Platinum single-atom and cluster catalysis of the hydrogen evolution reaction
Open accessAbstract
Platinum-based catalysts have been considered the most effective electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction in water splitting. However, platinum utilization in these electrocatalysts is extremely low, as the active sites are only located on the surface of the catalyst particles. Downsizing catalyst nanoparticles to single atoms is highly desirable to maximize their efficiency by utilizing nearly all platinum atoms. Here we report on a practical synthesis method to produce isolated single platinum atoms and clusters using the atomic layer deposition technique. The single platinum atom catalysts are investigated for the hydrogen evolution reaction, where they exhibit significantly enhanced catalytic activity (up to 37 times) and high stability in comparison with the state-of-the-art commercial platinum/carbon catalysts. The X-ray absorption fine structure and density functional theory analyses indicate that the partially unoccupied density of states of the platinum atoms' 5d orbitals on the nitrogen-doped graphene are responsible for the excellent performance.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
High-surface-area carbon in the form of core−shell, wrapped, or dispersed structures has been used as an impressive metal catalyst support against corrosion by forming complexes with the metal.
“To overcome these drawbacks, high-surface-area carbon in the form of core−shell, wrapped, or dispersed structures has been used as an impressive metal catalyst support against corrosion by forming complexes with the metal.”
From Highly Dispersed Pt Clusters on F-Doped Tin(IV) Oxide Aerogel Matrix: An Ultra-Robust Hybrid Catalyst for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution (2022) · cites this paper as [11]
The Discussion (page unavailable) says that strong Pt–carbon interactions on nitrogen-doped graphene help stabilize the supported catalyst, and the Results describe chemical bonding between the Pt precursor and that support. The paper does not establish the claimed range of core–shell, wrapped, or dispersed carbon structures or show that forming metal complexes protects them against corrosion; its stability discussion primarily concerns Pt aggregation. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe TOF of Ni/GD and Fe/GD at 100 mV was calculated to be 1.59 and 4.15 s−1, respectively, which is much higher than other reported state-of-the-art electrocatalysts, such as CoP (0.046 s-1) and Ni2P (0.015 s-1).
“The TOF of Ni/GD and Fe/GD at 100 mV were calculated to be 1.59 and 4.15 s−1 (Fig. 5f), respectively, which are much higher than other reported state-of-the-art electrocatalysts, such as CoP (0.046 s–1)47 and Ni2P (0.015 s–1)43 (Supplementary Table 5).”
From Anchoring zero valence single atoms of nickel and iron on graphdiyne for hydrogen evolution (2018) · cites this paper as [47]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Kresse, G., & Furthmüller, J. (1996) · Physical Review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.54.11169 · Cited by 123,652 · see citing works
Perdew, J. P., Chevary, J. A., Vosko, S. H., Jackson, K. A., Pederson, M. R., Singh, D. J., & Fiolhais, C. (1992) · Physical review. B, Condensed matter · doi:10.1103/physrevb.46.6671 · Cited by 22,222 · see citing works
Single-atom catalysis of CO oxidation using Pt1/FeOx
Qiao, B., Wang, A., Yang, X., Allard, L. F., Jiang, Z., Cui, Y., Liu, J., Li, J., & Zhang, T. (2011) · Nature Chemistry · doi:10.1038/nchem.1095 · Cited by 7,526 · see citing works
Self-citationAtomic Layer Deposition: An Overview
George, S. M. (2009) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr900056b · Cited by 5,841 · see citing works
Van der Waals Density Functional for General Geometries
Dion, M., Rydberg, H., Schröder, E., Langreth, D. C., & Lundqvist, B. I. (2004) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.92.246401 · Cited by 5,631 · see citing works
Single-Atom Catalysts: A New Frontier in Heterogeneous Catalysis
Yang, X.-F., Wang, A., Qiao, B., Li, J., Liu, J., & Zhang, T. (2013) · Accounts of Chemical Research · doi:10.1021/ar300361m · Cited by 4,779 · see citing works
Self-citationMetal-free efficient photocatalyst for stable visible water splitting via a two-electron pathway
Liu, J., Liu, Y., Liu, N., Han, Y., Zhang, X., Huang, H., Lifshitz, Y., Lee, S.-T., Zhong, J., & Kang, Z. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaa3145 · Cited by 4,468 · see citing works
Self-citationTowards the computational design of solid catalysts
Nørskov, J. K., Bligaard, T., Rossmeisl, J., & Christensen, C. H. (2009) · Nature Chemistry · doi:10.1038/nchem.121 · Cited by 4,161 · see citing works
Subbaraman, R., Tripkovic, D., Strmcnik, D., Chang, K.-C., Uchimura, M., Paulikas, A. P., Stamenkovic, V., & Markovic, N. M. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1211934 · Cited by 3,135 · see citing works
Subbaraman, R., Tripkovic, D., Chang, K.-C., Strmcnik, D., Paulikas, A. P., Hirunsit, P., Chan, M., Greeley, J., Stamenkovic, V., & Markovic, N. M. (2012) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat3313 · Cited by 3,053 · see citing works
Enhanced catalytic activity in strained chemically exfoliated WS2 nanosheets for hydrogen evolution
Voiry, D., Yamaguchi, H., Li, J., Silva, R., Alves, D. C. B., Fujita, T., Chen, M., Asefa, T., Shenoy, V. B., Eda, G., et al. (2013) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat3700 · Cited by 2,641 · see citing works
Hydrogen evolution by a metal-free electrocatalyst
Zheng, Y., Jiao, Y., Zhu, Y., Li, L. H., Han, Y., Chen, Y., Du, A., Jaroniec, M., & Qiao, S. Z. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms4783 · Cited by 2,236 · see citing works
High oxygen-reduction activity and durability of nitrogen-doped graphene
Geng, D., Chen, Y., Chen, Y., Li, Y., Li, R., Sun, X., Ye, S., & Knights, S. (2011) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c0ee00326c · Cited by 1,219 · see citing works
Self-citationGao, M., Liang, J., Zheng, Y., Xu, Y., Jiang, J., Gao, Q., Li, J., & Yu, S. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms6982 · Cited by 1,025 · see citing works
Yin, H., Zhao, S., Zhao, K., Muqsit, A., Tang, H., Chang, L., Zhao, H., Gao, Y., & Tang, Z. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms7430 · Cited by 971 · see citing works
Duan, J., Chen, S., Jaroniec, M., & Qiao, S. (2015) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/nn506701x · Cited by 701 · see citing works
Yang, M., Li, S., Wang, Y., Herron, J. A., Xu, Y., Allard, L. F., Lee, S., Huang, J., Mavrikakis, M., & Flytzani‐Stephanopoulos, M. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1260526 · Cited by 648 · see citing works
Atomic Layer Deposition of Nanostructured Materials for Energy and Environmental Applications
Marichy, C., Bechelany, M., & Pinna, N. (2012) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201104129 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
Low‐Cost Hydrogen‐Evolution Catalysts Based on Monolayer Platinum on Tungsten Monocarbide Substrates
Esposito, D. V., Hunt, S. T., Stottlemyer, A. L., Dobson, K. D., McCandless, B. E., Birkmire, R. W., & Chen, J. G. (2010) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201004718 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
Electronic Metal–Support Interactions in Single‐Atom Catalysts
Hu, P., Huang, Z., Amghouz, Z., Makkee, M., Xu, F., Kapteijn, F., Dikhtiarenko, A., Chen, Y., Gu, X. Y., & Tang, X. (2014) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201309248 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Hackett, S. F. J., Brydson, R., Gass, M. H., et al. (2007) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.200702534 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Ho, V. T. T., Pan, C., Rick, J. F., Su, W.-N. J., & Hwang, B. (2011) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja2039562 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Zhang, X., Shi, H., & Xu, B. (2005) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.200502101 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Review of porous silicon preparation and its application for lithium-ion battery anodes
Ge, M., Fang, X., Rong, J., et al. (2013) · Nanotechnology · doi:10.1088/0957-4484/24/42/422001 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Catalytically active single-atom niobium in graphitic layers
Zhang, X., Guo, J., Guan, P., Liu, C., Huang, H. M., Xue, F., Dong, X., Pennycook, S. J., & Chisholm, M. F. (2013) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms2929 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Catalysis on singly dispersed bimetallic sites
Zhang, S., Nguyen, L. T., Liang, J., Shan, J., Liu, J., Frenkel, A. I., Patlolla, A., Huang, W., Li, J., & Tao, F. F. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms8938 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Self-citationCheng, N., Banis, M. N., Liu, J., Riese, A., Li, X., Li, R., Ye, S., Knights, S., & Sun, X. A. (2014) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201404314 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, S., Duan, J., Tang, Y., Jin, B., & Zhang Qiao, S. (2015) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2014.09.022 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Dopants adsorbed as single atoms prevent degradation of catalysts
Wang, S., Borisevich, A. Y., Rashkeev, S. N., et al. (2004) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat1077 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Kibsgaard, J., Gorlin, Y., Chen, Z., & Jaramillo, T. F. (2012) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja2120162 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Non-syngas direct steam reforming of methanol to hydrogen and carbon dioxide at low temperature
Yu, K. M. K., Tong, W., West, A., et al. (2012) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms2242 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Minimizing the Use of Platinum in Hydrogen‐Evolving Electrodes
Stephens, I. E. L., & Chorkendorff, I. (2011) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201005921 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Imaging isolated gold atom catalytic sites in zeolite NaY.
Lu, J., Aydin, C., Browning, N., & Gates, B. (2012) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/anie.201107391 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Electrocatalysts by atomic layer deposition for fuel cell applications
Cheng, N., Shao, Y., Liu, J., & Sun, X. A. (2016) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.01.016 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationUzun, A., Ortalan, V., Hao, Y., et al. (2009) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/nn9008142 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Restructuring and Hydrogen Evolution on Pt Nanoparticle
Wei, G., & Liu, Z. (2014) · Chemical Science · doi:10.1039/c4sc02806f · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Chorkendorff I. & Niemantsverdriet J. W. Concepts of Modern Catalysis and Kinetics Wiley-VCH (2003).
- Sun S. H.. Single-atom catalysis using Pt/graphene achieved through atomic layer deposition. Sci. Rep. 3, 1775 (2013).
- Puurunen R. L. Surface chemistry of atomic layer deposition: A case study for the trimethylaluminum/water process. J. Appl. Phys. 97, 121301 (2005).
- Wu J. F.. A review of PEM fuel cell durability: degradation mechanisms and mitigation strategies. J. Power Sources 184, 104– 119 (2008).
- Parsons R. The rate of electrolytic hydrogen evolution and the heat of adsorption of hydrogen. Trans. Faraday Soc. 54, 1053– 1063 (1958).
- Kresse G. & Furthmüller J. Efficient iterative schemes for ab initio total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set. Phys. Rev. B 54, 11169 (1996). 9984901
- Klimes J., Bowler D. R. & Michaelides A. Van der Waals density functionals applied to solids. Phys. Rev. B 83, 195131 (2011).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Recent Advances in Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Using Nanoparticles
Zhu, J., Hu, L., Zhao, P., Lee, L. Y. S., & Wong, K.-Y. (2020) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00248 · Cited by 3,133 · see citing works
Anchoring zero valence single atoms of nickel and iron on graphdiyne for hydrogen evolution
Xue, Y., Huang, B., Yi, Y., Guo, Y., Zuo, Z., Li, Y., Jia, Z., Liu, H., & Li, Y. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03896-4 · Cited by 1,011 · see citing works
Cao, L., Luo, Q., Liu, W., Lin, Y., Liu, X., Cao, Y., Zhang, W., Wu, Y., Yang, J., Yao, T., et al. (2018) · Nature Catalysis · doi:10.1038/s41929-018-0203-5 · Cited by 901 · see citing works
Recent Advances in Design of Electrocatalysts for High‐Current‐Density Water Splitting
Luo, Y., Zhang, Z., Chhowalla, M., & Liu, B. (2022) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202108133 · Cited by 854 · see citing works
Zhou, K. L., Wang, Z., Han, C. B., Ke, X., Wang, C., Jin, Y., Zhang, Q., Liu, J., Wang, H., & Yan, H. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-24079-8 · Cited by 765 · see citing works
Self-citationJiang, K., Liu, B., Luo, M., Ning, S., Peng, M., Zhao, Y., Lu, Y.-R., Chan, T.-S., de Groot, F. M. F., & Tan, Y. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09765-y · Cited by 670 · see citing works
A fundamental viewpoint on the hydrogen spillover phenomenon of electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution
Li, J., Hu, J., Zhang, M., Gou, W., Zhang, S., Chen, Z., Qu, Y., & Ma, Y. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-23750-4 · Cited by 633 · see citing works
Yin, X., Wang, H., Tang, S., Lu, X., Shu, M., Si, R., & Lu, T. (2018) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201804817 · Cited by 594 · see citing works
Fang, S., Zhu, X., Liu, X., Gu, J., Liu, W., Wang, D., Zhang, W., Lin, Y., Lu, J., Wei, S., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-14848-2 · Cited by 585 · see citing works
Self-citationZhang, L., Han, L., Liu, H., Liu, X., & Luo, J. (2017) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201706921 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
Applications of Phosphorene and Black Phosphorus in Energy Conversion and Storage Devices
Pang, J., Bachmatiuk, A., Yin, Y., Trzebicka, B., Zhao, L., Fu, L., Mendes, R. G., Gemming, T., Liu, Z., & Rummeli, M. H. (2018) · Advanced Energy Materials · doi:10.1002/aenm.201702093 · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Dai, J., Zhu, Y., Chen, Y., Wen, X., Long, M., Wu, X., Hu, Z., Guan, D., Wang, X., Zhou, C., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28843-2 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Phase-dependent growth of Pt on MoS2 for highly efficient H2 evolution
Shi, Z., Zhang, X., Lin, X., Liu, G., Ling, C., Xi, S., Chen, B., Ge, Y., Tan, C., Lai, Z., et al. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06339-3 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Self-citationĎurovič, M., Hnát, J., & Bouzek, K. (2021) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.229708 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Ru-doped 3D flower-like bimetallic phosphide with a climbing effect on overall water splitting
Chen, D., Lu, R., Pu, Z., Zhu, J., Li, H.-W., Liu, F., Hu, S., Luo, X., Wu, J., Zhao, Y., et al. (2020) · Applied Catalysis B: Environmental · doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.119396 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Recent progress on the long‐term stability of hydrogen evolution reaction electrocatalysts
Zhai, W., Ma, Y., Chen, D., Ho, J. C., Dai, Z., & Qu, Y. (2022) · InfoMat · doi:10.1002/inf2.12357 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Recent progress in transition metal selenide electrocatalysts for water splitting
Xia, X., Wang, L., Sui, N., Colvin, V. L., & Yu, W. W. (2020) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/d0nr02939d · Cited by 336 · see citing works
MOF-derived nanohybrids for electrocatalysis and energy storage: current status and perspectives
Zhang, H., Liu, X., Wu, Y., Guan, C., Cheetham, A. K., & Wang, J. (2018) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/c8cc00789f · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Theoretical Advances in Understanding and Designing the Active Sites for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Sun, F., Tang, Q., & Jiang, D.-E. (2022) · ACS Catalysis · doi:10.1021/acscatal.2c02081 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Li, X., Yu, J., Jia, J., Wang, A., Zhao, L., Xiong, T., Liu, H., & Zhou, W. (2019) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.05.013 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Wang, C., Guo, W., Chen, T., Lu, W., Song, Z., Yan, C., Feng, Y., Gao, F., Zhang, X., Rao, Y., et al. (2024) · Coordination Chemistry Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2024.215899 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Liu, X., Jiao, Y., Zheng, Y., Davey, K., & Qiao, S.-Z. (2019) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/c8ta11626a · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Ji, J., Zhang, Y., Tang, L., Liu, C., Gao, X., Sun, M., Zheng, J., Ling, M., Liang, C., & Lin, Z. (2019) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.06.045 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Wang, W., Wu, Y., Lin, Y., Yao, J., Wu, X., Wu, C., Zuo, X., Yang, Q., Ge, B., Yang, L., et al. (2022) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202108464 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Kim, T., Roy, S. B., Moon, S., Yoo, S., Choi, H., Parale, V. G., Kim, Y., Lee, J., Jun, S. C., Kang, K., et al. (2022) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.1c10504 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Wang, K., Cao, J., Yang, X., Sang, X., Yao, S., Xiang, R., Yang, B., Li, Z., O'Carroll, T., Zhang, Q., et al. (2023) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202212321 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Zhu, T., Liu, S., Huang, B., Shao, Q., Wang, M., Li, F., Tan, X., Pi, Y., Weng, S.-C., Huang, B., et al. (2021) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/d0ee04028b · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Li, B., Jiang, L., Li, X., Cheng, Z., Ran, P., Zuo, P., Qu, L., Zhang, J., & Lu, Y. (2019) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.201806229 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Chen, K., Wang, Z., Wang, L., Wu, X., Hu, B., Liu, Z., & Wu, M. (2021) · Nano-Micro Letters · doi:10.1007/s40820-021-00662-y · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Design of Noble Metal Electrocatalysts on an Atomic Level
Chao, T., Hu, Y., Hong, X., & Li, Y. (2019) · ChemElectroChem · doi:10.1002/celc.201801189 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Sarkar, B., Das, D., & Nanda, K. K. (2021) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/d1ta02375f · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Sim, Y., Chae, Y., & Kwon, S.-Y. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.105098 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Aftabuzzaman, M., Shamsuddin Ahmed, M., Matyjaszewski, K., & Kyu Kim, H. (2022) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2022.137249 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Smiljanić, M., Bele, M., Pavko, L., Hrnjić, A., Ruiz-Zepeda, F., Bijelić, L., Kamšek, A. R., Nuhanović, M., Marsel, A., Gašparič, L., et al. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.164204 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Xu, W., Dong, X., Wang, Y., Zheng, N., Zheng, B., Lin, Q., & Zhao, Y. (2020) · ChemistrySelect · doi:10.1002/slct.202003827 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Chen, L., Huang, Y., Wang, J., Liao, M., Liu, Z., Liu, M., Cai, H., Wang, L., Gao, L., Hu, D., et al. (2025) · Science China Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s11426-024-2324-8 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Cao, Y., Yu, X., Wang, T., Li, J., Li, N., Ge, A., Ying, J., & Yu, T. (2024) · Chemistry - An Asian Journal · doi:10.1002/asia.202400342 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cheng, N., Stambula, S., Wang, D., Banis, M. N., Liu, J., Riese, A., Xiao, B., Li, R., Sham, T.-K., Liu, L.-M., Botton, G. A., & Sun, X.
- Affiliations
- Western University (CA)
- McMaster University (CA)
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center (CN)
- Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Botton, Gianluigi A.
- Sun, Xueliang
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2016-11-30
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 13638-13638
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5141386
- OpenAlex
- W2557321703
- Cited by
- 2,072
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 134 · 2025: 199 · 2024: 227 · 2023: 223 · 2022: 277 · 2021: 265 · 2020: 298 · 2019: 228 · 2018: 147 · 2017: 70 · 2016: 1 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 40.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Canadian Light Source
- McMaster University
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (51572016 and U1530401, 51572016, U-1530401)
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- National Natural Science Foundation of China-Guangdong Joint Fund (U1530401)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Catalytic Processes in Materials Science
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › CO2 Reduction Techniques and Catalysts
- Keywords
- platinum single-atom catalysts, platinum clusters, hydrogen evolution reaction, electrocatalysis, atomic layer deposition, nitrogen-doped graphene, water splitting, platinum utilization, catalyst stability
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
