Removing artefacts from TMS-EEG recordings using independent component analysis: importance for assessing prefrontal and motor cortex network properties

Rogasch, Nigel C.; Thomson, Richard H.; Farzan, Faranak; Fitzgibbon, Bernadette M.; Bailey, Neil W.; Hernandez-Pavon, Julio C.; Daskalakis, Zafiris J.; Fitzgerald, Paul B.

doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.07.037

Cited by 312Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation StudiesEEG and Brain-Computer InterfacesBlind Source Separation Techniques

Removing artefacts from TMS-EEG recordings using independent component analysis: importance for assessing prefrontal and motor cortex network properties

Rogasch, Nigel C., Thomson, Richard H., Farzan, Faranak, Fitzgibbon, Bernadette M., Bailey, Neil W., Hernandez-Pavon, Julio C., Daskalakis, Zafiris J., Fitzgerald, Paul B.·2014·NeuroImage

DOI 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.07.037

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Abstract

Introduction The combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) is emerging as a powerful tool for causally investigating cortical mechanisms and networks. However, various artefacts contaminate TMS-EEG recordings, particularly over regions such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). The aim of this study was to substantiate removal of artefacts from TMS-EEG recordings following stimulation of the DLPFC and motor cortex using independent component analysis (ICA). Methods 36 healthy volunteers (30.8 ± 9 years, 9 female) received 75 single TMS pulses to the left DLPFC or left motor cortex while EEG was recorded from 57 electrodes. A subset of 9 volunteers also received 50 sham pulses. The large TMS artefact and early muscle activity (-2 to ~15 ms) were removed using interpolation and the remaining EEG signal was processed in two separate ICA runs using the FastICA algorithm. Five sub-types of TMS-related artefacts were manually identified: remaining muscle artefacts, decay artefacts, blink artefacts, auditory-evoked potentials and other noise-related artefacts. The cause of proposed blink and auditory-evoked potentials was assessed by concatenating known artefacts (i.e. voluntary blinks or auditory-evoked potentials resulting from sham TMS) to the TMS trials before ICA and evaluating grouping of resultant independent components (ICs). Finally, we assessed the effect of removing specific artefact types on TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs) and TMS-evoked oscillations. Results Over DLPFC, ICs from proposed muscle and decay artefacts correlated with TMS-evoked muscle activity size, whereas proposed TMS-evoked blink ICs combined with voluntary blinks and auditory ICs with auditory-evoked potentials from sham TMS. Individual artefact sub-types characteristically distorted each measure of DLPFC function across the scalp. When free of artefact, TEPs and TMS-evoked oscillations could be measured following DLPFC stimulation. Importantly, characteristic TEPs following motor cortex stimulation (N15, P30, N45, P60, N100) could be recovered from artefactual data, corroborating the reliability of ICA-based artefact correction. Conclusions Various different artefacts contaminate TMS-EEG recordings over the DLPFC and motor cortex. However, these artefacts can be removed with apparent minimal impact on neural activity using ICA, allowing the study of TMS-evoked cortical network properties.

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During TMS-EEG, participants listened to white noise through intra-auricular earphones to reduce the influence of auditory processing of the TMS click.
“During TMS-EEG, participants listened to white noise through intra-auricular earphones (Etymotic Research, ER3-14A, USA) to reduce the influence of auditory processing of the TMS click (Rogasch et al., 2014).”
From Investigation of neurobiological responses to theta burst stimulation during recovery from mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) (2023) · cites this paper as Rogasch et al., 2014
Both rounds of component rejection following FastICA used a semiautomated artefact detection algorithm based on previous research and the TESA toolbox.
“Both rounds of component rejection following FastICA utilised a semiautomated artefact detection algorithm, based on previous research (Rogasch et al., 2014) and using TESA toolbox (Rogasch et al., 2017).”
From Investigation of neurobiological responses to theta burst stimulation during recovery from mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) (2023) · cites this paper as Rogasch et al., 2014

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The non-transcranial TMS-evoked potential is an inherent source of ambiguity in TMS-EEG studies
Conde, V., Tomasevic, L., Akopian, I., Stanek, K., Saturnino, G. B., Thielscher, A., Bergmann, T. O., & Siebner, H. R. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.10.052 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Combining non-invasive transcranial brain stimulation with neuroimaging and electrophysiology: Current approaches and future perspectives
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TMS combined with EEG: Recommendations and open issues for data collection and analysis
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Guiding transcranial brain stimulation by EEG/MEG to interact with ongoing brain activity and associated functions: A position paper
Thut, G., Bergmann, T. O., Frӧhlich, F., Soekadar, S. R., Brittain, J., Valero‐Cabré, A., Sack, A. T., Miniussi, C., Antal, A., Siebner, H. R., et al. (2017) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2017.01.003 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Disentangling EEG responses to TMS due to cortical and peripheral activations
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Characterizing and Modulating Brain Circuitry through Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Electroencephalography
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Characterization of Glutamatergic and GABAA-Mediated Neurotransmission in Motor and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Using Paired-Pulse TMS–EEG
Cash, R. F. H., Noda, Y., Zomorrodi, R., Radhu, N., Farzan, F., Rajji, T. K., Fitzgerald, P. B., Chen, R. E., Daskalakis, Z. J., & Blumberger, D. M. (2016) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2016.133 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
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Methods for analysis of brain connectivity: An IFCN-sponsored review
Rossini, P. M., Iorio, R. D., Bentivoglio, M., Bertini, G., Ferreri, F., Gerloff, C. P., Ilmoniemi, R. J., Miraglia, F., Nitsche, M. A., Pestilli, F., et al. (2019) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2019.06.006 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Characterizing and minimizing the contribution of sensory inputs to TMS-evoked potentials
Biabani, M., Fornito, A., Mutanen, T. P., Morrow, J., & Rogasch, N. C. (2019) · Brain Stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2019.07.009 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
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Cortical inhibition of distinct mechanisms in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is related to working memory performance: A TMS–EEG study
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Impact of different intensities of intermittent theta burst stimulation on the cortical properties during TMS‐EEG and working memory performance
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TMS-EEG signatures of glutamatergic neurotransmission in human cortex
Belardinelli, P., König, F., Liang, C., Premoli, I., Desideri, D., Müller‐Dahlhaus, F., Gordon, P. C., Zipser, C. M., Zrenner, C., & Ziemann, U. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-87533-z · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Indicators for Remission of Suicidal Ideation Following Magnetic Seizure Therapy in Patients With Treatment-Resistant Depression
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Altered Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation–Electroencephalographic Markers of Inhibition and Excitation in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Major Depressive Disorder
Voineskos, D., Blumberger, D. M., Zomorrodi, R., Rogasch, N. C., Farzan, F., Foussias, G., Rajji, T. K., & Daskalakis, Z. J. (2018) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.09.032 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
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Demonstration of short-term plasticity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with theta burst stimulation: A TMS-EEG study
Chung, S. W., Lewis, B. P., Rogasch, N. C., Saeki, T., Thomson, R. H., Hoy, K. E., Bailey, N. W., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2017) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2017.04.005 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
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Removal of Muscle Artifacts From the EEG: A Review and Recommendations
Chen, X., Xu, X., Liu, A., Lee, S., Chen, X. '., Zhang, X., McKeown, M. J., & Wang, Z. J. (2019) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2019.2906572 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Measuring Brain Stimulation Induced Changes in Cortical Properties Using TMS-EEG
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TMS-EEG: A window into the neurophysiological effects of transcranial electrical stimulation in non-motor brain regions
Hill, A. T., Rogasch, N. C., Fitzgerald, P. B., & Hoy, K. E. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.006 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
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TAAC - TMS Adaptable Auditory Control: A universal tool to mask TMS clicks
Russo, S., Sarasso, S., Puglisi, G. E., Palù, D. D., Pigorini, A., Casarotto, S., D’Ambrosio, S., Astolfi, A., Massimini, M., Rosanova, M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109491 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Effects of the Selective α5-GABAAR Antagonist S44819 on Excitability in the Human Brain: A TMS–EMG and TMS–EEG Phase I Study
Darmani, G., Zipser, C. M., Böhmer, G. M., Deschet, K., Müller‐Dahlhaus, F., Belardinelli, P., Schwab, M. G., & Ziemann, U. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1689-16.2016 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Brain responsivity provides an individual readout for motor recovery after stroke
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The effects of individualised intermittent theta burst stimulation in the prefrontal cortex: A TMS‐EEG study
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Motor potentials evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation: interpreting a simple measure of a complex system
Spampinato, D. A., Ibáñez, J., Rocchi, L., & Rothwell, J. C. (2023) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp281885 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Recovering TMS-evoked EEG responses masked by muscle artifacts
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Effects of prefrontal bipolar and high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation on cortical reactivity and working memory in healthy adults
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Effects of antiepileptic drugs on cortical excitability in humans: A TMS‐EMG and TMS‐EEG study
Darmani, G., Bergmann, T. O., Zipser, C. M., Baur, D., Müller‐Dahlhaus, F., & Ziemann, U. (2018) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24448 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
EEG spectral power abnormalities and their relationship with cognitive dysfunction in patients with Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes
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Effects of pulse width, waveform and current direction in the cortex: A combined cTMS-EEG study
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The effect of single and repeated prefrontal intermittent theta burst stimulation on cortical reactivity and working memory
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ARTIST: A fully automated artifact rejection algorithm for single‐pulse TMS‐EEG data
Wu, W., Keller, C. J., Rogasch, N. C., Longwell, P., Shpigel, E., Rolle, C. E., & Etkin, A. (2018) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23938 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
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Variability and Predictors of Response to Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation: A TMS-EEG Study
Rocchi, L., Ibáñez, J., Benussi, A., Hannah, R., Rawji, V., Casula, E. P., & Rothwell, J. C. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00400 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Advanced Bioelectrical Signal Processing Methods: Past, Present and Future Approach—Part I: Cardiac Signals
Martínek, R., Ládrová, M., Šidiková, M., Jaroš, R., Behbehani, K., Kahankova, R. V., & Kawala‐Sterniuk, A. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21155186 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
The impact of artifact removal approaches on TMS–EEG signal
Bertazzoli, G., Esposito, R., Mutanen, T. P., Ferrari, C., Ilmoniemi, R. J., Miniussi, C., & Bortoletto, M. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118272 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Short-interval and long-interval intracortical inhibition of TMS-evoked EEG potentials
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Survey on Brain-Computer Interface
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Recording brain responses to TMS of primary motor cortex by EEG – utility of an optimized sham procedure
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Identification and verification of a 'true' TMS evoked potential in TMS-EEG
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Neurophysiological effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in treatment resistant depression
Voineskos, D., Blumberger, D. M., Rogasch, N. C., Zomorrodi, R., Farzan, F., Foussias, G., Rajji, T. K., & Daskalakis, Z. J. (2021) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2021.05.008 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
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TMSEEG: A MATLAB-Based Graphical User Interface for Processing Electrophysiological Signals during Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Atluri, S., Frehlich, M., Mei, Y., García-Domínguez, L., Rogasch, N., Wong, W., Daskalakis, Z., & Farzan, F. (2016) · Front. Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2016.00078 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
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Phase of sensorimotor μ‐oscillation modulates cortical responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex
Desideri, D., Zrenner, C., Ziemann, U., & Belardinelli, P. (2019) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp278638 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Modulation of cortical responses by transcranial direct current stimulation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: A resting-state EEG and TMS-EEG study
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The role of neuronavigation in TMS–EEG studies: Current applications and future perspectives
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Lamotrigine and levetiracetam exert a similar modulation of TMS‐evoked EEG potentials
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Clinical neurophysiology of prolonged disorders of consciousness: From diagnostic stimulation to therapeutic neuromodulation
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Characterization of the influence of age on GABAA and glutamatergic mediated functions in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex using paired-pulse TMS-EEG
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Alleviation of ADHD symptoms by non-invasive right prefrontal stimulation is correlated with EEG activity
Alyagon, U., Shahar, H., Hadar, A. A., Barnea‐Ygael, N., Lazarovits, A., Shalev, H., & Zangen, A. (2020) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102206 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Mapping dynamical properties of cortical microcircuits using robotized TMS and EEG: Towards functional cytoarchitectonics
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The effects of NMDA receptor blockade on TMS-evoked EEG potentials from prefrontal and parietal cortex
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Alertness fluctuations when performing a task modulate cortical evoked responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation
Noreika, V., Kamke, M. R., Canales‐Johnson, A., Chennu, S., Bekinschtein, T. A., & Mattingley, J. B. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117305 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex as a flexible hub mediating behavioral as well as local and distributed neural effects of social support context on pain: A Theta Burst Stimulation and TMS-EEG study
Che, X., Cash, R. F. H., Chung, S. W., Bailey, N. W., Fitzgerald, P. B., & Fitzgibbon, B. M. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116053 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
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Transcranial Evoked Potentials Can Be Reliably Recorded with Active Electrodes
Mancuso, M., Sveva, V., Cruciani, A., Brown, K. E., Ibáñez, J., Rawji, V., Casula, E. P., Premoli, I., D’Ambrosio, S., Rothwell, J. C., et al. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11020145 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
TMS-evoked long-lasting artefacts: A new adaptive algorithm for EEG signal correction
Casula, E. P., Bertoldo, A., Tarantino, V., Maiella, M., Koch, G., Rothwell, J. C., TOFFOLO, G. M., & Bisiacchi, P. S. (2017) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2017.06.003 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Advanced Bioelectrical Signal Processing Methods: Past, Present and Future Approach—Part II: Brain Signals
Martínek, R., Ládrová, M., Šidiková, M., Jaroš, R., Behbehani, K., Kahankova, R. V., & Kawala‐Sterniuk, A. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21196343 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
N100 as a generic cortical electrophysiological marker based on decomposition of TMS-evoked potentials across five anatomic locations
Du, X. M., Choa, F., Summerfelt, A. T., Rowland, L. M., Chiappelli, J., Kochunov, P. V., & Hong, L. E. (2016) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-016-4773-7 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Concurrent TMS-EEG to reveal the neuroplastic changes in the prefrontal and insular cortices in the analgesic effects of DLPFC-rTMS
Ye, Y., Wang, J., & Che, X. (2021) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhab493 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Investigating TMS–EEG Indices of Long-Interval Intracortical Inhibition at Different Interstimulus Intervals
Opie, G. M., Rogasch, N. C., Goldsworthy, M. R., Ridding, M. C., & Semmler, J. G. (2016) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2016.08.004 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
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Impact of concurrent task performance on transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)-Induced changes in cortical physiology and working memory
Hill, A. T., Rogasch, N. C., Fitzgerald, P. B., & Hoy, K. E. (2018) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2018.11.022 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
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Designing and comparing cleaning pipelines for TMS-EEG data: A theoretical overview and practical example
Rogasch, N. C., Biabani, M., & Mutanen, T. P. (2022) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109494 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
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Removing artifacts from TMS-evoked EEG: A methods review and a unifying theoretical framework
Hernandez-Pavon, J. C., Kugiumtzis, D., Zrenner, C., Kimiskidis, V. Κ., & Metsomaa, J. (2022) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109591 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
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Prefrontal theta phase-dependent rTMS-induced plasticity of cortical and behavioral responses in human cortex
Gordon, P. C., Belardinelli, P., Stenroos, M., Ziemann, U., & Zrenner, C. (2022) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2022.02.006 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Dealing with artifacts in TMS-evoked EEG
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Reduced Short-Latency Afferent Inhibition in Prefrontal but not Motor Cortex and Its Association With Executive Function in Schizophrenia: A Combined TMS-EEG Study
Noda, Y., Barr, M. S., Zomorrodi, R., Cash, R. F. H., Rajji, T. K., Farzan, F., Chen, R. E., George, T. P., Daskalakis, Z. J., & Blumberger, D. M. (2017) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx041 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
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Cortical inhibition assessed using paired-pulse TMS-EEG is increased in older adults
Opie, G. M., Sidhu, S. K., Rogasch, N. C., Ridding, M. C., & Semmler, J. G. (2017) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2017.12.013 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
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Motor Cortical Network Excitability in Parkinson's Disease
Leodori, G., Bartolo, M. I. D., Guerra, A., Fabbrini, A., Rocchi, L., Latorre, A., Paparella, G., Belvisi, D., Conte, A., Bhatia, K. P., et al. (2022) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.28914 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Identifying Neurophysiological Markers of Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation in Treatment-Resistant Depression Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation–Electroencephalography
Strafella, R., Momi, D., Zomorrodi, R., Lissemore, J. I., Noda, Y., Chen, R. E., Rajji, T. K., Griffiths, J. D., Vila‐Rodriguez, F., Downar, J. H., et al. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.04.011 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
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Real-Time Artifacts Reduction during TMS-EEG Co-Registration: A Comprehensive Review on Technologies and Procedures
Varone, G., Hussain, Z., Sheikh, Z., Howard, A., Boulila, W., Mahmud, M., Howard, N., Morabito, F. C., & Hussain, A. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21020637 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Identifying novel biomarkers with TMS-EEG – Methodological possibilities and challenges
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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation–Electroencephalography for Biomarker Discovery in Psychiatry
Farzan, F. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.12.018 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
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Oscillatory TMS-EEG-Responses as a Measure of the Cortical Excitability Threshold
Saari, J., Kallioniemi, E., Tarvainen, M. P., & Julkunen, P. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2017.2779135 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Pharmacological mechanisms of interhemispheric signal propagation: a TMS-EEG study
Hui, J., Zomorrodi, R., Lioumis, P., Salavati, B., Rajji, T. K., Chen, R. E., Blumberger, D. M., & Daskalakis, Z. J. (2019) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-019-0468-7 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
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TMS-EEG perturbation biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease patients classification
Tăuţan, A.-M., Casula, E. P., Pellicciari, M. C., Borghi, I., Maiella, M., Bonnı̀, S., Minei, M., Assogna, M., Palmisano, A., Smeralda, C. L., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-22978-4 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Intracortical Inhibition and Surround Inhibition in the Motor Cortex: A TMS-EEG Study
Leodori, G., Thirugnanasambandam, N., Conn, H., Popa, T., Berardelli, A., & Hallett, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00612 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Identifying site- and stimulation-specific TMS-evoked EEG potentials using a quantitative cosine similarity metric
Freedberg, M., Reeves, J. A., Hussain, S. J., Zaghloul, K. A., & Wassermann, E. M. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0216185 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Dose-response of intermittent theta burst stimulation of the prefrontal cortex: A TMS-EEG study
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Resting Motor Threshold, MEP and TEP Variability During Daytime
ter Braack, E. M., de Goede, A. A., & van Putten, M. J. A. M. (2018) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-018-0662-7 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
A combined TMS-EEG study of short-latency afferent inhibition in the motor and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
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Authors: Rogasch, N. C., Thomson, R. H., Farzan, F., Fitzgibbon, B. M., Bailey, N. W., Hernandez-Pavon, J. C., Daskalakis, Z. J., & Fitzgerald, P. B.
Affiliations: The Alfred Hospital (AU)
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
Aalto University (FI)
Corresponding author: Rogasch, Nigel C.
ORCID: Rogasch, Nigel C.
Thomson, Richard H.
Farzan, Faranak
Fitzgibbon, Bernadette M.
Bailey, Neil W.
Hernandez-Pavon, Julio C.
Daskalakis, Zafiris J.
Fitzgerald, Paul B.
Venue: NeuroImage
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2014-11
Volume: 101
Pages: 425-439
ISSN: 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.07.037
OpenAlex: W1969040087
Cited by: 309
References: 77
Citations by year: 2026: 34 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 1
FWCI: 7.89
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Pfizer
BrainsWay
National Health and Medical Research Council
National Medical Research Council
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Signal Processing › Blind Source Separation Techniques
Keywords: TMS-EEG, artifact removal, independent component analysis, TMS-evoked potentials, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, motor cortex, auditory evoked potentials, FastICA, EEG signal processing
MeSH terms: Adult, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Female, Humans, Male, Motor Cortex, Artifacts, Prefrontal Cortex, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Young Adult

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Removing artefacts from TMS-EEG recordings using independent component analysis: importance for assessing prefrontal and motor cortex network properties

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