A Randomised Controlled Trial of a Brief Online Mindfulness-Based Intervention in a Non-clinical Population: Replication and Extension

Cavanagh, Kate; Churchard, Alasdair; O’Hanlon, Puffin; Mundy, Thomas; Votolato, Phoebe; Jones, Fergal; Gu, Jenny; Strauss, Clara

doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0856-1

Cited by 120Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsDigital Mental Health InterventionsPsychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction

A Randomised Controlled Trial of a Brief Online Mindfulness-Based Intervention in a Non-clinical Population: Replication and Extension

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Cavanagh, Kate, Churchard, Alasdair, O’Hanlon, Puffin, Mundy, Thomas, Votolato, Phoebe, Jones, Fergal, Gu, Jenny, Strauss, Clara·2018·Mindfulness

DOI 10.1007/s12671-017-0856-1PMC PMC6061247

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Abstract

Building on previous research, this study compared the effects of two brief, online mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs; with and without formal meditation practice) and a no intervention control group in a non-clinical sample. One hundred and fifty-five university staff and students were randomly allocated to a 2-week, self-guided, online MBI with or without mindfulness meditation practice, or a wait list control. Measures of mindfulness, perceived stress, perseverative thinking and anxiety/depression symptoms within were administered before and after the intervention period. Intention to treat analysis identified significant differences between groups on change over time for all measured outcomes. Participation in the MBIs was associated with significant improvements in all measured domains (all p s < 0.05), with effect sizes in the small to medium range (0.25 to 0.37, 95% CIs 0.11 to 0.56). No significant changes on these measures were found for the control group. Change in perseverative thinking was found to mediate the relationship between condition and improvement on perceived stress and anxiety/depression symptom outcomes. Contrary to our hypotheses, no differences between the intervention conditions were found. Limitations of the study included reliance on self-report data, a relatively high attrition rate and absence of a longer-term follow-up. This study provides evidence in support of the feasibility and effectiveness of brief, self-guided MBIs in a non-clinical population and suggests that reduced perseverative thinking may be a mechanism of change. Our findings provide preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of a mindfulness psychoeducation condition, without an invitation to formal mindfulness meditation practice. Further research is needed to confirm and better understand these results and to test the potential of such interventions.

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Studies solely including patients with psoriasis showed positive effects of a MBI on skin-related parameters, such as severity of psoriasis and rate of skin clearing during phototherapy.
“studies solely including patients with psoriasis showed positive effects of a MBI on skin-related parameters, such as the severity of psoriasis (18–20) and the rate of skin clearing during phototherapy (21).”
From Effects of a Brief Mindfulness-based Intervention in Patients with Psoriasis: A Randomized Controlled Trial (2024) · cites this paper as [18]
The Introduction describes this study as an online mindfulness intervention in a university sample, measuring mindfulness, stress, perseverative thinking, and anxiety/depression. That is contrary to the attribution of this source as a study solely including patients with psoriasis; the reported outcomes are not psoriasis severity or skin clearing during phototherapy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Extensive mindfulness-based interventions have been shown to have positive effects in patients with psoriasis.
“Extensive mindfulness-based interventions have been shown to have positive effects in patients with psoriasis.”
From Effects of a Brief Mindfulness-based Intervention in Patients with Psoriasis: A Randomized Controlled Trial (2024) · cites this paper as [18]
The Introduction says mindfulness-based interventions can benefit physical health in clinical populations and describes intensive protocols. It does not report positive effects in patients with psoriasis; the study itself concerns a brief intervention in a non-clinical population (Introduction and Discussion; page numbers unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Extensive mindfulness-based interventions have been shown to have positive effects in patients with psoriasis.
“Extensive mindfulness-based interventions have been shown to have positive effects in patients with psoriasis.”
From Effects of a Brief Mindfulness-based Intervention in Patients with Psoriasis: A Randomized Controlled Trial (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
The Introduction says mindfulness-based interventions may benefit physical health in clinical populations, but it does not identify patients with psoriasis. The Discussion discusses effects of more intensive interventions on anxiety and depression, not psoriasis. The paper's own trial tested a brief intervention in a non-clinical population. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Some studies in patients with psoriasis revealed positive effects of MBI on psychological outcome parameters (e.g. anxiety, depression or quality of life), while others did not.
“Some studies also revealed positive effects on psychological outcome parameters (e.g. anxiety, depression or quality of life) (18, 19), while others did not (21, 22).”
From Effects of a Brief Mindfulness-based Intervention in Patients with Psoriasis: A Randomized Controlled Trial (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
The Results > Anxiety and Depression section reports improved anxiety/depression scores after the mindfulness interventions, and the Introduction describes mixed findings in other brief online MBI studies. But this trial studied university staff and students, not patients with psoriasis; the Discussion > Limitations cautions against extrapolating its findings to clinical groups. It therefore does not establish the claimed pattern in psoriasis patients. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Some studies in patients with psoriasis revealed positive effects of MBI on psychological outcome parameters (e.g. anxiety, depression or quality of life), while others did not.
“Some studies also revealed positive effects on psychological outcome parameters (e.g. anxiety, depression or quality of life) (18, 19), while others did not (21, 22).”
From Effects of a Brief Mindfulness-based Intervention in Patients with Psoriasis: A Randomized Controlled Trial (2024) · cites this paper as [18]
The Results (Anxiety and Depression; page not provided) report improved anxiety/depression symptoms after the mindfulness interventions. The Introduction also describes a different brief online MBI study that found no benefit on several psychological measures. But this paper studies a non-clinical university sample, not patients with psoriasis, and does not establish the claimed pattern of results in that population. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Mindfulness techniques offer a comprehensive framework for addressing the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral aspects of social anxiety.
“By promoting acceptance, non-reactivity, and present-moment awareness, mindfulness techniques offer a comprehensive framework for addressing the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral aspects of social anxiety(10) .”
From Mindful Steps Forward: Exploring the Impact of a Mindfulness-Based Intervention on Social Anxiety (2024) · cites this paper as [10]
The Introduction describes mindfulness as present-moment awareness and acceptance of thoughts and feelings. The Results report reduced perseverative thinking and anxiety/depression symptoms after the intervention. The paper does not address social anxiety specifically or show that mindfulness addresses its cognitive, emotional, and behavioral aspects as a comprehensive framework. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Many mindfulness studies so far have suffered from samples of limited generalizability.
“Many mindfulness studies so far have suffered from samples of limited generalizability. Participants were frequently recruited at only one university or from one study course [30, 34, 101, 102].”
From StudiCare mindfulness-study protocol of a randomized controlled trial evaluating an internet- and mobile-based intervention for college students with no and "on demand" guidance. (2020) · cites this paper as [101]
Studies solely including patients with psoriasis showed positive effects of a MBI on skin-related parameters, such as severity of psoriasis and rate of skin clearing during phototherapy.
“studies solely including patients with psoriasis showed positive effects of a MBI on skin-related parameters, such as the severity of psoriasis (18–20) and the rate of skin clearing during phototherapy (21).”
From Effects of a Brief Mindfulness-based Intervention in Patients with Psoriasis: A Randomized Controlled Trial (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
The Introduction and Results describe an MBI trial in a non-clinical university sample, measuring mindfulness, stress, perseverative thinking, and anxiety/depression. Our copy does not address psoriasis severity or skin clearing during phototherapy; searches for psoriasis, skin-related parameters, and phototherapy found no relevant passage. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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The effects of amount of home meditation practice in Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy on hazard of relapse to depression in the Staying Well after Depression Trial
Crane, C., Crane, R. S., Eames, C., Fennell, M. J. V., Silverton, S., Williams, J. M. G., & Barnhofer, T. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.08.015 · Cited by 163 · cited 3× · see citing works
“…findings show an association between extent of mindfulness practice, increases inmindfulness and symptom reduction (Carmody and Baer 2008; Shapiro et al. 2003) and risk of relapse (Crane et al. 2014) in MBIs, whilst others have not (Carmody and Baer 2009; Hindman et al. 2015; Shapiro et al. 2007).”
Background
Feasibility of an Online Mindfulness Program for Stress Management—A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Morledge, T. J., Allexandre, D., Fox, E., Fu, A. Z., Higashi, M. K., Kruzikas, D. T., Pham, S. V., & Reese, P. R. (2013) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-013-9490-x · Cited by 159 · see citing works
A randomized controlled trial of a self-guided, multimedia, stress management and resilience training program
Rose, R. D., Buckey, J. C., Zbozinek, T. D., Motivala, S. J., Glenn, D. E., Cartreine, J. A., & Craske, M. G. (2013) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.11.003 · Cited by 153 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…note that 56% of our sample scored at least one standard deviation over the general population mean on the PHQ-4 measure (cf. Löwe et al. 2010), and 81% scored at least half a standard deviation above a community mean on the perceived stress scale (Cohen and Williamson 1988; cf. Rose et al. 2013).”
Background
Computer-Aided Psychological Treatments: Evolving Issues
Marks, I., & Cavanagh, K. (2009) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153538 · Cited by 133 · cited 4× · see citing works
“which may help to address a number of pressing questions about their active ingredients (Marks and Cavanagh 2009; Cavanagh et al. 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Mindfulness online: a preliminary evaluation of the feasibility of a web-based mindfulness course and the impact on stress
Krusche, A., Cyhlarova, E., King, S., & Williams, J. M. G. (2012) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000803 · Cited by 121 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The preliminary evaluation of briefer online interventions has also indicated some positive results, with one group reporting evidence of reductions in perceived stress (Krusche et al. 2012) and symptoms of anxiety and depression (Krusche et al.”
BackgroundResult
A Comparison of Formal and Informal Mindfulness Programs for Stress Reduction in University Students
Hindman, R. K., Glass, C. R., Arnkoff, D. B., & Maron, D. D. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0331-1 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Group, one-on-one, or internet? Preferences for mindfulness meditation delivery format and their predictors
Wahbeh, H., Svalina, M. N., & Oken, B. S. (2014) · Open Medicine Journal · doi:10.2174/1874220301401010066 · Cited by 116 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This summary data and those from the current study are more in line with the relatively high attrition rates found for other self-guided internet interventions (Christensen et al. 2009; Waller and Gilbody 2009).”
Result
Group mindfulness-based intervention for distressing voices: A pragmatic randomised controlled trial
Chadwick, P., Strauss, C., Jones, A.-M., Kingdon, D., Ellett, L., Dannahy, L., & Hayward, M. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.04.001 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citation
Monitoring mindfulness practice quality: An important consideration in mindfulness practice
Del Re, A. C., Flückiger, C., Goldberg, S. B., & Hoyt, W. T. (2013) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2012.729275 · Cited by 113 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This inconsistent pattern of findings may partly reflect the challenge of reliably measuring the amount and quality of mindfulness practice that people engage with (Del Re et al. 2013).”
Background
Computerised Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Common Mental Health Disorders, What Works, for Whom Under What Circumstances? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Grist, R., & Cavanagh, K. (2013) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-013-9243-y · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citation
(Inter)personal Computing: The Role of the Therapeutic Relationship in E-mental Health
Cavanagh, K., & Millings, A. (2013) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-013-9242-z · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citation
Group person-based cognitive therapy for distressing voices: Pilot data from nine groups
Dannahy, L., Hayward, M., Strauss, C., Turton, W., Harding, E., & Chadwick, P. (2010) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.07.006 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citation
The effectiveness of self-help mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in a student sample: A randomised controlled trial
Lever Taylor, B., Strauss, C., Cavanagh, K., & Jones, F. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.09.007 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citation
A closer look at the baseline-observation-carried-forward (BOCF)
D’Souza, D. N. (2010) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s8135 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Computerized cognitive behavioural therapy and the therapeutic alliance: A qualitative enquiry
Barazzone, N., Cavanagh, K., & Richards, D. A. (2012) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.2012.02035.x · Cited by 67 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Further methods of reducing attrition via manipulation and optimisation of both the programme content and the user experience should also be explored and evaluated (cf. Barazzone et al. 2012; Cavanagh and Millings 2013).”
MethodSelf-citation
Technology-based interventions for tobacco and other drug use in university and college students: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Gulliver, A., Farrer, L. M., Chan, J. K., Tait, R. J., Bennett, K., Calear, A. L., & Griffiths, K. M. (2015) · Addiction Science & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1186/s13722-015-0027-4 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Internet-based treatment of depression
Cuijpers, P. J., Riper, H. M., & Andersson, G. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2014.12.026 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Mental health promotion in the Internet age: a consultation with Australian young people to inform the design of an online mindfulness training programme
Monshat, K., Vella‐Brodrick, D., Burns, J. M., & Herrman, H. (2011) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/dar017 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Group person‐based cognitive therapy for chronic depression: a pilot randomized controlled trial
Strauss, C., Hayward, M., & Chadwick, P. (2012) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.2012.02036.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citation
Mindfulness and Meditation
Olendzki, A. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09593-6_3 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Changes in Mindfulness Following a Mindfulness Telehealth Intervention
Niles, B. L., Vujanovic, A. A., Silberbogen, A. K., Seligowski, A. V., & Potter, C. M. (2012) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0130-5 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Group person-based cognitive therapy for chronic depression: A pilot randomized controlled trial: Group person-based cognitive therapy for chronic depression
Strauss, C., Hayward, M., & Chadwick, P. (2012) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citation
Can brief mindfulness practice be of benefit? Evidence from an evaluation of group Person-based Cognitive Therapy for depression
Strauss, C., Luke, G., Hayward, M., & Jones, F. W. (2014) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x14000312 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citation

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

The efficacy of a brief app-based mindfulness intervention on psychosocial outcomes in healthy adults: A pilot randomised controlled trial
Champion, L., Economides, M., & Chandler, C. (2018) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0209482 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
“This is consistent with other recent studies in healthy participants showing improvements in stress, affect and irritability [19], and symptoms of anxiety/depression [57], following online MM interventions as short as just two weeks.”
Result
New evidence in the booming field of online mindfulness: An updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Sommers-Spijkerman, M., Austin, J., Bohlmeijer, E., & Pots, W. (2021) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/28168 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
“Population, intervention, and methodological characteristics (Multimedia Appendix 1; Gao et al, unpublished data, 2021; [32-125]) as well as effect size data were extracted from the full-text papers by 3 raters (ie, MSS, JA, and WP) independently.”
BackgroundMethod
Effects of a Mindfulness Meditation App on Subjective Well-Being: Active Randomized Controlled Trial and Experience Sampling Study
Walsh, K. M., Saab, B. J., & Farb, N. A. (2019) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/10844 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Can a little bit of mindfulness do you good? A systematic review and meta-analyses of unguided mindfulness-based self-help interventions
Taylor, H., Strauss, C., & Cavanagh, K. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102078 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citation
Mindfulness-Based Programs for Patients With Cancer via eHealth and Mobile Health: Systematic Review and Synthesis of Quantitative Research (Preprint)
Matis, J., Svetlak, M., Slezackova, A., Svoboda, M., & Šumec, R. (2020) · doi:10.2196/preprints.20709 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Mindfulness-based mobile app reduces anxiety and increases self-compassion in healthcare students: A randomised controlled trial
Duarte, Á. O., Mediavilla, R., Muñoz‐Sanjosé, A., Palao, Á., Garde, J., López-Herrero, V., Bravo‐Ortiz, M. F., Bayón, C., & Vega, B. R. (2021) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/0142159x.2021.1887835 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
A meta-analysis: Internet mindfulness-based interventions for stress management in the general population
Zhang, Y., Xue, J., & Huang, Y. (2020) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000020493 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Mindfulness Is Associated With Lower Stress and Higher Work Engagement in a Large Sample of MOOC Participants
Bartlett, L., Buscot, M., Bindoff, A. D., Chambers, R., & Hassed, C. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.724126 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The factor structure and measurement invariance of the PHQ-4 and the prevalence of depression and anxiety in a Southeast Asian context amid the COVID-19 pandemic
Mendoza, N. B., Frondozo, C. E., Dizon, J. I. W. T., & Buenconsejo, J. U. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-02833-5 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Trends in Effectiveness of Organizational eHealth Interventions in Addressing Employee Mental Health: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Stratton, E., Lampit, A., Choi, I., Gavelin, H. M., Aji, M., Taylor, J., Calvo, R. A., Harvey, S. B., & Glozier, N. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/37776 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Feasibility and effectiveness of an online mindfulness meditation program for medical students
Danilewitz, M., Koszycki, D., Maclean, H., Sanchez-Campos, M., Gonsalves, C., Archibald, D., & Bradwejn, J. (2018) · Canadian Medical Education Journal · doi:10.36834/cmej.43041 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Perceived stress and social support in a large population of people with multiple sclerosis recruited online through the COVID‐19 pandemic
Bonavita, S., Sparaco, M., Russo, A., Borriello, G., & Lavorgna, L. (2020) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.14697 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Promoting University Students' Mental Health: A Systematic Literature Review Introducing the 4M-Model of Individual-Level Interventions
Nair, B., & Otaki, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.699030 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Heartfulness meditation improves loneliness and sleep in physicians and advance practice providers during COVID-19 pandemic
Thimmapuram, J., Pargament, R., Bell, T. D., Schurk, H., & Madhusudhan, D. K. (2021) · Hospital Practice · doi:10.1080/21548331.2021.1896858 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Internet Mindfulness Meditation Intervention (IMMI) Improves Depression Symptoms in Older Adults
Wahbeh, H. (2018) · Medicines · doi:10.3390/medicines5040119 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
A pilot randomized controlled trial for a videoconference-delivered mindfulness-based group intervention in a nonclinical setting
Krägeloh, C. U., Medvedev, O. N., Taylor, T., Wrapson, W., Rix, G., Sumich, A., Wang, G. Y., Csako, R., Anstiss, D., Ranta, J. T., et al. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1024-y · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Effects of Online Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Depressive Symptoms in College and University Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Reangsing, C., Abdullahi, S. G., & Schneider, J. K. (2022) · Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/jicm.2022.0606 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Impact of Virtual Heartfulness Meditation Program on Stress, Quality of Sleep, and Psychological Wellbeing during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mixed-Method Study
Desai, K. R., Gupta, P., Parikh, P., & Desai, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182111114 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-administered mindfulness interventions reduce stress in a large, randomized controlled multi-site study
Sparacio, A., IJzerman, H., Ropovik, I., Giorgini, F., Spiessens, C., Uchino, B. N., Landvatter, J., Tacana, T., Diller, S. J., Derrick, J. L., et al. (2024) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-024-01907-7 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Resilience and the Role of Depressed and Anxious Mood in the Relationship Between Perceived Social Isolation and Perceived Sleep Quality During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Salah, A. B., DeAngelis, B. N., & Al’Absi, M. (2021) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-020-09945-x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
A randomised trial comparing a brief online delivery of mindfulness-plus-values versus values only for symptoms of depression: Does baseline severity matter?
Kingston, J., Becker, L., Woeginger, J., & Ellett, L. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.087 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Being Mindful at University: A Pilot Evaluation of the Feasibility of an Online Mindfulness-Based Mental Health Support Program for Students
Světlák, M., Linhartová, P., Knejzlíková, T., Knejzlík, J., Kóša, B., Horníčková, V., Jarolínová, K., Lučanská, K., Slezáčková, A., & Šumec, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.581086 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The Use of Task Shifting to Improve Treatment Engagement in an Internet-Based Mindfulness Intervention Among Chinese University Students: Randomized Controlled Trial
Rodriguez, M. A., Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A., Weisman, J., & Rosenthal, M. Z. (2021) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/25772 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Online Mindfulness Intervention, Mental Health and Attentional Abilities: A Randomized Controlled Trial in University Students During COVID-19 Lockdown
Devillers-Réolon, L., Mascret, N., & Sleimen-Malkoun, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.889807 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Effects of online mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) on anxiety symptoms in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Reangsing, C., Trakooltorwong, P., Maneekunwong, K., Thepsaw, J., & Oerther, S. E. (2023) · BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12906-023-04102-9 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Effects of a Four-Day Mindfulness Intervention on Teachers’ Stress and Affect: A Pilot Study in Eastern China
Song, X., Zheng, M., Zhao, H., Yang, T., Ge, X., Li, H., & Lou, T. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01298 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Mindfulness Meditation for Medical Students: a Student-Led Initiative to Expose Medical Students to Mindfulness Practices
Shapiro, P., Lebeau, R. B., & Tobia, A. (2019) · Medical Science Educator · doi:10.1007/s40670-019-00708-2 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Feasibility and Preliminary Efficacy of Web-Based and Mobile Interventions for Common Mental Health Problems in Working Adults: Multi-Arm Randomized Pilot Trial
Economides, M., Bolton, H., Male, R., & Cavanagh, K. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/34032 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“The original scale uses a 1-month reporting period; however, this has been shortened in several previous studies [43,44], and this study used a 2-week reporting period.”
Self-citation
Mindfulness as a self-care strategy for healthcare professionals to reduce stress and implicit bias
Murphy, J., Farrell, K. M., Kealy, M. B., & Kristiniak, S. (2023) · Journal of Interprofessional Education & Practice · doi:10.1016/j.xjep.2022.100598 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The relationship between mindfulness and individual adaptability in dynamic work contexts
Johnstone, R., & Wilson-Prangley, A. (2021) · South African Journal of Business Management · doi:10.4102/sajbm.v52i1.2421 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
A mindfulness‐based well‐being group for international students in higher education: A pilot study
Xiong, Y., Prasath, P. R., Zhang, Q., & Jeon, L. (2022) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/jcad.12432 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Perceived Stress, Resilience, and Wellbeing in Seasoned Isha Yoga Practitioners Compared to Matched Controls During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Upadhyay, P., Narayanan, S., Khera, T., Kelly, L., Mathur, P. A., Shanker, A., Novack, L., Pérez-Robles, R., Hoffman, K. A., Sadhasivam, S. K., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.813664 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Disentangling the Relationship between Food Insecurity and Poor Sleep Health
Lee, S., Deason, K., Rancourt, D., & Gray, H. L. (2021) · Ecology of Food and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/03670244.2021.1926245 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Professionals Working in End-of-Life Care: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Covington, L., Banerjee, M., Pereira, A., & Price, M. (2022) · Journal of Palliative Care · doi:10.1177/08258597221100330 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Beyond Mobile Apps: A Survey of Technologies for Mental Well-Being
Woodward, K., Kanjo, E., Brown, D. J., McGinnity, T. M., Inkster, B., Macintyre, D. J., & Tsanas, A. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2020.3015018 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Effectiveness of brief online mindfulness-based intervention on different types of mobile phone addiction: mechanisms of influence of trait mindfulness
Zhang, Z., Wu, L., Lu, C., & Guan, T. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1400327 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Total Joint Arthroplasty and Sleep: The State of the Evidence
Pettit, R., Gregory, B., Stahl, S. M., Buller, L. T., & Deans, C. (2024) · Arthroplasty Today · doi:10.1016/j.artd.2024.101383 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Smarthealth technology study protocol to improve relationships between older adults with dementia and family caregivers
Rose, K. M., Gordon, K. C., Schlegel, E. C., McCall, M., Gao, Y., Ma, M., Lenger, K. A., Ko, E., Wright, K., Wang, H., et al. (2021) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.14714 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Short Term Effects of Inner Engineering Completion Online Program on Stress and Well-Being Measures
Upadhyay, P., Joshi, A., Mishra, I., Kelly, L., Novack, L., Hariri, S., Kveraga, K., & Subramaniam, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.814224 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Understanding and managing the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic and lockdown on patients with multiple sclerosis
Abbadessa, G., Lavorgna, L., Trojsi, F., Coppola, C., & Bonavita, S. (2021) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2021.1957673 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Mindfulness-Informed Guided Imagery to Target Physical Activity: A Mixed Method Feasibility and Acceptability Pilot Study
Mitchell, A. D., Martin, L. E., Baldwin, A. S., & Levens, S. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.742989 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Efficacy of Digital Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Repetitive Negative Thinking: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis
Vargas-Nieto, J. C., Zambrano, D., Montorio, I., & Pineda, L. M. S. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02321-w · Cited by 15 · see citing works
An online mindfulness intervention to enhance compassion in nursing practice: A feasibility and acceptability study with nursing students
Coster, S., Gould, R. L., Coulson, M., & Norman, I. J. (2020) · International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances · doi:10.1016/j.ijnsa.2020.100004 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Feasibility and Acceptability of an Online Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Stress Reduction and Psychological Wellbeing of University Students in Pakistan: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Sarfraz, A., Siddiqui, S., Galante, J., & Sikander, S. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20085512 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Exploring the Impact of an Open Access Mindfulness Course with Online Graduate Students: A Mixed Methods Explanatory Sequential Study
Murphy, J. (2021) · Online Learning · doi:10.24059/olj.v25i2.2292 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Effectiveness of a guided online mindfulness-focused intervention in a student population: Study protocol for a randomised control trial
Schultchen, D., Küchler, A., Schillings, C., Weineck, F., Karabatsiakis, A., Ebert, D. D., Baumeister, H., & Pollatos, O. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032775 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Stress regulation via self-administered mindfulness and biofeedback interventions in adults: A pre-registered meta-analysisPreprint
Sparacio, A., Ropovik, I., Jiga‐Boy, G. M., Forscher, P. S., Paris, B., & IJzerman, H. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/zpw28 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
StudiCare mindfulness-study protocol of a randomized controlled trial evaluating an internet- and mobile-based intervention for college students with no and "on demand" guidance.
Küchler, A.-M., Schultchen, D., Pollatos, O., Moshagen, M., Ebert, D. D., & Baumeister, H. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-020-04868-0 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Daily change patterns in mindfulness and psychological health: A pilot intervention
Kim, S. Y., Suh, H., Oh, W., & Daheim, J. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23043 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A Self-Managed Online Mindfulness Program in a University-Wide Learning Management System Orientation Site: A Real-World Ecological Validation Study
Chung, J., Mundy, M. E., & McKenzie, S. P. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.869765 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Changes in Perceived Stress Following a 10-Week Digital Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program: Retrospective Study
Venkatesan, A., Krymis, H., Scharff, J., & Waber, A. (2021) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/25078 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Be mindful in love: Exploring the interpersonal effects of spouse mindfulness on employee work and family outcomes
Zheng, X., Ni, D., Zhu, J., Song, L. J., Liu, X., & Johnson, R. E. (2021) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12343 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
An online mindfulness intervention for medical students in South Africa: A randomised controlled trial
Boyd, N., & Alexander, D. (2022) · South African Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v28i0.1840 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The uptake and outcomes of an online self-help mindfulness programme during COVID-19
Li, I., Chen, A. Z., Newby, J. M., Kladnitski, N., Haskelberg, H., Millard, M., & Mahoney, A. (2022) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284207.2022.2045866 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Exploring the Effects of Variety and Amount of Mindfulness Practices on Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Symptoms: Longitudinal Study on a Mental Health–Focused eHealth System for Patients With Breast or Prostate Cancer
Malandrone, F., Urru, S., Berchialla, P., Rossini, P. G., Oliva, F., Bianchi, S., Ottaviano, M., Gonzalez-Martinez, S., Carli, V., Valenza, G., et al. (2024) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/57415 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A Synthesized Model for Applying Stress Management and Biofeedback Interventions in Research Utilization: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Ruchiwit, M., Vuthiarpa, S., Ruchiwit, K., Muijeen, K., & Phanphairoj, K. (2024) · Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health · doi:10.2174/0117450179276691231229071003 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
With a Little Help From Change Management
Mlekus, L., Kato-Beiderwieden, A.-L., Schlicher, K. D., & Maier, G. W. (2021) · Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie A&O · doi:10.1026/0932-4089/a000372 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Mindfulness and situational interest
Grund, A., Schäfer, N., Sohlau, S., Uhlich, J., & Schmid, S. (2019) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2018.1553296 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Effectiveness of a Brief Mindfulness-Based Intervention of “STOP touching your face” During the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Randomized Controlled Trial
Tang, J., Wang, L., Luo, T., Wu, S., Wu, Z., Chen, J., Pan, C., Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Luo, Q., et al. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-02019-x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Effects of a Brief Mindfulness-based Intervention in Patients with Psoriasis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Eckardt, M., Stadtmueller, L., Zick, C., Kupfer, J., & Schut, C. (2024) · Acta Dermato-Venereologica · doi:10.2340/actadv.v104.18277 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“In summary, past research has primarily shown that extensive MBIs represent a beneficial add-on in the tre-atment of patients with psoriasis (18–21) on various parameters (11, 12).”
Background
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“[24] In contrast to the original eight-week MBSR, we chose a shorter version of online MBI of five weeks because of limited experience of mindfulness in the Indian population and anticipated difficulty in keeping participants engaged for such a long time.”
Systematic Review of Mindfulness-Based Ecological Momentary Interventions: Synthesizing Current Methods and Identifying Directions for Future Research
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A randomised controlled trial of a brief online mindfulness-based intervention
Cavanagh, K., Strauss, C., Cicconi, F., Griffiths, N., Wyper, A., & Jones, F. (2013) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.06.003 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Effects of an Online Mindfulness Intervention on Perceived Stress, Depression and Anxiety in a Non-clinical Sample: A Randomised Waitlist Control Trial
Querstret, D., Cropley, M., & Fife-Schaw, C. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0925-0 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
A Randomised Controlled Trial of a Brief Online Mindfulness-Based Intervention on Paranoia in a Non-Clinical Sample
Shore, R., Strauss, C., Cavanagh, K., Hayward, M., & Ellett, L. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0774-2 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citation
A randomised controlled trial of an online mindfulness-based intervention for paranoia in a non-clinical population
Shore, R. M. (2015) · Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey)
Influence of a Brief Online Mindfulness Intervention on Metacognition, Cognition, and Emotional Outcomes Among University Students: A Randomized Longitudinal Trial
Thomson, J. S. H., & Hedger, S. C. V. (2025) · Psychology International · doi:10.3390/psycholint7030060 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Authors: Cavanagh, K., Churchard, A., O’Hanlon, P., Mundy, T., Votolato, P., Jones, F., Gu, J., & Strauss, C.
Affiliations: University of Sussex (GB)
Canterbury Christ Church University (GB)
Corresponding author: Cavanagh, Kate
ORCID: Cavanagh, Kate
Churchard, Alasdair
O’Hanlon, Puffin
Jones, Fergal
Gu, Jenny
Strauss, Clara
Venue: Mindfulness
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2018-01-16
Volume: 9
Issue: 4
Pages: 1191-1205
ISSN: 1868-8527 (ISSN-L)
1868-8535
DOI: 10.1007/s12671-017-0856-1
PMC: PMC6061247
OpenAlex: W2783009920
Cited by: 120
References: 83
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 5
FWCI: 13.49
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (tdm)
Locations: Mindfulness (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Create (Canterbury Christ Church University) (acceptedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Economic and Social Research Council (es/j500173/1)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Keywords: mindfulness-based interventions, online intervention, self-guided intervention, mindfulness meditation, perseverative thinking, perceived stress, anxiety, depression, university students, university employees, non-clinical population, psychoeducation, mechanisms of change, replication

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A Randomised Controlled Trial of a Brief Online Mindfulness-Based Intervention in a Non-clinical Population: Replication and Extension

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