Cited by 2,296Plant Virus Research StudiesPlant and Fungal Interactions ResearchPlant Molecular Biology Research

Viroids are single-stranded covalently closed circular RNA molecules existing as highly base-paired rod-like structures

Open access
Sanger, H L, Klotz, G, Riesner, D, Gross, H J, Kleinschmidt, A K·1976·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Abstract

Viroids are uncoated infectious RNA molecules pathogenic to certain higher plants. Four different highly purified viroids were studied. By ultracentrifugation, thermal denaturation, electron microscopy, and end group analysis the following features were established: (i) the molecular weight of cucumber pale fruit viroid from tomato is 110,000, of citrus exocortis viroid from Gynura 119,000, of citrus exocortis viroid from tomato 119,000 and of potato spindle tuber viroid from tomato 127,000. (ii) Viroids are single-stranded molecules. (iii) Virods exhibit high thermal stability, cooperativity, and self-complementarity resulting in a rod-like native structure. (iv) Viroids are covalently closed circular RNA molecules.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1073/pnas.73.11.3852

Cites

27 of 27 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Sanger, H. L., Klotz, G., Riesner, D., Gross, H. J., & Kleinschmidt, A. K.
Affiliations
  • Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen (DE)
  • Universität Ulm (DE)
  • Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry (DE)
Venue
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Published
1976-11
Volume
73
Issue
11
Pages
3852-3856
ISSN
  • 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
  • 1091-6490
OpenAlex
W2031593782
Cited by
2,296
References
27
Citations by year
2026: 70 · 2025: 180 · 2024: 238 · 2023: 215 · 2022: 316 · 2021: 323 · 2020: 298 · 2019: 168 · 2018: 125 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 7
FWCI
22.41
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Virus Research Studies
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Plant and Fungal Interactions Research
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Molecular Biology Research
Keywords
viroids, circular RNA, single-stranded RNA, rod structures, base pairing, thermal stability, citrus exocortis viroid, potato spindle tuber viroid, molecular weight
MeSH terms
Centrifugation, Hydrogen Bonding, Microscopy, Electron, Molecular Weight, Nucleic Acid Conformation, Nucleic Acid Denaturation, Plant Diseases, Plant Viruses, Plants, Ribonucleotides, RNA

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review