Recognition and evaluation of emotional prosody in individuals with generalized social phobia: a pilot study
Abstract
Studies using facial emotional expressions as stimuli partially support the assumption of biased processing of social signals in social phobia. This pilot study explored for the first time whether individuals with social phobia display a processing bias towards emotional prosody. Fifteen individuals with generalized social phobia and fifteen healthy controls (HC) matched for gender, age, and education completed a recognition test consisting of meaningless utterances spoken in a neutral, angry, sad, fearful, disgusted or happy tone of voice. Participants also evaluated the stimuli with regard to valence and arousal. While these ratings did not differ significantly between groups, analysis of the recognition test revealed enhanced identification of sad and fearful voices and decreased identification of happy voices in individuals with social phobia compared with HC. The two groups did not differ in their processing of neutral, disgust, and anger prosody.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In social anxiety, a negative interpretation bias exists for facial and vocal expressions.
“a negative interpretation bias for facial [7] and vocal [8] expressions”
From They are laughing at me: Cerebral mediation of cognitive biases in social anxiety (2014) · cites this paper as [8]
Cites
The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory
Oldfield, R. C. (1971) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(71)90067-4 · Cited by 35,900 · see citing works
A cognitive model of social phobia
Adrian Wells, A. (1995) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 2,701 · see citing works
Acoustic profiles in vocal emotion expression.
Banse, R., & Scherer, K. R. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.614 · Cited by 2,253 · see citing works
Social Phobia: Diagnosis, Assessment, and Treatment
Amada, G. (1996) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1996.50.3.373 · Cited by 1,248 · see citing works
Social phobia : diagnosis, assessment, and treatment
Heimberg, R. G. (1995) · Guilford Press eBooks · Cited by 1,067 · see citing works
Demmel, R. (1999) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026//0084-5345.28.1.68 · Cited by 1,010 · see citing works
Increased Amygdala Activation to Angry and Contemptuous Faces in Generalized Social Phobia
Stein, M. B., Goldin, P. R., Sareen, J., Zorrilla, L. T. E., & Brown, G. G. (2002) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.11.1027 · Cited by 582 · see citing works
Selective Attention to Angry Faces in Clinical Social Phobia.
Mogg, K., Philippot, P., & Bradley, B. P. (2004) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.113.1.160 · Cited by 582 · see citing works
Phan, K. L., Fitzgerald, D. A., Nathan, P. J., & Tancer, M. E. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Social phobia and interpretation of social events
Stopa, L. L., & Clark, D. M. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00043-1 · Cited by 505 · see citing works
Joormann, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2006) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.115.4.705 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Information processing in social phobia: A critical review
Heinrichs, N., & Hofmann, S. G. (2001) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(00)00067-2 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Patients with generalized social phobia direct their attention away from faces
Chen, Y. P., Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., & Mansell, W. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00086-9 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Social phobics do not see eye to eye:
Horley, K., Williams, L. M., Gonsalvez, C. J., & Gordon, E. (2002) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(02)00180-9 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Social anxiety, fear of negative evaluation and the detection of negative emotion in others
Winton, E. C., Clark, D. M., & Edelmann, R. J. (1995) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)e0019-f · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Straube, T., Kolassa, I., Glauer, M., Mentzel, H.-J., & Miltner, W. H. R. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.09.024 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Amir, N., Klumpp, H., Elias, J., Bedwell, J. S., Yanasak, N., & Miller, L. S. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.01.044 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Attentional bias for words and faces in social anxiety
Pishyar, R., Harris, L. M., & Menzies, R. G. (2004) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800310001601458 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Turning a deaf ear to fear: Impaired recognition of vocal affect in psychopathic individuals.
Blair, J., Mitchell, D. G. V., Richell, R. A., Kelly, S., Leonard, A., Newman, C., & Scott, S. K. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.111.4.682 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Common and Distinct Brain Activation to Threat and Safety Signals in Social Phobia
Straube, T., Mentzel, H., & Miltner, W. H. R. (2005) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000087987 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Bostanov, V., & Kotchoubey, B. (2003) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2003.00142.x · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Yoon, K. L., & Zinbarg, R. E. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.05.004 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Memory Bias in Generalized Social Phobia
Foa, E. B., Gilboa-Schechtman, E., Amir, N., & Freshman, M. (2000) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(00)00036-0 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Selective attention in social phobia and the moderating effect of a concurrent depressive disorder
Musa, C., Lépine, J., Clark, D. M., Mansell, W., & Ehlers, A. (2003) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(02)00212-7 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Social phobics do not misinterpret facial expression of emotion
Philippot, P., & Douilliez, C. (2004) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.05.005 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Biased Recognition of Happy Facial Expressions in Social Anxiety
Silvia, P. J., Allan, W. D., Beauchamp, D. L., Maschauer, E. L., & Workman, J. O. (2006) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2006.25.6.585 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Recognition bias for critical faces in social phobia: a replication and extension
Coles, M. E., & Heimberg, R. G. (2004) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2003.12.001 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Individuals with social phobia are biased to become aware of negative faces
Eastwood, J. D., Smile, D., Oakman, J. M., Farvolden, P., Ameringen, M. V., Mancini, C., & Merikle, P. M. (2005) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506280444000175 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Memory for facial expressions in social phobia
Pérez-López, J. R., & Woody, S. R. (2001) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00103-0 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Psychophysiological and subjective reactions of social phobics and normals to facial stimuli
Merckelbach, H. L. G. J., van Hout, W., van den Hout, M., & Mersch, P. P. A. (1989) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(89)90048-x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The "magdeburger prosodie-korpus"
Wendt, B., & Scheich, H. (2002) · Speech prosody · doi:10.21437/speechprosody.2002-160 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 32 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Oxytocin improves specific recognition of positive facial expressions
Marsh, A. A., Yu, H. H., Pine, D. S., & Blair, R. J. R. (2010) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-010-1780-4 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Preferential decoding of emotion from human non-linguistic vocalizations versus speech prosody
Pell, M. D., Rothermich, K., Liu, P., Paulmann, S., Sethi, S., & Rigoulot, S. (2015) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.08.008 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Social Anxiety and Empathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Pittelkow, M.-M., Rot, M. A. H., Seidel-Koulaxis, L. J., Feyel, N., & Roest, A. M. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102357 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Biased emotional recognition in depression: Perception of emotions in music by depressed patients
Punkanen, M., Eerola, T., & Erkkilä, J. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.10.034 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Social anxiety and emotion knowledge: A meta-analysis
O’Toole, M. S., Hougaard, E., & Mennin, D. S. (2012) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.09.005 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Biased Recognition of Happy Facial Expressions in Social Anxiety
Silvia, P. J., Allan, W. D., Beauchamp, D. L., Maschauer, E. L., & Workman, J. O. (2006) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2006.25.6.585 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Oxytocin facilitates reciprocity in social communication
Spengler, F. B., Scheele, D., Marsh, N., Kofferath, C., Flach, A., Schwarz, S., Stoffel‐Wagner, B., Maier, W., & Hurlemann, R. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx061 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Rota, G., Handjaras, G., Sitaram, R., Birbaumer, N., & Dogil, G. (2010) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2010.07.008 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Gilboa‐Schechtman, E., & Shachar‐Lavie, I. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00904 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Task-dependent neural correlates of the processing of verbal threat-related stimuli in social phobia
Schmidt, S. N. L., Mohr, A., Miltner, W. H. R., & Straube, T. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.03.005 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Kashdan, T. B., Ferssizidis, P., Farmer, A. S., Adams, L. M., & McKnight, P. E. (2013) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.04.006 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Social anxiety and behavioral assessments of social cognition: A systematic review
Alvi, T., Kumar, D., & Tabak, B. A. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.130 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Automatic Neural Processing of Disorder-Related Stimuli in Social Anxiety Disorder: Faces and More
Schulz, C., Mothes‐Lasch, M., & Straube, T. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00282 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Overestimation of threat from neutral faces and voices in social anxiety.
Peschard, V., & Philippot, P. (2017) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2017.06.003 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Facial and prosodic emotion recognition in social anxiety disorder
Tseng, H., Huang, Y., Chen, J.-T., Liang, K.-Y., Lin, C.-C., & Chen, S. (2017) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2017.1330190 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The effects of anxiety on the interpretation of emotion in the face–voice pairs
Koizumi, A., Tanaka, A., Imai, H., Hiramatsu, S., Hiramoto, E., Satô, T., & de Gelder, B. (2011) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-011-2668-1 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Evolutionary Perspective on Social Anxiety
Gilboa-Schechtman, E., Shachar, I., & Helpman, L. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394427-6.00021-2 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
They are laughing at me: Cerebral mediation of cognitive biases in social anxiety
Kreifelts, B., Brück, C., Ritter, J., Ethofer, T., Domin, M., Lotze, M., Jacob, H., Schlipf, S., & Wildgruber, D. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0099815 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“An attention bias with faster responses to socially threatening cues [5,6] and a negative interpretation bias for facial [7] and vocal [8] expressions are among the most well known cognitive biases in SA.”
BackgroundYoung, K. S., Parsons, C. E., LeBeau, R. T., Tabak, B. A., Sewart, A. R., Stein, A. L., Kringelbach, M. L., & Craske, M. G. (2016) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000382 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The major-minor mode dichotomy in music perception.
Carraturo, G., Pando-Naude, V., Costa, M., Vuust, P., Bonetti, L., & Brattico, E. (2024) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2024.11.017 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Laughter perception in social anxiety
Ritter, J., Brück, C., Jacob, H., Wildgruber, D., & Kreifelts, B. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.09.021 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
García-Cuesta, E., Barba, A., & Páez, D. G. (2023) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-023-15959-w · Cited by 23 · see citing works
How Therapeutic Tapping Can Alter Neural Correlates of Emotional Prosody Processing in Anxiety
König, N., Steber, S., Seebacher, J., von Prittwitz, Q., Bliem, H. R., & Rossi, S. (2019) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci9080206 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Papousek, I., Schulter, G., Rominger, C., Fink, A., & Weiss, E. M. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.11.049 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Prefrontal mediation of emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder during laughter perception
Kreifelts, B., Brück, C., Ethofer, T., Ritter, J., Weigel, L., Erb, M., & Wildgruber, D. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.01.016 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Peschard, V., Maurage, P., & Philippot, P. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00322 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Selective attention to emotional prosody in social anxiety: a dichotic listening study
Peschard, V., Gilboa‐Schechtman, E., & Philippot, P. (2016) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2016.1261012 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Impairment of Vocal Expression of Negative Emotions in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease
Han, K., Zaytseva, Y., Bao, Y., Pöppel, E., Chung, S.-Y., Kim, J. W., & Kim, H. T. (2014) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2014.00101 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Madison, A., Vasey, M., Emery, C., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. (2020) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2020.1839733 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The Effect of Training with Music on Happiness Recognition in Social Anxiety Disorder
Bodner, E., Aharoni, R., & Iancu, I. (2012) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-012-9304-7
Caballero, J. A., Mauchand, M., Jiang, X., & Pell, M. D. (2021) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2021.1938667 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
High trait anxiety enhances optimal integration of auditory and visual threat cues
Heffer, N., Gradidge, M., Karl, A., Ashwin, C., & Petrini, K. (2021) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2021.101693 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Cerebral resting state markers of biased perception in social anxiety
Kreifelts, B., Weigel, L., Ethofer, T., Brück, C., Erb, M., & Wildgruber, D. (2018) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-018-1803-1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Coussement, C., & Heeren, A. (2015) · L’Année psychologique · doi:10.4074/s0003503315000202 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Gan, S.-Z., & Li, W. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1020812 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Anxiety biases audiovisual processing of social signals
Heffer, N., Karl, A., Jicol, C., Ashwin, C., & Petrini, K. (2021) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113346 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Behavioral inhibition system sensitivity moderates audio-visual neutral information processing
Yoon, K. L., & Hong, S. W. (2020) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2020.101597 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Social Neuroscience of Social Anxiety Disorder
Syal, S., & Stein, D. J. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118653920.ch4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Achyuthanand, K., Prasad, S., & Chakrabarty, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1240043 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Audiovisual integration of faces and voices in Chinese individuals with social anxiety.
Yuan, J., Liu, X.-H., Chen, X., Li, M., Liu, Z., & Li, B. (2025) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115905 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The role of pragmatic language in aging and its relationship with quality of life
Messer, R. H. (2014) · SHAREOK (University of Oklahoma; Oklahoma State University; Central Oklahoma University)
The effects of anxiety on the perception of emotion in the face and voice.
Koizumi, A., Tanaka, A., Imai, H., Hiramatsu, S., Hiramoto, E., Satô, T., & de Gelder, B. (2010) · AVSP
Evolutionary model of social anxiety
Gilboa‐Schechtman, E. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-14146-1.00011-5
Yuan, J., Xu, X., Sun, W., Song, L., & Guo, H. (2026) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2026.109368
- Authors
- Quadflieg, S., Wendt, B., Mohr, A., Miltner, W. H. R., & Straube, T.
- Affiliations
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (DE)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Straube, Thomas
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-12
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 3096-3103
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2033446788
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 3.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- generalized social phobia, emotional prosody, voice emotion recognition, emotional valence, emotional arousal, emotional facial expressions
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Arousal, Emotions, Female, Germany, Humans, Male, Phobic Disorders, Pilot Projects, Social Perception, Speech, Verbal Behavior, Case-Control Studies, Recognition, Psychology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review