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Cited by 23Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsPsychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionGrit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation

A Mindfulness-Based Intervention: Differential Effects on Affective and Processual Evolution

Open access
Antoine, Pascal, Congard, Anne, Andreotti, Eva, Dauvier, Bruno, Illy, Johan, Poinsot, Rollon·2018·Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being
DOI 10.1111/aphw.12137
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Abstract

Objectives: A 20-minutes-a-day, self-help, mindfulness-based intervention was conducted for 6 weeks with a French community sample. First, the intervention effects on affective and functioning variables were evaluated. Then, a differential approach was used to examine improvement potentiality and the perceived benefits of mindfulness according to the participants’ baseline mindfulness competencies. Method: Participants were non-randomly assigned to a control group on the waiting list (n = 44) or a mindfulness group (n = 47). Self-report measures assessed anxiety, depression, psychological distress, mindfulness, negative self-oriented cognition, and experiential avoidance. Results: Improvements in the variables were observed for the mindfulness group but not for the control group, with effect sizes ranging between.53 and.88. Low baseline levels of mindfulness predicted greater improvement in mindfulness (r = −0.55, p <.001) than high baseline levels. Conclusions: Mindfulness practice elicited several positive outcomes regarding affective variables, highlighting emotional functioning changes. © 2018 The International Association of Applied Psychology

Verified 2026-10-05 · 2 references not checked yet

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/aphw.12137

Cites

63 of 65 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

18 of 60 cited sources checked · 8 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Guided online mindfulness-based interventions have stronger effects on stress reduction than unguided ones.

    “Guided online mindfulness-based interventions were found to have stronger effects on stress reduction than unguided ones (Spijkerman et al., 2016).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Spijkerman et al., 2016 source
  • Premisecitation

    These interventions result in favorable outcomes for subthreshold variables and disorders such as anxiety, depression, and perceived stress.

    “These interventions result in favorable outcomes in terms of subthreshold variables and disorders-for example, anxiety, depression, and perceived stress (Baer, Carmody, & Hunsinger, 2012;Chiesa & Serretti, 2009;Goyal et al., 2014;Hofmann, Sawyer, Witt, & Oh, 2010;Khoury, Sharma, Rush, & Fournier, 2015;Nykl ı cek & Kuijpers, 2008;Strauss, Cavanagh, Oliver, & Pettman, 2014)-and are effective in”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Baer, Carmody, & Hunsinger, 2012 source
    • cites Chiesa & Serretti, 2009 source
    • cites Goyal et al., 2014 source

      The Discussion (page unavailable) reports small improvements in anxiety and depression symptoms with mindfulness meditation, and low-strength evidence of improvement in stress/distress. It does not establish that meditation interventions generally improve these outcomes: the same passage reports no improvement with mantra meditation programs. Its findings concern symptoms across clinical populations, rather than demonstrated improvement in anxiety or depressive disorders as such. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Self-help mindfulness-based interventions have been validated in student, general, and clinical populations.

    “Self-help, mindfulness-based interventions have been validated in student samples (Cavanagh et al., 2013;Hazlett-Stevens & Oren, 2017;Lever Taylor et al., 2014), the general population (Bhayee et al., 2016;Krusche, Cyhlarova, King, & Williams, 2012;Wimberley, Mintz, & Suh, 2016), and clinical populations (Dimidjian et al., 2014;Morledge et al., 2013).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Cavanagh et al., 2013 source
    • cites Bhayee et al., 2016 source
    • cites Dimidjian et al., 2014 source
  • Interpretationcitation

    The inclusion process may reflect a self-selection bias based on mindfulness implementation, as participants voluntarily took part.

    “As the participants voluntarily took part in this intervention, the inclusion process may reflect a self-selection bias (involving an intentional stage) based on mindfulness implementation according to Shapiro et al. (2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Shapiro et al., 2006 source

      In “Axiom I. Intention” (page unavailable), the paper treats practitioners’ reasons for practicing as a component of mindfulness. It does not say that voluntary enrollment in an intervention creates self-selection bias, so the inclusion-process claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Interpretationcitation

    The smallest effect sizes found in our study may depict a floor effect.

    “Consequently, the smallest effect sizes found in our study may depict a floor effect, as Spijkerman et al. (2016) noted in their study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Spijkerman et al., 2016 source

      The Calculation of effect sizes section defines and classifies small effects, and the Effects on well-being section reports a small effect. Neither passage, nor a search for “floor,” says that small effect sizes may reflect a floor effect. Our copy therefore does not substantiate that attribution to Spijkerman et al. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 17
  • May combine two claims. 27

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Another study found that participants with higher baseline mindfulness adhered better to mindfulness and improved their skills more than those with low baseline levels.

    “Another study found that participants with higher baseline mindfulness levels adhered better to mindfulness and improved their skills more than those with low baseline levels (Kiken, Garland, Bluth, Palsson, & Gaylord, 2015).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kiken, Garland, Bluth, Palsson, & Gaylord, 2015 source

      Results §3.3 states that baseline trait mindfulness did not significantly predict improvement in state mindfulness during meditation; the Discussion likewise says initial mindfulness levels did not predict participants’ trajectories. The Discussion also says the study did not assess the quantity or other aspects of home meditation practice, so it does not establish better adherence among participants with higher baseline mindfulness. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Self-help resources may be useful alternatives to conventional MBSR/MBCT requirements and may expand access to mindfulness-based strategies.

    “Self-help resources may be useful alternatives to MBSR and MBCT programs' conventional requirements (e.g.trained mindfulness practitioners, the need for participants to attend a care center several times a month, and time demands) as they may expand access to mindfulness-based strategies to a wider range of people who could potentially benefit from them (Norcross, 2006;Spijkerman, Pots, & Bohlmeij”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Norcross, 2006 source
    • cites Spijkerman, Pots, & Bohlmeijer, 2016 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    These interventions are effective in promoting subjective and psychological well-being, quality of life, and psychological health.

    “and are effective in promoting subjective and psychological well-being, quality of life, and psychological health (Baer, 2003;Brown & Ryan, 2003;Eberth & Sedlmeier, 2012;Goyal et al., 2014;Grossman, Niemann, Schmidt, & Walach, 2004;Khoury et al., 2015;Nykl ı cek & Kuijpers, 2008;Shapiro, Schwartz, & Santerre, 2002).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Baer, 2003 source
    • cites Brown & Ryan, 2003 source
    • cites Eberth & Sedlmeier, 2012 source
      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Main outcomes of self-help mindfulness interventions include small to large improvements in mindfulness and decreases in depression, rumination, anxiety, and perceived stress, whereas control groups display no such improvements.

    “The main outcomes include small to large improvements in mindfulness and decreases in depression, rumination, anxiety, and perceived stress, whereas control groups display no such improvements (Cavanagh et al., 2013;Dimidjian et al., 2014;Hazlett-Stevens & Oren, 2017;Krusche et al., 2012;Lever Taylor et al., 2014;Morledge et al., 2013;Wimberley et al., 2016).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Cavanagh et al., 2013 source
    • cites Dimidjian et al., 2014 source

      The Results (page unavailable) report reduced depressive symptoms and rumination and increased mindfulness after the web-based intervention; matched usual-care controls did not improve on the measured depression outcome. The paper does not report decreases in anxiety or perceived stress, and its control comparison measured depressive symptoms, not all the outcomes listed in the claim. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Hazlett-Stevens & Oren, 2017 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The study's findings are consistent with literature on self-help mindfulness-based interventions, especially significant improvements in mindfulness, anxiety, depression, psychological distress, and negative self-oriented cognition in intervention but not control, with effect sizes similar to or slightly better than literature.

    “This study's findings appear consistent with those in the literature regarding self-help, mindfulness-based interventions-especially the significant improvements in mindfulness, anxiety, depression, psychological distress, and negative self-oriented cognition throughout the program in the intervention condition but not in the control condition-and the effect sizes were similar to or slightly”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Cavanagh et al., 2013 source
    • cites Dimidjian et al., 2014 source

      Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Hazlett-Stevens & Oren, 2017 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Our results suggest that mindfulness may foster a shift in an individual's experiential approach, offering possible evidence of reactivity mitigation during current events.

    “Although further investigation is required, our results may indicate that mindfulness is an experience that promotes a potential shift in an individual's experiential approach, providing possible evidence of reactivity mitigation during current events, which is consistent with Shapiro, Carlson, Astin, and Freedman's (2006) theoretical approach.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Shapiro et al., 2006 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Mindfulness influenced the subsequent evolution of emotion regulation, psychological distress, perceived stress, and rumination.

    “Furthermore, mindfulness influenced the subsequent evolution of emotion regulation, psychological distress, perceived stress, and rumination (Cousin & Page, 2015;Kiken et al., 2015;Shapiro et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Cousin & Page, 2015

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Kiken et al., 2015 source

      The Results (§3.4; page not provided) report that increases in state mindfulness during meditation predicted lower post-intervention psychological distress. The paper does not report subsequent changes in perceived stress, rumination, or emotion regulation; the Discussion (§4.0) proposes cognitive reappraisal as a topic for future research. Its limitations also state that the study design does not permit causal conclusions, so “influenced” overstates the finding. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Shapiro et al., 2011 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Several unassessed processes, such as decentering, may enhance the effects of mindfulness.

    “The effects of mindfulness may be enhanced by several processes that were not assessed in this study, including decentering that was identified by Feldman, Greeson, and Senville (2010) and Shapiro et al. (2006) as a core mechanism.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Feldman et al., 2010 source

      The Abstract describes decentering as a proposed potential mechanism of mindfulness-based interventions, and the Discussion says the study provides further evidence for it as a mechanism distinguishing mindfulness practice from other exercises. The paper does not establish decentering as a core mechanism or show that it enhances mindfulness’s effects. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Shapiro et al., 2006 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Attending to cognition within a mindful internal experience could increase awareness of repetitive thoughts and lead to exposure and habituation, potentially aiding emotional processing and reducing the impact of repetitive thoughts.

    “Attending to cognition as part of a mindful internal experience could help in the development of awareness of repetitive thoughts and lead to exposure and habituation processes, which may contribute to emotional processing and reduce the impact of repetitive thoughts (Feldman et al., 2010;Shapiro et al., 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Feldman et al., 2010 source
    • cites Shapiro et al., 2006 source

      “Building on Previous Models” (page unavailable) says mindfulness can make people aware of cascades of automatic negative thoughts and relate to them differently. “Additional Mechanisms” (page unavailable) describes exposure to internal experiences, desensitization, and reduced reactivity. It does not specifically say that exposure to repetitive thoughts produces habituation or aids emotional processing, so that proposed chain goes beyond the source. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Prior mindfulness-based intervention studies have reported effects of mindfulness-mediating interventions on depression, anxiety, and perceived stress.

    “Previously performed mindfulness-based interventions reported the mindfulness-mediating intervention's impact on depression, anxiety, and perceived stress (Baer, Walsh, & Lykins, 2009;Batink, Peeters, Geschwind, van Os, & Wichers, 2013;Gu, Strauss, Bond, & Cavanagh, 2015;Haenen et al., 2016).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Baer, Walsh, & Lykins, 2009

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Batink et al., 2013 source

      The Discussion (Comparison with previous studies; page unavailable) reports that increased mindfulness skills mediated MBCT’s depression-reducing effect. The paper does not report corresponding mediated effects on anxiety or perceived stress; it measures worrying, which is not the same as an anxiety outcome. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Gu et al., 2015

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the mindfulness group, improvements were observed in affective and processual variables, while the control group showed no such improvements, with effect sizes between .53 and .88.

    “Improvements in the variables were observed for the mindfulness group but not for the control group, with effect sizes ranging between .53 and .88.”
    • Also stated in: § Individual Differences in Mindfulness-Based Intervention Effects · hedged
      “As Table 2 shows, the pre-test and post-test comparisons for the two groups appeared to be significant for all variables, highlighting the program's impact on affective and functioning variables.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    This tendency was significant for the MAAS, but only the observing subscale of the FFMQ showed similar outcomes.

    “Although this tendency was significant for the MAAS, only the observing subscale of the FFMQ showed similar outcomes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The mindfulness group line is above the diagonal, reflecting significant increases in MAAS scores with mindfulness practice.

    “By contrast, the black line is above this line, reflecting significant increases in MAAS scores with mindfulness practice.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Overall FFMQ scores did not appear to change because the waiting list control group showed the same pattern as the mindfulness group.

    “The overall FFMQ scores did not appear to evolve because the waiting list control group exhibited the same pattern as the mindfulness group.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The mindfulness group, unlike the waiting list control group, reported significant improvements in all FFMQ subscales with large effect sizes.

    “In this study, the mindfulness group, unlike the waiting list control group, reported significant improvements in all FFMQ subscales with large effect sizes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Participants with lower MAAS levels (-2) progressed to -0.5, a +1.5 SD increase, twice the average Cohen's d.

    “Notably, from a descriptive perspective, the participants with lower MAAS levels (À2) progressed to a level of À0.5, representing a +1.5-standard deviation increase, which is twice the average Cohen's d observed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The results showed significant improvements in experiential avoidance in the experimental group but not in the waiting-list control group.

    “The results also revealed significant improvements in experiential avoidance, indicating that emotional functioning changed in the experimental group but not in the control group on the waiting list.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The waiting list control group line is below the diagonal, reflecting decreases in MAAS scores.

    “The waiting list control group line is below the diagonal dotted line, reflecting decreases in MAAS scores.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Mindfulness-based interventions aim to expand self-regulation competencies, including emotion and attention regulation.

    “Mindfulness-based interventions aim at expanding individual self-regulation competencies, including emotion and attention regulation (Carmody & Baer, 2009;Hazlett-Stevens & Oren, 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Carmody & Baer, 2009 source
    • cites Hazlett-Stevens & Oren, 2017 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    One study found no statistically supported reduction in experiential avoidance.

    “One study found no statistically supported reduction in experiential avoidance (Hazlett-Stevens & Oren, 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hazlett-Stevens & Oren, 2017 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    MBSR and MBCT are long-established, intensive, 8-week, mindfulness-based group interventions.

    “Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR; Kabat-Zinn, 1990), initially created in a medical setting, and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT; Segal, Williams, & Teasdale, 2002), which focuses on the prevention of depression relapse, are long-established, intensive, 8-week, mindfulness-based group interventions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Kabat-Zinn, 1990

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Segal, Williams, & Teasdale, 2002

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Growing evidence supports that mindfulness-based interventions induce somatic and psychological health improvements.

    “Growing evidence supports the somatic and psychological health improvements induced by mindfulness-based interventions (Cavanagh et al., 2013).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cavanagh et al., 2013 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Participants who quit the program were significantly younger and showed more putting into perspective than those who completed it.

    “The participants who quit the program were significantly younger (M year of birth = 1988, SD year of birth = 5.6) and showed more putting into perspective (M perspective = 16.6,SD perspective = 2.6) than those who completed it (M year of birth = 1971, SD year of birth = 15.7,U = 35.0,p = .01;M perspective = 12.8, SD perspective = 3.7, U = 41.0,p = .01).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    A differential perspective may highlight potential negative impacts or absence of positive impacts in some participants.

    “A differential perspective may also highlight potential negative impacts of interventions or the absence of positive impacts in some participants (Rozental et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Rozental et al., 2014 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The content of this mindfulness-based intervention may have influenced outcomes because it consisted entirely of formal practices, with no emphasis on informal activities.

    “Moreover, the content of this mindfulness-based intervention may have also influenced outcomes as it was entirely composed of formal practices; informal activities were not emphasised.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Most participants had no preferences and the two groups were balanced in sex and age.

    “Most participants had no preferences and we ensured that the two groups were appropriately balanced in terms of sex and age for comparison.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Clinical mediation was not necessary for significant changes; commitment to mindfulness practice appeared sufficient.

    “However, it seemed that clinical mediation was not necessary to experience significant changes; in this study commitment to mindfulness practice appeared to be sufficient.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The improvements observed in the mindfulness group are attributable to mindfulness practice rather than to nonspecific factors such as time, expectancy, or self-help structure.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Discrepancies in subscale evolution based on participants' baseline levels may have resulted from the descriptions of the questionnaires' items.

    “Such discrepancies in subscale evolution according to the participants' baseline levels may have resulted from the descriptions of the questionnaires' items.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The MAAS and the observing FFMQ subscale include practical examples that individuals could identify with.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Formal mindfulness practice in daily routines appeared easy and feasible, with 90% of participants completing the program.

    “Formal mindfulness implementation in the participants' daily routines appeared to be easy and feasible, with satisfactory adherence as 90 per cent of the participants completed the program in contrast to the observations of Hazlett-Stevens and Oren (2017) in their student population.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hazlett-Stevens and Oren (2017) source
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported daily adherence sheets accurately reflect the amount of mindfulness practice completed.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    A visible tendency in the mindfulness questionnaire outcomes could have emerged.

    “As formal and informal mindfulness training may not trigger similar effects (Hindman, Glass, Arnkoff, & Maron, 2015), a visible tendency in the mindfulness questionnaire outcomes could have emerged.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    The observed changes in depression, anxiety, and perceived stress in this study might have been caused by a mindfulness-mediating effect.

    “Although we did not explore such relationships in this study, our observations regarding the depression, anxiety, and perceived stress variables may have stemmed from this mediating effect.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Mindfulness interventions are recognized as significantly reducing rumination and experiential avoidance, which in turn decreases depressive symptoms.

    “Moreover, mindfulness interventions have been recognised as playing a significant role in reducing rumination and experiential avoidance, subsequently resulting in decreased depressive symptoms (Chiesa et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Chiesa et al., 2014 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    FFMQ facets have been found to evolve consistently with the amount of formal in-home mindfulness practice reported by participants (all but not describing), but not at the same time.

    “Furthermore, FFMQ facets have been found to evolve consistently with the amount of formal in-home mindfulness practice reported by participants (all but not describing; Carmody & Baer, 2008), but not at the same time (Baer et al., 2012).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Carmody & Baer, 2008 source
    • cites Baer et al., 2012 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    We did not conduct medium- or long-term follow-ups.

    “We did not conduct medium-or long-term follow-ups.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Questionnaires used to measure mindfulness may reflect a lack of mindfulness-that is, mindlessness and unawareness.

    “Grossman and Van Dam (2011) emphasised that questionnaires used to measure mindfulness may reflect a lack of mindfulness-that is, mindlessness and unawareness.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Grossman & Van Dam, 2011 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    This study illustrated how daily 20-minute formal mindfulness practice over 6 weeks could enhance positive outcomes for affective variables and contribute to positive emotional functioning.

    “Altogether, this study illustrated how daily 20-minute formal mindfulness practice over 6 weeks could enhance positive outcomes for affective variables and contribute to positive emotional functioning.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Self-help interventions offer cost-effective access to mindfulness resources and can reach individuals seeking alternatives to traditional approaches.

    “Self-help interventions offer cost-effective access to mindfulness resources and can reach individuals who may be seeking alternatives to more traditional approaches, such as group or one-to-one sessions (Cavanagh et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cavanagh et al., 2014 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Because participants came from a healthy community sample, their baseline symptom expression scores are likely lower than those of a clinical population, which may have led to less meaningful improvements.

    “Since the participants came from a healthy community sample, their baseline scores for symptom expression are likely to be lower than those of a clinical population, which may have led to less meaningful improvements.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the national research committee and the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

    “All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the national research committee and the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
39 of 39

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The improvements observed in the mindfulness group are attributable to mindfulness practice rather than to nonspecific factors such as time, expectancy, or self-help structure.

    “However, it seemed that clinical mediation was not necessary to experience significant changes; in this study commitment to mindfulness practice appeared to be sufficient.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Participants' self-reported daily adherence sheets accurately reflect the amount of mindfulness practice completed.

    “To evaluate the participants' level of adherence, a sheet was completed daily and returned at the end of the study via the postal service in a pre-stamped envelope.”
    “Adherence scores were computed based on this sheet.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The two data sets excluded due to missing responses were missing at random and their exclusion did not bias the results.

    “Due to missing responses, one data set was withdrawn from the waiting list control group and one was excluded from the mindfulness group for the analysis.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The waiting-list control group did not engage in mindfulness practice or other active interventions during the 6-week waiting period.

    “Then, the mindfulness-based intervention was distributed to the control group participants on the waiting list.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The non-random assignment according to preferences produced groups comparable on unmeasured confounders that could affect outcomes.

    “The participants were non-randomly assigned to the mindfulness and waiting list control groups according to their preferences (either whether they wished to start the intervention straight away or if they did not mind waiting 6 weeks before the intervention).”
    “Most participants had no preferences and we ensured that the two groups were appropriately balanced in terms of sex and age for comparison.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The intervention was delivered and understood as intended by participants.

    “The participants received the 42-day mindfulness-based intervention program by mail, including detailed instructions and the investigators' contact information.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The MAAS and the observing FFMQ subscale include practical examples that individuals could identify with.

    “Indeed, the MAAS and the observing FFMQ subscale include practical examples that individuals could identify with.”
7 of 7

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Reported effect-size range excludes several table values

    Minor

    The abstract says effect sizes ranged from .53 to .88, but Table 2 reports between-group effect sizes of .42, .40, and .26, all below that range.

  • Intervention completion rate is reported two ways

    Minor

    The paper reports completion as both 92% and 90%. Its stated count of five dropouts among 53 participants implies 48 completers, or about 91%.

  • Completion rates conflict

    Minor

    The paper gives both 92% and 90% for completion of the same intervention. With five dropouts among 53 starters, 48 completed it, or about 90.6%; the 92% figure is inconsistent with those counts.

3 of 3

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Bouvard M., 1992, Étude de validation et analyse factorielle de la version française du questionnaire des pensées automatiques, Journal de Thérapie Comportementale et Cognitive, 2, 25
  2. Kabat‐Zinn J., 1996, Comparative and psychological study on meditation, 161

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Antoine, P., Congard, A., Andreotti, E., Dauvier, B., Illy, J., & Poinsot, R.
Affiliations
  • Université de Lille (FR)
  • Aix-Marseille Université (FR)
  • Immanence SAS Manosque France
Corresponding author
Antoine, Pascal
Venue
Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2018-09-06
Volume
10
Issue
3
Pages
368-390
ISSN
  • 1758-0846 (ISSN-L)
  • 1758-0854
DOI
10.1111/aphw.12137
OpenAlex
W2892068441
Cited by
23
References
60
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2
FWCI
2.48
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • LillOA (Université de Lille (University Of Lille)) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • LillOA (Université de Lille (University Of Lille)) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation
Keywords
mindfulness-based interventions, self-help, differential effects, anxiety, depression, psychological distress, experiential avoidance, emotional functioning
MeSH terms
Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anxiety, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-09-28.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-09-28.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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