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Complementary Sequence-Mediated Exon Circularization
Open accessAbstract
Exon circularization has been identified from many loci in mammals, but the detailed mechanism of its biogenesis has remained elusive. By using genome-wide approaches and circular RNA recapitulation, we demonstrate that exon circularization is dependent on flanking intronic complementary sequences. Such sequences and their distribution exhibit rapid evolutionary changes, showing that exon circularization is evolutionarily dynamic. Strikingly, exon circularization efficiency can be regulated by competition between RNA pairing across flanking introns or within individual introns. Importantly, alternative formation of inverted repeated Alu pairs and the competition between them can lead to alternative circularization, resulting in multiple circular RNA transcripts produced from a single gene. Collectively, exon circularization mediated by complementary sequences in human introns and the potential to generate alternative circularization products extend the complexity of mammalian posttranscriptional regulation.
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“CircRNA is a highly stable single-stranded RNA with a covalently closed loop structure (Fig. 3), including a large category of non-coding RNAs generated by backsplicing in eukaryotic cells.218–220”
From Advances in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine development (2022) · cites this paper as [218]
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Identification of Circular RNAs Regulating Isletβ-Cell Autophagy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
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“In general, they act as competitive endogenous RNAs that bind to certain miRNAs, thereby releasing the inhibition of miRNA on their target genes and upregulating the expression level of the target genes [20].”
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Shi, J., Hu, N., Li, J., Zeng, Z., Mo, L., Sun, J., Wu, M., & Hu, Y. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.21694 · Cited by 24
“Notably, circRNAs with only one exon were much longer than circRNAs with multiple exons ( P value < 2.2e-16; t test) (Figure 4C), consistent with previous reports [26, 28].”
InfluentialExpression profiling and in situ screening of circular RNAs in human tissues
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Circular RNAs: epigenetic regulators in cancerous and noncancerous skin diseases
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“This contribution is caused by the reality that competitiveness between alternative pairing of 5′ and 3′ splice sites dictate any premRNA splicing pattern [17, 23].”
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Recent advances in understanding circular RNAs
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Zhou, Y., Wu, W., Cheng, J., Liang, L., Cen, J.-M., Chen, C., Liu, X., & Xiong, X. (2020) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.103398 · Cited by 24
“Most circRNAs in humans are processed from internal exons with long flanking introns, usually containing inverted complementary sequences [13].”
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Ovary-derived circular RNAs profile analysis during the onset of puberty in gilts
Pan, X., Gong, W., He, Y., Li, N., Zhang, H., Zhang, Z., Li, J., & Yuan, X. (2021) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-021-07786-w · Cited by 25
“Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are the category of ncRNA molecules in the cytoplasm of eukaryotes, which are produced by non-canonical alternative splicing (AS) named back-splicing [23].”
BackgroundChen, Z., Wu, J., Liu, B., Zhang, G., Wang, Z., Zhang, L., Wang, K., Fan, Z., & Zhu, P. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109431 · Cited by 24
Expression Characteristics in Roots, Phloem, Leaves, Flowers and Fruits of Apple circRNA
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“The length of circRNAs ranges from <100 nt to larger than >4000 nt [6], but it is commonly a few hundred nucleotides [7,8].”
BackgroundLei, Q., Hu, X., Han, H., Wang, J., Liu, W., Zhou, Y., Cao, D., Li, F., & Liu, J. (2022) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-022-08525-5 · Cited by 24
“CIRCExplorer [18, 19] was used to de novo assemble the mapped reads to circRNAs.”
Role of Circular RNA in Brain Tumor Development
Ahmed, S. P., Castresana, J. S., & Shahi, M. H. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11142130 · Cited by 25
“CircRNAs are a type of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that have a continuous closed loop rather than 5′ caps and 3′ tails [21,43].”
BackgroundHoffmann, M., Schwartz, L., Ciora, O.-A., Trummer, N., Willruth, L.-L., Jankowski, J., Lee, H., Baumbach, J., Furth, P. A., Hennighausen, L. G., et al. (2023) · Bioinformatics Advances · doi:10.1093/bioadv/vbad093 · Cited by 23
“Figure 3: circRNA results of the mouse brain regions data set. a) circRNAs shared between brain regions. b) expression of circRNAs across tissues and experimental conditions. c) Comparison of psirc-quant quantified circRNA counts to CIRCexplorer2 counts. d) comparison between a circRNA originating from RIMS2 and expre…”
MethodInfluentialFunctional Involvement of circRNAs in the Innate Immune Responses to Viral Infection
Maarouf, M., Wang, L., Wang, Y., Rai, K. R., Chen, Y., Fang, M., & Chen, J. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15081697 · Cited by 24
“These sequences may consist of Alu repeats of ~300 nt in length or non-repetitive elements [26].”
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“Circularization is often triggered by the presence of repetitive elements in backsplicing junction-flanking introns.(7) Although poorly expressed, their class-specific structural features confer higher stability than messenger RNAs (mRNAs), as the lack of a free -OH end makes them highly resistant to RNAseR degradatio…”
BackgroundChiang, T.-W., Jhong, S.-E., Chen, Y., Chen, C.-Y., Wu, W.-S., & Chuang, T. (2023) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkad829 · Cited by 23
“Back-splicing can be facilitated by reverse complementary sequences (RCSs) residing in the sequences flanking circular-ized exons ( 3 , 7 , 59 , 60 ) or the binding of RBPs to the flanking sequences ( 9 ,11 ).”
BackgroundZhou, Z., Zhang, J., Zheng, X., Pan, Z., Zhao, F., & Gao, Y. (2024) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202308115 · Cited by 25
Deep sequencing reveals a global reprogramming of lncRNA transcriptome during EMT
Liao, J.-Y., Wu, J., Wang, Y., He, J.-H., Deng, W.-X., Hu, K.-S., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Yan, H., Wang, D.-L., et al. (2017) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.06.003 · Cited by 24
Self-citationCircular RNAs: a new class of biomarkers as a rising interest in laboratory medicine
Franz, A., Rabien, A., Stephan, C., Ralla, B., Fuchs, S., Jung, K., & Fendler, A. (2018) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm-2018-0231 · Cited by 25
“The majority of mammalian circ RNAs are processed from internal exons with long flanking introns containing reverse complementary sequences [6, 13].”
BackgroundCircular RNAs and Neuronal Development
Constantin, L. (2018) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-1426-1_16 · Cited by 24
Zhang, C., Xiong, J., Yang, Q., Wang, Y., Shi, H., Tian, Q., Huang, H., Kong, D.-P., Lv, J., Liu, D., et al. (2018) · Future Science OA · doi:10.4155/fsoa-2018-0046 · Cited by 24
Wei, T., Ye, P., Yu, G., & Zhang, Z. (2020) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2020.10980 · Cited by 24
Xiong, D., He, R., Dang, Y., Wu, H., Feng, Z., & Chen, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2020.608257 · Cited by 25
“The foremost of these is Alu element, which is the main factor that facilitates intron pairing and mediates circularization in the mammalian genome, especially in the human genome (18, 19).”
BackgroundThe Use of circRNAs as Biomarkers of Cancer
Solé, C., Mentxaka, G., & Lawrie, C. H. (2021) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-1581-2_21 · Cited by 24
Study on the Characterization and Degradation Pattern of Circular RNA Vaccines Using an HPLC Method
Cheng, F., Li, J., Hu, C., Bai, Y., Liu, J., Liu, D., He, Q., Jin, Q., Mao, Q., Liang, Z., et al. (2024) · Chemosensors · doi:10.3390/chemosensors12070120 · Cited by 23
“CircRNAs are covalently closed, single-stranded RNA formed by back-splicing of precursor mRNAs [4–7].”
BackgroundKundu, I., Varshney, S., Karnati, S., & Naidu, S. (2024) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2024.102286 · Cited by 26
“23 Alternative splicing factors such as Quaking (QKI), muscleblind (MBL/MBNL1), RNA binding motif protein 20 (RBM20), and FUS act as RNA binding proteins (RBPs) that interact with sequences adjacent to back-splicing sites, bringing fl anking introns into proximity and facilitating circRNA formation.”
BackgroundHu, H., Tang, J., Wang, H., Guo, X., Tu, C., & Li, Z. (2024) · Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters · doi:10.1186/s11658-024-00662-x · Cited by 23
“ICSs at flanking introns base-pair to one another to bring distal splice sites into proximity, facilitating back-splicing [14, 37].”
Self-citationDiscovering circRNA-microRNA Interactions from CLIP-Seq Data
Zhang, X., & Yang, J. (2018) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7562-4_16 · Cited by 23
Self-citationWang, L., Zhang, G., Kang, F., Zhang, L., & Zhang, Y. (2019) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2019/9301989 · Cited by 24
“…century, various vital physiological functions of circRNAs in humans have increasingly come to light, for example, acting as miRNA sponges [43, 44], transcriptional and translational regulators [45], regulation of gene expression [46, 47], and competing with linear splicing of pre-mRNAs [48, 49].”
Self-citationZhao, X., Guan, J., & Luo, M. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2021.01.020 · Cited by 24
The Role of circRNAs in Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-Associated Cancers
Bonelli, P., Borrelli, A., Tuccillo, F. M., Buonaguro, F. M., & Tornesello, M. L. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13051173 · Cited by 22
“Flanking Alu elements, as well as other repeated inverse sequences, play a significant role in the biogenesis of circRNAs [28].”
BackgroundWard, Z., Pearson, J. F., Schmeier, S., Cameron, V. A., & Pilbrow, A. P. (2021) · RNA Biology · doi:10.1080/15476286.2021.1891393 · Cited by 24
“Most human genes produce multiple circularized transcripts, a process termed alternative circularization [3,4,8].”
BackgroundCircular RNAs in stem cell differentiation: a sponge-like role for miRNAs
Zhou, J. P., Qiu, C., Fan, Z., Liu, T., & Liu, T. (2021) · International Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijms.56457 · Cited by 23
JEDI: circular RNA prediction based on junction encoders and deep interaction among splice sites
Jiang, J., Ju, C. J. ‐., Hao, J., Chen, M., & Wang, W. W. (2021) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btab288 · Cited by 24
“Existing algorithms include MapSplice [49], CIRCexplorer [51], KNIFE [44], find-circ [34], and CIRI [13, 14].”
MethodGomes‐Duarte, A., Venø, M. T., de Wit, M., Senthilkumar, K., Broekhoven, M. H., van den Herik, J., Heeres, F. R., van Rossum, D., Rybiczka-Tešulov, M., Legnini, I., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2022.832133 · Cited by 23
Exosome-Associated circRNAs as Key Regulators of EMT in Cancer
Amicone, L., Marchetti, A., & Cicchini, C. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11101716 · Cited by 24
The role of N6-methyladenosine-modified non-coding RNAs in the pathological process of human cancer
Luo, L., Zhen, Y., Peng, D., Wei, C., Zhang, X., Liu, X., Han, L., & Zhang, Z. (2022) · Cell Death Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41420-022-01113-2 · Cited by 26
Self-citationLi, Y., Hu, X., Wang, L., Li, P., & You, Z. (2022) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbac479 · Cited by 23
Li, Y., Dong, Y., Huang, Z., Kuang, Q., Wu, Y., Li, Y., & Li, M. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0174436 · Cited by 23
The Role of Long Noncoding RNAs in Plant Stress Tolerance
Song, Y., & Zhang, D. (2017) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7136-7_3 · Cited by 23
Circular RNA is a popular molecule in tumors of the digestive system (Review)
Wang, H., Wang, Y., Zeng, X., Zheng, Y., Guo, Q., Ji, R., & Zhou, Y. (2020) · International Journal of Oncology · doi:10.3892/ijo.2020.5054 · Cited by 23
“The spliceosome mechanism serves a significant role in the biogenesis of circRNA, which depends on trans-acting factors and cis-regulatory elements (11).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCircular RNA and its potential as prostate cancer biomarkers
Tucker, D. R., Zheng, W., Zhang, D., & Dong, X. (2020) · World Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.5306/wjco.v11.i8.563 · Cited by 23
Circular RNAs in liver diseases: Mechanisms and therapeutic targets
Fu, L., Wang, S., Hu, M., Jiang, Z., Shen, L.-L., Zhou, Y., Guo, J.-M., & Hu, Y. (2020) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118707 · Cited by 23
Roles of circRNAs on tumor autophagy
Cui, W., Dang, Q., Chen, C., Yuan, W., & Sun, Z. (2021) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2021.01.002 · Cited by 23
Influence of RNA circularity on Target RNA-Directed MicroRNA Degradation
Wightman, F. F., Lukin, J., Giusti, S. A., Soutschek, M., Bragado, L., Pozzi, B., Pierelli, M. L., González, P., Fededa, J. P., Schratt, G. M., et al. (2024) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkae094 · Cited by 24
“To reveal insights into circRNA-specific functions and mechanisms, a plethora of publications have relied on circRNA overexpression using various inverted repeat-containing vectors ( 1 , 2 , 24–30 ).”
BackgroundThe Roles of CircRNAs in Mitochondria
Liu, D., Zhou, X., He, Y., & Zhao, J. (2024) · Journal of Cancer · doi:10.7150/jca.92111 · Cited by 22
“The circularization can be mediated by RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and spliceosome[92, 93], and reverse complementary motifs rely on intron-pairing and lariat-driven circularization[94, 95].”
BackgroundCircRNA: An emerging star in plant research: A review
Li, S., Wang, J., & Ren, G. (2024) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132800 · Cited by 25
Song, X., Wei, Z., Zhang, C., Han, D., Liu, J., Song, Y., Xie, X., Shao, D., Zhao, M., Chao, F., et al. (2025) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-025-02261-6 · Cited by 25
“Numerous studies have shown that complementary sequences in the flanking introns can facilitate circRNA circularization [6, 48, 49].”
Progress in Understanding the Relationship Between Circular RNAs and Neurological Disorders
Wang, Q., Qu, L., Chen, X., Zhao, Y., & Luo, Q. (2018) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-018-1125-z · Cited by 22
Circular RNA, a novel marker for cancer determination (Review)
Su, Y., Zhong, G., Jiang, N., Huang, M. X., & Lin, T. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3892/ijmm.2018.3795 · Cited by 22
“During pre-mRNA splicing, RNA binding proteins or the ALU reverse complementary sequence bridge the two flanking introns, joining them together and allowing the downstream 5' end (the splice donor) to be connected to the upstream 3' end (the splice acceptor) (10,24,25).”
Qiu, L., Chang, G., Bi, Y., Liu, X., & Chen, G. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0204931 · Cited by 22
Circular RNA expression profiles in cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in mice
Li, C., Li, M., Ye, Z., Huang, J., Li, Y., Yao, Z., Peng, H., & Lou, T. (2019) · Epigenomics · doi:10.2217/epi-2018-0167 · Cited by 22
Ma, S., Niu, M., Hao, Z., Liu, M., Tong, C., & Zhao, X. (2020) · RNA Biology · doi:10.1080/15476286.2020.1853975 · Cited by 22
Cerina: systematic circRNA functional annotation based on integrative analysis of ceRNA interactions
Cardenas, J., Balaji, U., & Gu, J. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-78469-x · Cited by 21
Brozzi, F., & Regazzi, R. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22041503 · Cited by 22
“Many other circRNAs with miRNA sponging ability have been described, including circHIPK3 and circBIRC6 [50,51], and are reviewed in [14,31,50,52].”
BackgroundNon-Canonical Splicing and Its Implications in Brain Physiology and Cancer
Pitolli, C., Marini, A., Sette, C., & Pagliarini, V. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23052811 · Cited by 23
“Among the cis-acting regulatory elements, inverted Alu elements and smaller complementary sequences have been clearly shown to play a functional role in circRNAs biogenesis [32,33] (Figure 1A).”
BackgroundThe emerging landscape of exosomal CircRNAs in solid cancers and hematological malignancies
Zhou, Q., Xie, D., Wang, R., Liu, L., Yu, Y., Tang, X., Hu, Y., & Cui, D. (2022) · Biomarker Research · doi:10.1186/s40364-022-00375-3 · Cited by 22
Chiang, T.-W., Mai, T., & Chuang, T. (2022) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/s12859-022-04692-0 · Cited by 21
“…demonstrated that back-splicing can be promoted by reverse complementary sequences (RCSs) residing in the introns flanking the circularized exons [3, 4, 20] and affected by the competition of RCSs across flanking introns (RCS across ) or within individual flanking introns (RCS within ) [20].”
BackgroundMazloomi, S., Mousavi, V., Aghadavod, E., & Mafi, A. (2023) · Current Molecular Medicine · doi:10.2174/1566524023666230110151155 · Cited by 22
A Circular RNA Expressed from the FAT3 Locus Regulates Neural Development
Seeler, S., Andersen, M. S., Sztanka-Toth, T. R., Rybiczka-Tešulov, M., van den Munkhof, M. H., Chang, C.-C., Maimaitili, M., Venø, M. T., Hansen, T. B., Pasterkamp, R. J., et al. (2023) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-023-03253-7 · Cited by 22
Ding, C., & Zhou, Y. (2023) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.17734 · Cited by 22
Biolinguistic graph fusion model for circRNA–miRNA association prediction
Guo, L.-X., Wang, L., You, Z., Yu, C.-Q., Hu, M.-L. M., Zhao, B.-W., & Li, Y. (2024) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbae058 · Cited by 22
“…with a covalent closed-loop structure generated as a back splicing linkage at the downstream 5 end splice site and the upstream 3 of RNA transcripts [3, 7], and it has vital biological functions,and treatment of diseases are critical by the identification of circRNA–disease associations [8–10].”
BackgroundInducing circular RNA formation using the CRISPR endoribonuclease Csy4
Borchardt, E. K., Meganck, R. M., Vincent, H. A., Ball, C. B., Ramos, S. B. V., Moorman, N. J., Marzluff, W. F., & Asokan, A. (2017) · RNA · doi:10.1261/rna.056838.116 · Cited by 22
“While the current system enables toggling from linear to circular RNA using Csy4, it might be possible to further optimize this system with the addition of cis-acting sequences and target sequences for trans-acting factors that have been shown to favor circRNA formation (Jeck et al. 2013; Ashwal-Fluss et al. 2014; Lia…”
BackgroundCircular RNAs function as competing endogenous RNAs in multiple types of cancer (Review)
Ji, Q., Zhang, C., Sun, X., & Li, Q. (2017) · Oncology Letters · doi:10.3892/ol.2017.7348 · Cited by 22
“Generally, alternative circularization is generated from different numbers of exons (13,22,25,33), with or without an internal intron (14,22,31).”
InfluentialEmerging Roles of Plant Circular RNAs
Chu, Q., Shen, E., Ye, C., Fan, L., & Zhu, Q. (2018) · Journal of Plant Cell Development · doi:10.14302/issn.2832-5311.jpcd-18-1955 · Cited by 22
Zhao, X., Duan, X., Fu, J., Shao, Y., Zhang, W., Guo, M. Z., & Li, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2019.00603 · Cited by 22
circIQCH sponges miR-145 to promote breast cancer progression by upregulating DNMT3A expression
Li, Y., Jiang, B., He, Z., Zhu, H., He, R., Fan, S., Wu, X., Xie, L., & Xiu-sheng, H. (2020) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.103746 · Cited by 22
“With highly conversed sequences and stable structure, circRNAs formed by the back splicing of exons or introns without a head or a tail [9].”
BackgroundCircNEIL3 promotes cervical cancer cell proliferation by adsorbing miR-137 and upregulating KLF12
Chen, Y., Geng, Y., Huang, J., Xi, D., Xu, G., Gu, W., & Shao, Y. (2021) · Cancer Cell International · doi:10.1186/s12935-020-01736-4 · Cited by 22
“With the emergence of new generation sequencing technology and the advancement of bioinformatics, the regulatory roles of circRNAs in eukaryotic cells have gradually been recognized [7, 8].”
BackgroundThe Roles of circRNAs in Liver Cancer Immunity
Tang, Y. C., Jiang, M., Jiang, H., Ye, Z. J., Huang, Y., Li, X., Qin, B., Zhou, R.-S., Pan, H., & Zheng, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2020.598464 · Cited by 21
“Intron pairing-driven circularization, which known as direct backsplicing, is achieved by direct base pairs of intron flanking complementary sequences or reverse repeats (53, 54).”
BackgroundExpression Analysis of Circular RNAs in Young and Sexually Mature Boar Testes
Zhang, F., Zhang, X., Ning, W., Zhang, X., Ru, Z., Wang, S., Sheng, M., Zhang, J., Zhang, X., Luo, H., et al. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11051430 · Cited by 22
“6 (Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai, China) [33] was used to de novo assemble the mapped reads to circular RNAs at first; Then, back splicing reads were identified in unmapped reads by TopHat-Fusion software version V2.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe pleiotropic roles of circular and long noncoding RNAs in cutaneous melanoma
Montico, B., Giurato, G., Pecoraro, G., Salvati, A., Covre, A., Colizzi, F., Steffan, A., Weisz, A., Maio, M., Sigalotti, L., et al. (2021) · Molecular Oncology · doi:10.1002/1878-0261.13034 · Cited by 22
Reverse complementary matches simultaneously promote both back-splicing and exon-skipping
Cao, D. (2021) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-021-07910-w · Cited by 22
CircRNAs in gastric cancer: current research and potential clinical implications
Lu, Y., Li, K., Gao, Y., Liang, W., Wang, X., & Chen, L. (2021) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1002/1873-3468.14196 · Cited by 23
Self-citationZhang, D., Ma, Y., Naz, M., Ahmed, N., Zhang, L., Zhou, J., Ding, Y., & Chen, Z. (2024) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes15070958 · Cited by 23
“Cyclization induced by intron pairing is completed through direct insertion of reverse complementary sequences (such as the Alu sequence) and by removal or retention of introns, thus ultimately yielding EIciRNAs or EcircRNAs [45].”
BackgroundFang, Z., Wu, Z. K., Yu, C., Xie, Q., Zeng, L., & Chen, R. (2025) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-025-02262-5 · Cited by 21
“CircRNA biogenesis primarily occurs via back-splicing [43], with splicing factors such as RBPs (e.g., QKI and FUS) promoting circRNA formation by binding to pre-mRNA [14].”
Ren, W., Yang, L., Deng, T., Wu, C., Li, Y., Wu, J., Huang, Z., Du, F., & Guo, L. (2019) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2019.10038 · Cited by 22
“With the rapid development of science and technology circRNAs are now known to be extensively expressed in mammals, have conserved sequences and exhibit structural stability (5-8).”
BackgroundSelf-citationEmerging Role for Linear and Circular Spermine Oxidase RNAs in Skeletal Muscle Physiopathology
Reinoso-Sánchez, J. F., Baroli, G., Duranti, G., Scaricamazza, S., Sabatini, S., Valle, C., Morlando, M., Casero, R. A., Bozzoni, I., Mariottini, P., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21218227 · Cited by 24
“Many studies have focused on a particular type of ncRNAs, namely, circular RNAs (circRNAs); they are produced by a non-canonical splicing event also known as back-splicing, in which a joining between a downstream splice donor and an upstream acceptor site occurs [15,16].”
BackgroundCao, H., Liu, J., Du, T., Liu, Y., Zhang, X., Guo, Y., Wang, J., Zhou, X., Li, X., Yang, G., et al. (2021) · Molecular Genetics and Genomics · doi:10.1007/s00438-021-01835-5 · Cited by 21
Self-citationZhou, S., Fang, J., Hu, M., Pan, S., Liu, D., Xing, G., & Liu, Z. (2021) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.202656 · Cited by 21
“CircRNA was identified by find_circ [38] and CIRCexplorer [39] through corresponding strict filtering.”
MethodCircular RNAs in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Emerging Functions to Clinical Significances
Zhang, Y., & Wang, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2021.667428 · Cited by 21
“, Alu elements) or complementary sequences (32, 33).”
BackgroundSelf-citationNguyen, D., Trac, Q. T., Nguyen, T.-H., Nguyen, H.-N., Ohad, N., Yudi Pawitan, Y., & Vu, T. N. (2021) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/s12859-021-04418-8 · Cited by 22
Circular RNAs with protein-coding ability in oncogenesis
Cheng, J., Li, G., Wang, W., Stovall, D. B., Sui, G., & Li, D. (2023) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188909 · Cited by 22
Chen, J., Wang, H., Xu, J., Chen, E., Meng, Q., Wang, J., Xiang, H., Zhou, W., Shan, G., Ju, Z., et al. (2024) · Science China Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11427-023-2514-y · Cited by 21
“Back-splicing of precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) can be facilitated by inverted repeat elements (such as Alu elements) or by dimerization of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) (Xiao et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2014).”
Self-citationA Highly Efficient Strategy for Overexpressing circRNAs
Liu, D., Conn, V. M., Goodall, G. J., & Conn, S. J. (2018) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7562-4_8 · Cited by 21
Huo, L., Zhang, P., Li, C., Rahim, K., Hao, X., Xiang, B., & Zhu, X. (2018) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes9030118 · Cited by 21
“With the development of high-throughput sequencing technology and RNA circularization prediction algorithms, such as circular RNA identification (CIRI) [9], circular (CIRC) explorer [10], and known and novel isoform explorer (KNIFE) [11], an increasing number of circRNAs have been detected in protists, yeasts, plants,…”
BackgroundThe Xenopus animal cap transcriptome: building a mucociliary epithelium
Angerilli, A., Smialowski, P., & Rupp, R. A. W. (2018) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gky771 · Cited by 18
“CircRNAs are covalently closed RNA molecules that originate via back splicing events (53,54).”
BackgroundLow Expression of hsa_circ_0018069 in Human Bladder Cancer and Its Clinical Significance
Ming-shan, L., Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Zhang, X., Liu, J., & Wang, P. (2019) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2019/9681863 · Cited by 21
“CIRCexplorer [31] was used to predict circRNAs.”
Self-citationBiogenesis and ceRNA role of circular RNAs in skeletal muscle myogenesis
Yue, B., Wang, J., Song, C., Wu, J., Cao, X., Huang, Y., Lan, X., Lei, C., Huang, B., & Chen, H. (2019) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2019.105621 · Cited by 21
Mutalifu, N., Du, P., Zhang, J., Akbar, H., Yan, B., Alimu, S., Tong, L., & Luan, X. (2020) · Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment · doi:10.1177/1533033820957026 · Cited by 21
Gao, Q., Wang, T., Pan, L., Qian, C., Wang, J., Xin, Q., Liu, Y., Zhang, Z., Xu, Y., He, X., et al. (2021) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.30376 · Cited by 24
“…cyclization, the flanking introns on both sides of cyclized exon or exons were complementary paired and the downstream 5′ splicing donor site of pre‐messenger RNA (mRNA) is directly conjugated with the upstream 3′ splicing receptor site to form circular transcripts (Zhang et al., 2014).”
BackgroundCircSOD2: A Novel Regulator for Smooth Muscle Proliferation and Neointima Formation
Mei, X., Cui, X.-B., Li, Y., & Chen, S.-Y. (2021) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.121.316911 · Cited by 21
Quantifying full-length circular RNAs in cancerPreprint
Yu, K. H.-O., Shi, C. H., Wang, B., Chow, S. H.-C., Chung, G. T., Lung, R. W. M., Tan, K., Lim, Y., Tsang, C. M., Lo, K. W., et al. (2021) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.275348.121 · Cited by 21
“…for identifying circRNAs from RNA-seq data using this idea (Wang et al. 2010; Memczak et al. 2013; Hoff-mann et al. 2014; Westholm et al. 2014; Zhang et al. 2014, 2016, 2020; Gao et al. 2015, 2018; Szabo et al. 2015; Cheng et al. 2016; Chuang et al. 2016; Izuogu et al. 2016; Song et al. 2016;…”
Invention of circRNA promoting RNA to specifically promote circRNA production
He, Z., Ji, H., Xia, B., Cao, X., Huang, Y., & Zhu, Q. (2024) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkae693 · Cited by 20
“It is worth noting that in the mechanism of intron-pairing-driven circularization, the formation of reverse complementary matches (RCMs) brings the splice sites closer together, thereby facilitating the formation of cir-cRNA ( 20 ).”
BackgroundCircular RNA Formation and Degradation Are Not Directed by Universal Pathways
Srinivasan, A., Mroczko-Młotek, E., & Wojciechowska, M. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26020726 · Cited by 23
“…of exon circularization has been linked with their size, and this subject remains a matter of debate since some data have suggested more efficient circularization of longer exons, while other data have proposed the opposite, claiming that circles form more readily from smaller exons [53,58].”
InfluentialZheng, B., Wu, Z., Xue, S., Chen, H., Zhang, S., Zeng, T., Xu, G., Wu, W., Zheng, W., & Chen, C. (2019) · Oncology Letters · doi:10.3892/ol.2019.11003 · Cited by 20
“However, their circular structure is more stable than linear structures; therefore, the circular configuration is often adopted in the cell (7,8,24).”
BackgroundThe emerging roles of circular RNAs in CNS injuries
Qu, X., Li, Z., Chen, J., & Hou, L. (2020) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24591 · Cited by 20
“These genes are equipped with the potency to promote the circularization of pre-mRNAs due to their sequence features, in which exons are flanked by long introns (Jeck et al., 2013; Liang & Wilusz, 2014; Zhang et al., 2014).”
BackgroundCircular RNA circHECTD1 prevents Diosbulbin-B-sensitivity via miR-137/PBX3 axis in gastric cancer
Lu, Y., Long, L., Li, L., Wu, G., & Liu, G. (2021) · Cancer Cell International · doi:10.1186/s12935-021-01957-1 · Cited by 20
“In addition, thousands of existed circRNAs have been identified recently [12].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Zhang, X.-O., Wang, H.-B., Zhang, Y., Lu, X., Chen, L.-L., & Yang, L.
- Affiliations
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Second Military Medical University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Chen, Ling-Ling
- Yang, Li
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-09
- Volume
- 159
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 134-147
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1981726010
- Cited by
- 1,999
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 70 · 2025: 117 · 2024: 200 · 2023: 183 · 2022: 254 · 2021: 280 · 2020: 245 · 2019: 212 · 2018: 176 · 2017: 121 · 2016: 74 · 2015: 54 · 2014: 9
- FWCI
- 35.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (31271376, 2014CB964800, 31322018)
- Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Circular RNAs in diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Research and Splicing
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA regulation and disease
- Keywords
- circular RNA, Alu elements, inverted repeats, post-transcriptional regulation, intron evolution, mammalian gene expression
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Base Sequence, Exons, Humans, Introns, Mammals, Molecular Sequence Data, Nucleic Acid Conformation, Genome, Human, Sequence Alignment, Alternative Splicing, Evolution, Molecular, Alu Elements, Embryonic Stem Cells
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