Titanium oxynitride-supported Ru nanoparticles as exceptional electrocatalysts for alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction
Open accessAbstract
We present a novel and highly efficient catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) consisting of low-loaded Ru nanoparticles dispersed on a titanium oxynitride-graphene oxide (Ru/TiON-C) support. Ru/TiON-C with a Ru loading of only 6 wt.% is significantly more active for HER in alkaline media than Ru/C analog. More importantly, Ru/TiON-C outperforms the Pt/C benchmark both intrinsically (2.5 times higher turnover frequency) and in terms of metal utilization (4.5 times higher mass activity). The exceptional HER activity of Ru/TiON-C is related to the metal-support interaction (MSI) induced by TiON, which was experimentally evidenced by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and further investigated by density functional theory calculations. It can be proposed that MSI enhances water dissociation properties and tunes hydrogen adsorption energy at Ru active sites, while stability is provided by strong anchoring of the Ru nanoparticles on the TiON. The presented strategy to develop advanced electrocatalytic composites can be extended to other metallic active sites and electrochemical reactions.
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Ruthenium is a compelling alternative to Pt for hydrogen production due to its relatively lower cost, favorable hydrogen adsorption energy, and well-established catalytic performance.
“ruthenium (Ru) has emerged as a compelling alternative to Pt for hydrogen production due to its relatively lower cost, favorable hydrogen adsorption energy, and well-established catalytic performance [8–12].”
From Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Catalysis Enabled by Ru Nanoparticles on Few‐Layer Black Phosphorus/Graphene Heterostructured Aerogels (2026) · cites this paper as [11]
The passage labeled Abstract (p. 2) describes Ru as a promising HER catalyst and says its average price was about 25% of Pt’s over the preceding decade. But it says Ru overbinds hydrogen relative to Pt and that this must be addressed; it does not support favorable hydrogen adsorption energy as an unqualified property of Ru. The Abstract (p. 1) instead attributes tuned hydrogen adsorption energy to the specific Ru/TiON-C catalyst. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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- Authors
- Smiljanić, M., Bele, M., Pavko, L., Hrnjić, A., Ruiz-Zepeda, F., Bijelić, L., Kamšek, A. R., Nuhanović, M., Marsel, A., Gašparič, L., Kokalj, A., & Hodnik, N.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Chemistry (SI)
- University of Nova Gorica (SI)
- University of Ljubljana (SI)
- Jožef Stefan Institute (SI)
- Corresponding author
- Smiljanić, M.
- Hodnik, N.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Chemical Engineering Journal
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-08
- Volume
- 517
- Pages
- 164204
- ISSN
- 1385-8947 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4410813354
- Cited by
- 18
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 2
- FWCI
- 2.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Chemical Engineering Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (acceptedVersion)
- DiRROS repository (University of Maribor) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Repository of the University of Ljubljana (University of Ljubljana) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency (J7-50227, J7-4637, N2-0385, I0-0003, N2-0155, J2-50055, P2-0393, NC-0016, J7-4636, N2-0248, GC-0001)
- European Commission
- Government of the Republic of Slovenia
- European Research Council (852208, 123STABLE)
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Hydrogen Storage and Materials
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Catalytic Processes in Materials Science
- Keywords
- hydrogen evolution reaction, ruthenium nanoparticles, titanium oxynitride, graphene oxide, metal-support interaction, alkaline electrocatalysis, low metal loading, water dissociation, hydrogen adsorption energy, catalyst stability, mass activity
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