment utilizing VR in the mental health field and involving at least one patient were identified.Results More than 50 studies using VR were identified, the majority of which were case studies. Seventeen employed a between groups design: 4 involved patients with fear of flying; 3 involved patients with fear of heights; 3 involved patients with social phobia/public speaking anxiety; 2 involved people with spider phobia; 2 involved patients with agoraphobia; 2 involved patients with body image disturbance and 1 involved obese patients. There are both advantages in terms of delivery and disadvantages in terms of side effects to using VR. Although virtual reality based therapy appears to be superior to no treatment the effectiveness of VR therapy over traditional therapeutic approaches is not supported by the research currently available.Conclusions There is a lack of good quality research on the effectiveness of VR therapy. Before clinicians will be able to make effective use of this emerging technology greater emphasis must be placed on controlled trials with clinically identified populations.
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VRET has been shown to be effective for flying phobia treatment in several meta-analyses and systematic reviews.
“VRET has been shown to be effective for FP treatment in several meta-analyses and systematic reviews [28–31].”
From An Internet-based treatment for flying phobia (NO-FEAR Airlines): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2016) · cites this paper as [29]
The potential applications of VR systems to assess and train AD patients have been reported by several studies.
“The potential applications of VR systems to assess and train AD patients has been reported by several studies (315–320).”
From The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [315]
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Botella, C., Baños, R. M., García-Palacios, A., & Quero, S. (2017) · The Science of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803457-6.00022-2 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Popa, C. O., Sava, F. A., Muresan, S., Schenk, A., Cojocaru, C. M., Muntean, L. M., & Olah, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1008981 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Given the recent advancement of technology applications in the health field, the digitalization tendency could facilitate the psychotherapeutic process (Gregg and Tarrier, 2007).”
BackgroundCampos, D., Bretón-López, J., Botella, C., Mira, A., Castilla, D., Baños, R., Tortella-Feliu, M., & Quero, S. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0996-1 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- Gregg, L., & Tarrier, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Gregg, Lynsey
- ORCID
- Gregg, Lynsey
- Venue
- Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
- Published
- 2007-03-12
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 343-354
- ISSN
- 0933-7954 (ISSN-L)
- 1433-9285
- OpenAlex
- W166536261
- Cited by
- 304
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 21.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- virtual reality therapy, psychotherapy, phobia, fear of flying, fear of heights, social anxiety disorder, public speaking anxiety, spider phobia, agoraphobia, body image disturbance, obesity, treatment effectiveness, adverse effects
- MeSH terms
- Computer Simulation, Humans, Phobic Disorders, Psychology, Psychotherapy, User-Computer Interface
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