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A randomised controlled trial of a brief online mindfulness-based intervention
Open accessAbstract
Objectives There is growing evidence that mindfulness has positive consequences for both psychological and physical health in both clinical and non-clinical populations. The potential benefits of mindfulness underpin a range of therapeutic intervention approaches designed to increase mindfulness in both clinical and community contexts. Self-guided mindfulness-based interventions may be a way to increase access to the benefits of mindfulness. This study explored whether a brief, online, mindfulness-based intervention can increase mindfulness and reduce perceived stress and anxiety/depression symptoms within a student population.Method One hundred and four students were randomly allocated to either immediately start a two-week, self-guided, online, mindfulness-based intervention or a wait-list control. Measures of mindfulness, perceived stress and anxiety/depression were administered before and after the intervention period.Results Intention to treat analysis identified significant group by time interactions for mindfulness skills, perceived stress and anxiety/depression symptoms. Participation in the intervention was associated with significant improvements in all measured domains, where no significant changes on these measures were found for the control group.Conclusions This provides evidence in support of the feasibility and effectiveness of shorter self-guided mindfulness-based interventions. The limitations and implications of this study for clinical practice are discussed.
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“The main outcomes include small to large improvements in mindfulness and decreases in depression, rumination, anxiety, and perceived stress, whereas control groups display no such improvements (Cavanagh et al., 2013;Dimidjian et al., 2014;Hazlett-Stevens & Oren, 2017;Krusche et al., 2012;Lever Taylor et al., 2014;Morledge et al., 2013;Wimberley et al., 2016).”
From A Mindfulness-Based Intervention: Differential Effects on Affective and Processual Evolution (2018) · cites this paper as Cavanagh et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“Growing evidence supports the somatic and psychological health improvements induced by mindfulness-based interventions (Cavanagh et al., 2013).”
From A Mindfulness-Based Intervention: Differential Effects on Affective and Processual Evolution (2018) · cites this paper as Cavanagh et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“Self-help, mindfulness-based interventions have been validated in student samples (Cavanagh et al., 2013;Hazlett-Stevens & Oren, 2017;Lever Taylor et al., 2014), the general population (Bhayee et al., 2016;Krusche, Cyhlarova, King, & Williams, 2012;Wimberley, Mintz, & Suh, 2016), and clinical populations (Dimidjian et al., 2014;Morledge et al., 2013).”
From A Mindfulness-Based Intervention: Differential Effects on Affective and Processual Evolution (2018) · cites this paper as Cavanagh et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“This study's findings appear consistent with those in the literature regarding self-help, mindfulness-based interventions-especially the significant improvements in mindfulness, anxiety, depression, psychological distress, and negative self-oriented cognition throughout the program in the intervention condition but not in the control condition-and the effect sizes were similar to or slightly”
From A Mindfulness-Based Intervention: Differential Effects on Affective and Processual Evolution (2018) · cites this paper as Cavanagh et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“In the general population, several studies have shown that web-based mindfulness programs result in small but significant improvements in symptoms such as depression and anxiety [14-16].”
In the citing paper
“The addition of mindfulness resources represents a promising addition to iCBT with PSP, given the growing research attention on the benefits of mindfulness [14-16] and its use in CBT [17].”
In the citing paper
“Also, Cavanagh et al. [21] adapted MBCT as a brief online intervention and found it to be effective in a non-clinical population of students.”
From The efficacy of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy as a public mental health intervention for adults with mild to moderate depressive symptomatology: A randomized controlled trial (2014) · cites this paper as Cavanagh et al. [21]
In the citing paper
“The meditation script, originally developed for individuals with distressing psychotic experiences (Chadwick, 2006), has been used in studies with clinical (e.g. Chadwick et al., 2005; Chadwick et al., 2016; Dannahy et al., 2011; Ellett, 2013) and nonclinical (Cavanagh et al., 2013; Evans et al., 2019; Kingston et al., 2019; Shore et al., 2017) populations including those experiencing depression (”
From A randomised trial comparing a brief online delivery of mindfulness-plus-values versus values only for symptoms of depression: Does baseline severity matter? (2020) · cites this paper as Cavanagh et al., 2013
Citations
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The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being
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Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bpg016 · Cited by 8,615
Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future.
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Using Self-Report Assessment Methods to Explore Facets of Mindfulness
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191105283504 · Cited by 7,511
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An Ultra-Brief Screening Scale for Anxiety and Depression: The PHQ–4
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2009) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(09)70864-3 · Cited by 4,261
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Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits
Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., & Walach, H. (2004) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(03)00573-7 · Cited by 3,958
The effect of mindfulness based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta analytic review
Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018555 · Cited by 3,846
Effect size, confidence interval and statistical significance: a practical guide for biologists
Nakagawa, S., & Cuthill, I. C. (2007) · Biological Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.2007.00027.x · Cited by 3,835
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2 of the 52 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
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Van Dam, N. T., van Vugt, M. K., Vago, D. R., Schmalzl, L., Saron, C. D., Olendzki, A., Meissner, T., Lazar, S. W., Kerr, C. E., Gorchov, J., et al. (2018) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691617709589 · Cited by 1,506
Spijkerman, M. P. J., Pots, W. T. M., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.03.009 · Cited by 975
“Furthermore, ACT uses mindfulness techniques, but does not require meditation, whereas MBCT and MBSR are meditation-based.”
MethodInfluentialMindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression
Hofmann, S. G., & Gómez, A. F. (2017) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2017.08.008 · Cited by 756
“58,63 Though these technology-delivered interventions are still in their infancy, a recent meta-analysis of 15 RCTs found that, relative to control or waitlist conditions, technology-delivered MBIs had a significant beneficial impact on depression, anxiety, stress, well-being, and mindfulness…”
Davies, E. B., Morriss, R., & Glazebrook, C. (2014) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.3142 · Cited by 499
Heber, E., Ebert, D. D., Lehr, D., Cuijpers, P., Berking, M., Nobis, S., & Riper, H. (2017) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.5774 · Cited by 408
Metadata
- Authors
- Cavanagh, K., Strauss, C., Cicconi, F., Griffiths, N., Wyper, A., & Jones, F.
- Affiliations
- University of Sussex (GB)
- Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Canterbury Christ Church University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Cavanagh, Kate
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-09
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 573-578
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2148707744
- Cited by
- 350
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 16
- FWCI
- 23.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Licence
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- mindfulness-based interventions, online intervention, self-guided intervention, brief intervention, mindfulness skills, perceived stress, anxiety, depression, university students, feasibility
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Anxiety, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Care, Stress, Psychological, Students, Therapy, Computer-Assisted, Treatment Outcome, Internet, Young Adult, Intention to Treat Analysis, Mindfulness
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