Low-dose irradiation of the gut improves the efficacy of PD-L1 blockade in metastatic cancer patients
Open accessAbstract
The mechanisms governing the abscopal effects of local radiotherapy in cancer patients remain an open conundrum. Here, we show that off-target intestinal low-dose irradiation (ILDR) increases the clinical benefits of immune checkpoint inhibitors or chemotherapy in eight retrospective cohorts of cancer patients and in tumor-bearing mice. The abscopal effects of ILDR depend on dosimetry (≥1 and ≤3 Gy) and on the metabolic and immune host-microbiota interaction at baseline allowing CD8 + T cell activation without exhaustion. Various strains of Christensenella minuta selectively boost the anti-cancer efficacy of ILDR and PD-L1 blockade, allowing emigration of intestinal PD-L1-expressing dendritic cells to tumor-draining lymph nodes. An interventional phase 2 study provides the proof-of-concept that ILDR can circumvent resistance to first- or second-line immunotherapy in cancer patients. Prospective clinical trials are warranted to define optimal dosimetry and indications for ILDR to maximize its therapeutic potential.
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Baseline abundance of Christensenellaceae was associated with better long-term outcomes from PD-1 blockade plus low-dose abdominal irradiation.
“The prevalence of Christensenellaceae family members at baseline correlated with favorable long-term effects of PD-1 blockade combined with low-dose abdominal irradiation 94”
From Impact of the ONCOBIOME network in cancer microbiome research (2025) · cites this paper as [94]
Preclinical experiments suggested that the Christensenellaceae effect was mediated by migration of intestinal mature dendritic cells, which are enriched in immunoregulatory molecules, to distant tumor-draining lymph nodes, leading to infiltration of non-exhausted CD8+ T cells into tumors.
“Preclinical experimentation suggested that this effect of Christensenellaceae was mediated by the migration of intestinal mature dendritic cells (enriched in immunoregulatory molecules) to distant tumor-draining lymph nodes, which then triggered tumor infiltration by non-exhausted CD8 + T cells 94”
From Impact of the ONCOBIOME network in cancer microbiome research (2025) · cites this paper as [94]
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- Authors
- Chen, J., Levy, A., Tian, A.-L., Huang, X., Cai, G., Fidelle, M., Rauber, C., Ly, P., Pizzato, E., Sitterle, L., Piccinno, G., Liu, P., Durand, S., Mao, M., Zhao, L., Iebba, V., Felchle, H., Mallard de La Varende, A.-L., Fischer, J. C., Thomas, S., Greten, T. F., Jones, J. C., Monge, C., Demaria, S., Formenti, S., Belluomini, L., Dionisi, V., Massard, C., Blanchard, P., Robert, C., Quevrin, C., Lopes, E., Clémenson, C., Mondini, M., Meziani, L., Zhan, Y., Zeng, C., Cai, Q., Morel, D., Sun, R., Laurent, P.-A., Mangoni, M., Di Cataldo, V., Arilli, C., Trommer, M., Wegen, S., Neppl, S., Riechelmann, R. P., Camandaroba, M. P., Neto, E. S., Fournier, P.-E., Segata, N., Holicek, P., Galluzzi, L., Buqué, A., Alves Costa Silva, C., Derosa, L., Kroemer, G., Chen, C., Zitvogel, L., & Deutsch, E.
- Affiliations
- Inserm (FR)
- Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College (CN)
- University of Trento (IT)
- Institut Gustave Roussy (FR)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Weill Cornell Medicine (US)
- University of Verona (IT)
- University of Florence (IT)
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi (IT)
- University of Cologne (DE)
- AC Camargo Hospital (BR)
- Méditerranée Infection Foundation (FR)
- Fox Chase Cancer Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chen, Chuangzhen
- Zitvogel, Laurence
- ORCID
- Chen, Jianzhou
- Tian, Ai-Ling
- Cai, Guoxin
- Fidelle, Marine
- Rauber, Conrad
- Ly, Pierre
- Piccinno, Gianmarco
- Liu, Peng
- Durand, Sylvère
- Mao, Misha
- Zhao, Liwei
- Iebba, Valerio
- Felchle, Hannah
- Fischer, Julius Clemens
- Greten, Tim F.
- Jones, Jennifer C.
- Monge, Cecilia
- Demaria, Sandra
- Formenti, Silvia
- Belluomini, Lorenzo
- Dionisi, Valeria
- Massard, Christophe
- Blanchard, Pierre
- Robert, Charlotte
- Clémenson, Céline
- Mondini, Michele
- Meziani, Lydia
- Cai, Qingxin
- Sun, Roger
- Laurent, Pierre-Antoine
- Mangoni, Monica
- Arilli, Chiara
- Trommer, Maike
- Wegen, Simone
- Neppl, Sebastian
- Riechelmann, Rachel P.
- Camandaroba, Marcos P.
- Neto, Elson Santos
- Fournier, Pierre-Edouard
- Segata, Nicola
- Galluzzi, Lorenzo
- Buqué, Aitziber
- Derosa, Lisa
- Kroemer, Guido
- Chen, Chuangzhen
- Zitvogel, Laurence
- Venue
- Cancer Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-03
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 361-379.e10
- ISSN
- 1535-6108 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11907695
- OpenAlex
- W4408290455
- Cited by
- 67
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 45 · 2025: 22
- FWCI
- 27.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cancer Cell (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- ArTS Archivio della ricerca di Trieste (University of Trieste https://www.units.it/) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Florence Research (University of Florence) (submittedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System (Università degli Studi di Trento) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Amgen
- AstraZeneca
- Sanofi
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche
- Shantou University
- Innovative Research Group Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Seerave Foundation
- Equipex
- BeiGene
- European Commission (101095604, 825410, HORIZON2020, ERC-2021-ADG)
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB1371, 395357507)
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-21-RHUS-0005, ANR18, ANR-21-RHUS-0017, ANR-18-IDEX-0001)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (ANR-18-IDEX-0001)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province
- Università degli Studi di Trento
- Fondation ARC pour la Recherche sur le Cancer
- Ligue Contre le Cancer (17563)
- Université de Bourgogne
- Astellas Pharma
- Deutsche Krebshilfe (70113964)
- Institut National Du Cancer (INCa-DGOS-INSERM-6043)
- European Society for Medical Oncology
- Friedrich Naumann Stiftung
- Universität zu Köln
- Institut Gustave-Roussy
- Direction Générale de l’offre de Soins
- Shantou University Medical College
- PharmaMar
- Ono Pharmaceutical
- Université de Paris (ANR-18- IDEX-0001, 18-IDEX-0001)
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement
- National Institutes of Health (-0001, R01‐grant)
- Genentech
- EMD Serono
- Labex Immuno-Oncology ((ANR-18-IDEX-0001))
- National Cancer Institute (CA274291, ZIABC011503, U54CA274291, ZIABC011343, R01CA271915)
- MSDAVENIR
- HORIZON EUROPE European Research Council (101052444)
- CHIST-ERA
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry and Applications
- Keywords
- low-dose radiation, abscopal effect, immune checkpoint inhibitors, PD-L1 blockade, metastatic cancer, gut microbiota, Christensenella minuta, CD8+ T cell activation, T cell exhaustion, dendritic cells, tumor-draining lymph nodes, immunotherapy resistance, combination chemotherapy, radiation dosimetry, host-microbiota interactions
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors, Aged, Animals, Female, Humans, Immunotherapy, Intestines, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Middle Aged, Neoplasm Metastasis, Neoplasms, Retrospective Studies, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Mice, B7-H1 Antigen
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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