Characterizing and minimizing the contribution of sensory inputs to TMS-evoked potentials

Biabani, Mana; Fornito, Alex; Mutanen, Tuomas P.; Morrow, James; Rogasch, Nigel C.

doi:10.1016/j.brs.2019.07.009

Cited by 159Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation StudiesEEG and Brain-Computer InterfacesAdvanced MRI Techniques and Applications

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Characterizing and minimizing the contribution of sensory inputs to TMS-evoked potentials

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Biabani, Mana, Fornito, Alex, Mutanen, Tuomas P., Morrow, James, Rogasch, Nigel C.·2019·Brain Stimulation

DOI 10.1016/j.brs.2019.07.009

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Abstract

Background Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) evokes voltage deflections in electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings, known as TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs), which are increasingly used to study brain dynamics. However, the extent to which TEPs reflect activity directly evoked by magnetic rather than sensory stimulation is unclear. Objective To characterize and minimize the contribution of sensory inputs to TEPs. Methods Twenty-four healthy participants received TMS over the motor cortex using two different intensities (below and above cortical motor threshold) and waveforms (monophasic, biphasic). TMS was also applied over the shoulder as a multisensory control condition. Common sensory attenuation measures, including coil padding and noise masking, were adopted. We examined spatiotemporal relationships between the EEG responses to the scalp and shoulder stimulations at sensor and source levels. Furthermore, we compared three different filters (independent component analysis, signal-space projection with source informed reconstruction (SSP-SIR) and linear regression) designed to attenuate the impact of sensory inputs on TEPs. Results The responses to the scalp and shoulder stimulations were correlated in both temporal and spatial domains, especially after ∼60 ms, regardless of the intensity and stimuli waveform. Among the three filters, SSP-SIR showed the best trade-off between removing sensoryrelated signals while preserving data not related to the control condition. Conclusions The findings demonstrate that TEPs elicited by motor cortex TMS reflect a combination of transcranially and peripherally evoked brain responses despite adopting sensory attenuation methods during experiments, thereby highlighting the importance of adopting sensory control conditions in TMS-EEG studies. Offline filters may help to isolate the transcranial component of the TEP from its peripheral component, but only if these components express different spatiotemporal patterns. More realistic control conditions may help to improve the characterization and attenuation of sensory inputs to TEPs, especially in early responses.

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TEPs, particularly later TEPs, are influenced by somatosensory and auditory processing of the TMS pulse.
“While TEPs (particularly later TEPs) have been demonstrated to be influenced by somatosensory and auditory processing of the TMS pulse (Conde et al., 2019;Nikouline et al. 1999;Biabani et al. 2019;Biabani et al. 2021)”
From Investigation of neurobiological responses to theta burst stimulation during recovery from mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) (2023) · cites this paper as Biabani et al. 2019
TEP quantification focused exclusively on early peaks (P30, N45, P60) to avoid sensory contributions to late components.
“However, given the high likelihood of sensory contributions to the late components (Biabani et al. 2019, Conde et al. 2019, Biabani et al. 2021, Gordon et al. 2021, Rocchi et al. 2021, Biabani et al. 2024), TEP quantification focussed exclusively on the early peaks.”
From Mild traumatic brain injury alters function in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: a TMS-EEG study (2025) · cites this paper as Biabani et al. 2019

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Desforges, M., Hadas, I., Mihov, B., Morin, Y., Braün, M. R., Lioumis, P., Zomorrodi, R., Théoret, H., Lepage, M., Daskalakis, Z. J., et al. (2022) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2021.12.018 · Cited by 42
Probing regional cortical excitability via input–output properties using transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography coupling
Raffin, E., Harquel, S., Passera, B., Chauvin, A., Bougerol, T., & Olivier David, A. (2020) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24975 · Cited by 41
The correspondence between EMG and EEG measures of changes in cortical excitability following transcranial magnetic stimulation
Biabani, M., Fornito, A., Coxon, J. P., Fulcher, B. D., & Rogasch, N. C. (2021) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp280966 · Cited by 41
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TMS-EEG responses across the lifespan: Measurement, methods for characterisation and identified responses
Kallioniemi, E., Saari, J., Ferreri, F., & Määttä, S. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109430 · Cited by 40
A structured ICA-based process for removing auditory evoked potentials
Ross, J. M., Ozdemir, R. A., Lian, S. J., Fried, P. J., Schmitt, E. M., Inouye, S. K., Pascual‐Leone, Á., & Shafi, M. M. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-05397-3 · Cited by 40
Effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) current direction and pulse waveform on cortico‐cortical connectivity: A registered report TMS‐EEG study
Guidali, G., Zazio, A., Lucarelli, D., Marcantoni, E., Stango, A., Barchiesi, G., & Bortoletto, M. (2023) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.16127 · Cited by 42
Assessing cerebellar-cortical connectivity using concurrent TMS-EEG: a feasibility study
Fernández, L., Biabani, M., Do, M., Opie, G. M., Hill, A. T., Barham, M. P., Teo, W., Byrne, L. K., Rogasch, N. C., & Enticott, P. G. (2021) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00617.2020 · Cited by 39
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Stroke Recovery–Related Changes in Cortical Reactivity Based on Modulation of Intracortical Inhibition
Harquel, S., Cadic‐Melchior, A., Morishita, T., Fleury, L., Witon, A., Ceroni, M., Brügger, J., Meyer, N. H., Evangelista, G. G., Egger, P., et al. (2024) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.123.045174 · Cited by 42
Bridging the gap: TMS-EEG from lab to clinic
Julkunen, P., Kimiskidis, V. Κ., & Belardinelli, P. (2022) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109482 · Cited by 40
Assessing effective connectivity of the cerebellum with cerebral cortex using TMS-EEG
Gaßmann, L., Gordon, P. C., & Ziemann, U. (2022) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2022.09.013 · Cited by 36
Experimental suppression of transcranial magnetic stimulation ‐ electroencephalography sensory potentials
Ross, J. M., Sarkar, M., & Keller, C. J. (2022) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25990 · Cited by 34
The influence of sensory potentials on transcranial magnetic stimulation – Electroencephalography recordings
Chowdhury, N. S., Rogasch, N. C., Chiang, A. K., Millard, S. K., Skippen, P., Chang, W., Bilska, K., Si, E., Seminowicz, D. A., & Schabrun, S. M. (2022) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2022.05.015 · Cited by 33
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Methodological Choices Matter: A Systematic Comparison of TMS ‐ EEG Studies Targeting the Primary Motor Cortex
Beck, M. M., Heyl, M., Mejer, L., Vinding, M. C., Christiansen, L., Tomasevic, L., & Siebner, H. R. (2024) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.70048 · Cited by 33
Clinical utility and prospective of TMS–EEG: Updated review from an international expert group
Ziemann, U., Bai, Y., Baumer, F. M., Beck, M. M., Belardinelli, P., Belvisi, D., Bender, S., Bergmann, T. O., Bortoletto, M., Casarotto, S., et al. (2026) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2025.2111487 · Cited by 40
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Source-based artifact-rejection techniques for TMS–EEG
Mutanen, T. P., Metsomaa, J., Makkonen, M., Varone, G., Marzetti, L., & Ilmoniemi, R. J. (2022) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109693 · Cited by 32
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Transferability of cathodal tDCS effects from the primary motor to the prefrontal cortex: A multimodal TMS-EEG study
Mosayebi-Samani, M., Agboada, D., Mutanen, T. P., Haueisen, J., Kuo, M., & Nitsche, M. A. (2023) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2023.02.010 · Cited by 29
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Differentiating transcranial magnetic stimulation cortical and auditory responses via single pulse and paired pulse protocols: A TMS-EEG study.
Poorganji, M., Zomorrodi, R., Hawco, C., Hill, A., Hadas, I., Rajji, T., Chen, R., Voineskos, D., Daskalakis, A. A., Blumberger, D., et al. (2021) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2021.05.009 · Cited by 26
Baseline markers of cortical excitation and inhibition predict response to theta burst stimulation treatment for youth depression
Dhami, P., Moreno, S., Croarkin, P. E., Blumberger, D. M., Daskalakis, Z. J., & Farzan, F. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-45107-1 · Cited by 26
Age-related decline of neuroplasticity to intermittent theta burst stimulation of the lateral prefrontal cortex and its relationship with late-life memory performance
Goldsworthy, M. R., Rogasch, N. C., Ballinger, S., Graetz, L. J., Dam, J. M. V., Harris, R. J., Yu, S., Pitcher, J. B., Baune, B. T., & Ridding, M. C. (2020) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2020.06.015 · Cited by 28
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Exploring the spatial resolution of TMS-EEG coupling on the sensorimotor region
Passera, B., Chauvin, A., Raffin, E., Bougerol, T., Olivier David, A., & Harquel, S. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119419 · Cited by 25
Untangling TMS‐EEG responses caused by TMS versus sensory input using optimized sham control and GABAergic challenge
Gordon, P. C., Song, Y. F., Jovellar, D. B., Rostami, M., Belardinelli, P., & Ziemann, U. (2023) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp283986 · Cited by 25
Age-related changes in motor cortex plasticity assessed with non-invasive brain stimulation: an update and new perspectives
Semmler, J., Hand, B., Sasaki, R., Merkin, A., & Opie, G. (2021) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-021-06163-z · Cited by 23
Immediate Effects of Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation on Primary Motor Cortex in Stroke Patients: A Concurrent TMS-EEG Study
Bai, Z., Zhang, J., & Fong, K. N. K. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2023.3282659 · Cited by 23
Mapping cortical excitability in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Gogulski, J., Cline, C. C., Ross, J. M., Truong, J. T., Sarkar, M., Parmigiani, S., & Keller, C. J. (2023) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2024.05.008 · Cited by 23
Age-related Changes in Cortical Excitability Linked to Decreased Attentional and Inhibitory Control
Cespón, J., Pellicciari, M. C., Casula, E. P., & Miniussi, C. (2022) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.05.021 · Cited by 24
Differential analgesic effects of high-frequency or accelerated intermittent theta burst stimulation of M1 on experimental tonic pain: Correlations with cortical activity changes assessed by TMS-EEG
Tan, B., Chen, J., Liu, Y., Lin, Q.-Y., Wang, Y., Shi, S., Yang, Y., & Che, X. (2024) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.neurot.2024.e00451 · Cited by 22
Subgenual cingulate connectivity and hippocampal activation are related to MST therapeutic and adverse effects
Hadas, I., Zomorrodi, R., Hill, A. T., Sun, Y., Fitzgerald, P. B., Blumberger, D. M., & Daskalakis, Z. J. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-01042-7 · Cited by 24
Reliability and Validity of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation–Electroencephalography Biomarkers
Parmigiani, S., Ross, J. M., Cline, C. C., Minasi, C. B., Gogulski, J., & Keller, C. J. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.12.005 · Cited by 28
Somatosensory input in the context of transcranial magnetic stimulation coupled with electroencephalography: An evidence-based overview
Mancuso, M., Cruciani, A., Sveva, V., Casula, E. P., Brown, K. E., Rothwell, J. C., Lazzaro, V. D., Koch, G., & Rocchi, L. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105434 · Cited by 22
Combined transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography reveals alterations in cortical excitability during pain
Chowdhury, N. S., Chiang, A. K., Millard, S. K., Skippen, P., Chang, W., Seminowicz, D. A., & Schabrun, S. M. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.88567.3 · Cited by 20
Measuring the accuracy of ICA-based artifact removal from TMS-evoked potentials
Atti, I., Belardinelli, P., Ilmoniemi, R. J., & Metsomaa, J. (2023) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2023.12.001 · Cited by 20
Reliability of the TMS-evoked potential in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Gogulski, J., Cline, C. C., Ross, J. M., Parmigiani, S., & Keller, C. J. (2024) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhae130 · Cited by 20
Right prefrontal activation predicts ADHD and its severity: A TMS-EEG study in young adults
Hadas, I., Hadar, A. A., Lazarovits, A., Daskalakis, Z. J., & Zangen, A. (2021) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110340 · Cited by 18
Motor cortex oscillates at its intrinsic post-movement beta rhythm following real (but not sham) single pulse, rhythmic and arrhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation
Hannah, R., Muralidharan, V., & Aron, A. R. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.118975 · Cited by 18
Isolating sensory artifacts in the suprathreshold TMS-EEG signal over DLPFC
Poorganji, M., Zomorrodi, R., Hawco, C. S., Hill, A. T., Hadas, I., Zrenner, C., Rajji, T. K., Chen, R. E., Voineskos, D., Blumberger, D. M., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-29920-2 · Cited by 18
A dose-response characterization of transcranial magnetic stimulation intensity and evoked potential amplitude in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Krile, L., Ensafi, E., Cole, J., Noor, M., Protzner, A. B., & McGirr, A. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-45730-y · Cited by 18
Evoked EEG Responses to TMS Targeting Regions Outside the Primary Motor Cortex and Their Test–Retest Reliability
Song, Y., Gordon, P. C., Metsomaa, J., Rostami, M., Belardinelli, P., & Ziemann, U. (2023) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-023-01018-y · Cited by 18
Stimulation Parameters Recruit Distinct Cortico-Cortical Pathways: Insights from Microstate Analysis on TMS-Evoked Potentials
Lucarelli, D., Guidali, G., Šulcová, D., Zazio, A., Bonfiglio, N. S., Stango, A., Barchiesi, G., & Bortoletto, M. (2025) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-025-01113-2 · Cited by 22
Utilising TMS-EEG to Assess the Response to Cerebellar-Brain Inhibition
Sasaki, R., Hand, B. J., Liao, W., Rogasch, N. C., Fernández, L., Semmler, J. G., & Opie, G. M. (2022) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-022-01419-y · Cited by 18
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Characterising activity and diet compositions for dementia prevention: protocol for the ACTIVate prospective longitudinal cohort study
Smith, A. E., Wade, A. T., Olds, T., Dumuid, D., Breakspear, M. J., Laver, K., Goldsworthy, M. R., Ridding, M. C., Fabiani, M., Dorrian, J., et al. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047888 · Cited by 16
EEG responses induced by cerebellar TMS at rest and during visuomotor adaptation
Fong, P., Spampinato, D. A., Michell, K., Mancuso, M., Brown, K. E., Ibáñez, J., Santo, A. D., Latorre, A., Bhatia, K. P., Rothwell, J. C., et al. (2023) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120188 · Cited by 16
Dissociation of Centrally and Peripherally Induced Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Effects in Nonhuman Primates
Perera, N. D., Alekseichuk, I., Shirinpour, S., Wischnewski, M., Linn, G. S., Masiello, K., Butler, B., Russ, B. E., Schroeder, C. E., Falchier, A., et al. (2023) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1016-23.2023 · Cited by 16
Bridging the gap to clinical use: A systematic review on TMS-EEG test-retest reliability.
Bertazzoli, G., Dognini, E., Fried, P. J., Miniussi, C., Julkunen, P., & Bortoletto, M. (2024) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2025.01.002 · Cited by 14
Transcranial magnetic stimulation as a tool to understand genetic conditions associated with epilepsy
Silvennoinen, K., Balestrini, S., Rothwell, J. C., & Sisodiya, S. M. (2020) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.16634 · Cited by 13
Older Adults Differentially Modulate Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation–Electroencephalography Measures of Cortical Inhibition during Maximal Single-joint Exercise
Opie, G. M., Otieno, L. A., Pourmajidian, M., Semmler, J. G., & Sidhu, S. K. (2019) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.11.022 · Cited by 14
Single-Pulse TMS to the Temporo-Occipital and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Evokes Lateralized Long Latency EEG Responses at the Stimulation Site
Jarczok, T. A., Roebruck, F., Pokorny, L., Biermann, L., Roessner, V., Klein, C., & Bender, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.616667 · Cited by 14
Neural effects of TMS trains on the human prefrontal cortex
Ross, J. M., Cline, C. C., Sarkar, M., Truong, J. T., & Keller, C. J. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-49250-7 · Cited by 13
No evidence for interaction between TMS-EEG responses and sensory inputs
Gordon, P. C., Song, Y., Jovellar, D. B., Belardinelli, P., & Ziemann, U. (2022) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2022.12.010 · Cited by 12
Recovery of clinical, cognitive and cortical activity measures following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI): A longitudinal investigation
Coyle, H. L., Bailey, N. W., Ponsford, J. L., & Hoy, K. E. (2023) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2023.04.009 · Cited by 12
Adapted Beamforming: A Robust and Flexible Approach for Removing Various Types of Artifacts from TMS–EEG Data
Metsomaa, J., Song, Y., Mutanen, T. P., Gordon, P. C., Ziemann, U., Zrenner, C., & Hernandez-Pavon, J. C. (2024) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-024-01044-4 · Cited by 12
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Investigating the Origin of TMS-evoked Brain Potentials Using Topographic Analysis
Šulcová, D., Salatino, A., Ivanoiu, A., & Mouraux, A. (2022) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-022-00917-w · Cited by 12
Targeting Default Mode Network Dysfunction in Persons at Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (NEST4AD): Rationale and Study Design
Pievani, M., Mega, A., Quattrini, G., Guidali, G., Ferrari, C., Cattaneo, A., D’Aprile, I., Mascaro, L., Gasparotti, R., Corbo, D., et al. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-210659 · Cited by 11
Investigation of neurobiological responses to theta burst stimulation during recovery from mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI)
Coyle, H. L., Bailey, N. W., Ponsford, J., & Hoy, K. E. (2023) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114308 · Cited by 10
An analytical approach to identify indirect multisensory cortical activations elicited by TMS?
Nießen, E., Bracco, M., Mutanen, T. P., & Robertson, E. M. (2021) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2021.02.003 · Cited by 10
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Disinhibition across Secondary Motor Cortical Regions during Motor Sequence Learning: A TMS-EEG Study
Thong, S., Doery, E. J., Biabani, M., Rogasch, N. C., Chong, T. T. ‐., Hendrikse, J. J., & Coxon, J. P. (2024) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0443-24.2024 · Cited by 9
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Identifying transcranial magnetic stimulation induced EEG signatures of different neuronal elements in primary motor cortex
Ni, Z., Pajevic, S., Chen, L., Leodori, G., Felipe Vial, U., Avram, A., Zhang, Y., McGurrin, P. M., Cohen, L. G., Basser, P. J., et al. (2022) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2022.06.012 · Cited by 8
Pre-Stimulus Power but Not Phase Predicts Prefrontal Cortical Excitability in TMS-EEG
Poorganji, M., Zomorrodi, R., Zrenner, C., Bansal, A., Hawco, C., Hill, A., Hadas, I., Rajji, T., Chen, R., Zrenner, B., et al. (2023) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios13020220 · Cited by 11
Characterising the contribution of auditory and somatosensory inputs to TMS-evoked potentials following stimulation of prefrontal, premotor, and parietal cortex
Biabani, M., Fornito, A., Goldsworthy, M. R., Thompson, S. C. H., Graetz, L. J., Semmler, J. G., Opie, G. M., Bellgrove, M. A., & Rogasch, N. C. (2024) · Imaging Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/imag_a_00349 · Cited by 10
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Cortical markers of PAS-induced long-term potentiation and depression in the motor system: A TMS-EEG Registered Report
Arrigoni, E., Bolognini, N., Pisoni, A., & Guidali, G. (2025) · Imaging Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/imag.a.1086 · Cited by 10
A single- and paired-pulse TMS-EEG investigation of the N100 and long interval cortical inhibition in autism spectrum disorder
Kirkovski, M., Hill, A. T., Rogasch, N. C., Saeki, T., Fitzgibbon, B. M., Yang, J. S. C., Do, M., Donaldson, P. H., Albein‐Urios, N., Fitzgerald, P. B., et al. (2021) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2021.12.010 · Cited by 9
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Impact of methodological variability on EEG responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation: A meta-analysis
Rostami, M., Zomorrodi, R., Rostami, R., & Hossein‐Zadeh, G. (2022) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2022.07.495 · Cited by 7
Threshold Tracked Short-Interval Intracortical Inhibition More Closely Predicts the Cortical Response to Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Sasaki, R., Semmler, J. G., & Opie, G. M. (2022) · Neuromodulation Technology at the Neural Interface · doi:10.1016/j.neurom.2021.11.004 · Cited by 7
Reliability of transcranial magnetic stimulation evoked potentials to detect the effects of theta-burst stimulation of the prefrontal cortex
Moffa, A. H., Nikolin, S., Martin, D. M., Loo, C. K. A., & Boonstra, T. W. (2022) · Neuroimage Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ynirp.2022.100115 · Cited by 12
Investigation of Spatiotemporal Profiles of Single-Pulse TMS-Evoked Potentials with Active Stimulation Compared with a Novel Sham Condition
Takano, M., Wada, M., Zomorrodi, R., Taniguchi, K., Li, X., Honda, S., Tobari, Y., Mimura, Y., Nakajima, S., Kitahata, R., et al. (2022) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios12100814 · Cited by 7
A fast and general method to empirically estimate the complexity of brain responses to transcranial and intracranial stimulationsPreprint
Comolatti, R., Pigorini, A., Casarotto, S., Fecchio, M., Faria, G., Sarasso, S., Rosanova, M., Gosseries, O., Boly, M., Bodart, O., et al. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/445882 · Cited by 11
The spatiotemporal evolution of TMS-evoked potentials reflects direct cortical activationPreprint
Fecchio, M., Russo, S., Couto, B. A., Mikulan, E., Pigorini, A., Furregoni, G., Hassan, G., D’Ambrosio, S., Solbiati, M., Viganò, A., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.06.25.661535 · Cited by 7
Investigating the Effects of Repetitive Paired-Pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Visuomotor Training Using TMS-EEG
Sasaki, R., Hand, B. J., Liao, W., Semmler, J. G., & Opie, G. M. (2024) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-024-01071-1 · Cited by 6
The Neurophysiological Effects of Theta Burst Stimulation as Measured by Electroencephalography: A Systematic Review
Speranza, B. E., Hill, A. T., Do, M., Cerins, A., Donaldson, P. H., Desarkar, P., Oberman, L. M., Das, S., Enticott, P. G., & Kirkovski, M. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.07.018 · Cited by 6
TMS-EEG Shows Mindfulness Meditation Is Associated With a Different Excitation/Inhibition Balance in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
Humble, G., Geddes, H., Baell, O., Payne, J. E., Hill, A. T., Chung, S. W., Emonson, M., Osborn, M., Caldwell, B., Fitzgerald, P. B., et al. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02519-6 · Cited by 8
Concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography measures are associated with antidepressant response from rTMS treatment for depression
Bailey, N. W., Hoy, K. E., Sullivan, C. M., Allman, B., Rogasch, N. C., Daskalakis, Z. J., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2023.100612 · Cited by 5
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Combined transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography reveals alterations in cortical excitability during pain
Chowdhury, N. S., Chiang, A. K., Millard, S. K., Skippen, P., Chang, W., Seminowicz, D. A., & Schabrun, S. M. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.88567 · Cited by 25
Pre-stimulus neural dynamics predict TMS responses: The role of fractal dimension and oscillatory activity
Bisogno, A. L., Moaveninejad, S., Corbetta, M., & Porcaro, C. (2025) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2025.111220 · Cited by 5
Extracting reproducible components from electroencephalographic responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation with group task-related component analysis
Couto, B. A., Fecchio, M., Russo, S., Martino, E. D., Parmigiani, S., Sarasso, S., Graven‐Nielsen, T., de Andrade, D. C., Massimini, M., Rosanova, M., et al. (2025) · Imaging Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/imag.a.1085 · Cited by 7
Submaximal isometric fatiguing exercise of the elbow flexors has no age-related effect on GABA B -mediated inhibition
Otieno, L. A., Semmler, J. G., Smith, A. E., & Sidhu, S. K. (2021) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00288.2021 · Cited by 5
Modulation of I-Wave Generating Pathways With Repetitive Paired-Pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation–Electroencephalography Study
Sasaki, R., Hand, B. J., Semmler, J. G., & Opie, G. M. (2022) · Neuromodulation Technology at the Neural Interface · doi:10.1016/j.neurom.2022.10.055 · Cited by 5
Influences of current direction on 1Hz motor cortex rTMS.
Kanig, C., Osnabruegge, M., Schwitzgebel, F., Mack, W., Schecklmann, M., & Schoisswohl, S. (2025) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2025.111484 · Cited by 5
Transcranial brain stimulation and EEG/MEG
Bergmann, T. O., Tomasevic, L., & Siebner, H. R. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198832256.013.26 · Cited by 3
Topography and lateralization of long-latency trigeminal somatosensory evoked potentials
Pokorny, L., Jarczok, T. A., & Bender, S. (2021) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2021.11.073 · Cited by 4

Sensory contamination in TMS-EEG recordings: Can we isolate TMS-evoked neural activity?
Biabani, M., Fornito, A., Mutanen, T. P., Morrow, J., & Rogasch, N. C. (2019) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2018.12.543 · Cited by 8
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The influence of somatosensory and auditory evoked potentials on concurrent transcranial-magnetic stimulation – electroencephalography recordingsPreprint
Chowdhury, N. S., Rogasch, N. C., Chiang, A. K., Millard, S. K., Skippen, P., Chang, W., Bilska, K., Si, E., Seminowicz, D. A., & Schabrun, S. M. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.11.17.469035
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Disentangling EEG responses to TMS due to cortical and peripheral activations
Rocchi, L., Santo, A. D., Brown, K. E., Ibáñez, J., Casula, E. P., Rawji, V., Lazzaro, V. D., Koch, G., & Rothwell, J. C. (2020) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2020.10.011 · Cited by 202
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F193. What remains as transcranial cortical response after accounting for the contribution of somatosensory and auditory evoked responses?
Tomasevic, L., Conde, V., Akopian, I., Bergmann, T. O., & Siebner, H. R. (2018) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2018.04.356

Authors: Biabani, M., Fornito, A., Mutanen, T. P., Morrow, J., & Rogasch, N. C.
Affiliations: Monash University (AU)
University of Glasgow (GB)
Corresponding author: Biabani, Mana
ORCID: Biabani, Mana
Fornito, Alex
Mutanen, Tuomas P.
Rogasch, Nigel C.
Venue: Brain Stimulation
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2019-11
Volume: 12
Issue: 6
Pages: 1537-1552
ISSN: 1876-4754 (ISSN-L)
1935-861X
DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2019.07.009
OpenAlex: W2959546607
Cited by: 158
References: 59
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1
FWCI: 7.94
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Brain stimulation (publishedVersion)
bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: Australian Research Council
National Health and Medical Research Council
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
Keywords: TMS-evoked potentials, sensory attenuation, TMS-EEG, motor cortex stimulation, independent component analysis, noise masking, spatio-temporal correlation, control conditions
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Electroencephalography, Female, Humans, Male, Motor Cortex, Evoked Potentials, Motor, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Young Adult, Healthy Volunteers

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Characterizing and minimizing the contribution of sensory inputs to TMS-evoked potentials

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