Macrophages Facilitate Electrical Conduction in the Heart
Hulsmans, Maarten, Clauss, Sebastian, Xiao, Ling, Aguirre, Aaron D., King, Kevin R., Hanley, Alan, Hucker, William J., Wülfers, Eike M., Seemann, Gunnar, Courties, Gabriel, Iwamoto, Yoshiko, Sun, Yuan, Savol, Andrej J., Sager, Hendrik B., Lavine, Kory J., Fishbein, Gregory A., Capen, Diane E., Da Silva, Nicolas, Miquerol, Lucile, Wakimoto, Hiroko, Seidman, Christine E., Seidman, Jonathan G., Sadreyev, Ruslan I., Naxerova, Kamila, Mitchell, Richard N., Brown, Dennis, Libby, Peter, Weissleder, Ralph, Swirski, Filip K., Kohl, Peter, Vinegoni, Claudio, Milan, David J., Ellinor, Patrick T., Nahrendorf, Matthias·2017·Cell
Cited by (999)
Items 901–999 of 999
- Mechano-Electric Coupling in the Heart: Effects on Heart Rate and RhythmThomas Alexander Quinn, Rebecca A. Capel, Peter Karl Kohl · 2023 · Springer eBooks
- Systems medicine: from concept to realizationSergey Valentinovich Popov, Vyacheslav V. Ryabov · 2024 · Russian Journal for Personalized Medicine
- Modelling, design, fabrication and characterization of engineered human myocardium made with melt electrowriting and cardiac cells derived from hiPSCsMaría Flandes‐Iparraguirre · 2023 · Deposito Adademico Digital Universidad De Navarra (University of Navarra)
- Resident and recruited macrophages differentially contribute to cardiac healing after myocardial ischemiaTobias Weinberger, Denise Messerer, Markus Joppich, Maximilian Fischer, Clarisabel Garcia Rodriguez, Konda Kumaraswami, Vanessa Wimmler, Sonja Ablinger, Saskia Jania Räuber, Jiahui Fang et al. · 2024 · eLife
- Defining mononuclear phagocyte distribution and behaviour in the zebrafish heartBethany Moyse, Joanna J. Moss, Laura Bevan, Aaron Scott, Valérie Wittamer, Rebecca J. Richardson · 2024 · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)
- Loss of developmentally derived Irf8+ macrophages promotes hyperinnervation and arrhythmia in the adult zebrafish heartShannon E. Paquette, Cliff I. Oduor, Amy Gaulke, Sabina Ştefan, Peter Bronk, Vanny Dafonseca, Nikolai V. Barulin, Cadence F. Lee, Rachel Carley, Alan Morrison et al. · 2024 · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)
- Macrophages in the remodeling of diseased heartAsim K. Duttaroy, Rahul Mallick · 2024 · Elsevier eBooks
- Growth and proliferation of cardiomyocytesAsim K. Duttaroy, Rahul Mallick · 2024 · Elsevier eBooks
- Predictive factors of atrioventricular conduction disordersCarmen Marina Deutsch, Elisabeta Bădilă, Adriana Mihaela Ilieșiu · 2024 · Romanian Medical Journal
- Reviewer #1 (Public Review): Defining mononuclear phagocyte distribution and behaviour in the zebrafish heart2024 · eLife
- Reviewer #2 (Public Review): Defining mononuclear phagocyte distribution and behaviour in the zebrafish heart2024 · eLife
- Reviewer #3 (Public Review): Defining mononuclear phagocyte distribution and behaviour in the zebrafish heart2024 · eLife
- eLife Assessment: Defining mononuclear phagocyte distribution and behaviour in the zebrafish heartShih-Lei Lai · 2024 · eLife
- Electrophysiologic Repair MechanismsZhihao Zhang, Sebastian Clauß · 2024 · Elsevier eBooks
- Synaptic-like coupling of macrophages to myofibers regulates muscle repairGyanesh M. Tripathi, Adam J. Dourson, Jennifer L. Wayland, Sahana Khanna, Megan Hoffmann, Thirupugal Govindarajan, Fabian Montecino Morales, Luis F. Queme, Douglas P. Millay, Michael P. Jankowski · 2024 · Research Square
- The Heart: The Engine in the Center of the Vascular SystemSvitlana Demyanets · 2024 · Learning materials in biosciences
- Synaptic-Like Coupling of Macrophages to Myofibers Regulates Muscle RepairGyanesh M. Tripathi, Adam J. Dourson, Jennifer L. Wayland, Sahana Khanna, Megan C. Hofmann, Thirupugal Govindarajan, Fabian Montecino Morales, Luis F. Queme, Douglas P. Millay, Michael P. Jankowski · 2024 · SSRN Electronic Journal
- Competitive signaling and cellular communications in myocardial infarction responseVishnu Nair, Christian Demitri, Finosh Gnanaprakasam Thankam · 2025 · Molecular Biology Reports
- Modeling Arrhythmia in a Dish: An Open View from Human-Engineered Heart ConstructsShiya Wang, Pengcheng Yang, Jonathan Nimal Selvaraj, Donghui Zhang · 2025 · International Journal of Drug Discovery and Pharmacology
- Bioinformatics analysis of the expression of potential common genes and immune-related genes between atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney diseaseJieying Teng, Guo‐Xiong Deng · 2025 · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine
- Age-related atrial fibrillation: is there a role for the gut microbiome?Michael M. Li, Eduardo Castañeda, Robert M. Lust · 2025 · Exploration of Cardiology
- The bioelectric and biomagnetic properties of ferritin.Christopher John Rourk · 2025
- The bioelectric and biomagnetic properties of ferritin.Christopher John Rourk · 2025
- Cardiac Macrophage: Insights from Murine Models and Translational Potential for Human StudiesYufeng Liu, Tricia T. Wang, Yongbo Lu, Muhammad Riaz, Yibing Qyang · 2024 · Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology
- Adiponectin-receptor agonism prevents right ventricular tissue pathology in a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophyShivam Gandhi, Luca J. Delfinis, Parashar D Bhatt, Madison C. Garibotti, Catherine A. Bellissimo, Amireza N. Goli, Brooke A. Morris, Aditya N. Brahmbhatt, Simona Yakobov-Shimonov, Fasih Ahmad Rahman et al. · 2025 · Molecular Metabolism
- An optimized Langendorff-free isolating method and electrophysiology studies for adult mouse atrioventricular node cellsYuan Chen, Jiaming Zhang, Jiu Pu, Ting Li, Jinfang Yu, Bifang Mai, Shuanglun Xie, Jingdong Li · 2025 · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders
- Genetically predicted plasma metabolites mediate the causal role of immune cells in atrial fibrillationYichao Yu, Korff Krause, Stefan Zarsteck, Kejiang Cao, Shan Lu, Yun Liu, Jiän Zhang · 2025 · Cytokine
- The Bioelectric and Biomagnetic Properties of FerritinChristopher John Rourk · 2025 · Bioelectricity
- On Macrophage CultureNina Kumowski, Matthias Nahrendorf · 2025 · JACC Basic to Translational Science
- Immunohistochemical Assessment of Cardiac Macrophages in the Aged Fischer 344 RatSteven A. Bloomer · 2025 · Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry
- Metabolic Implications of Efferocytosis During InflammationDmitry Namgaladze, Bernhard Brüne, Andreas Weigert · 2025 · Advances in experimental medicine and biology
- Heart failure in the child and young adult: From bench to bedside: Inflammatory mediators in heart failureKory J. Lavine · 2025 · Elsevier eBooks
- Editorial: The role of autophagy in cardiovascular diseaseQinchun Duan, Xuehong Xu, Odell D. Jones, Jianjie Ma, Joseph Bryant, Mengmeng Xu · 2025 · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
- Do nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increase the risk of atrial fibrillation after non-cardiac surgery? Insights from translational and clinical researchEleni Laou, Styliani Mitta, Eleni Voutsadaki, Nicoleta Ntalarizou, Paraskevi Tselioti, Andrea Cortegiani, Athanasios F. Chalkias · 2025 · Journal of Anesthesia Analgesia and Critical Care
- Comparative investigation of Cx3cr1-Expressing Cardiac Macrophages in Atrioventricular Nodes of Wild-Type and Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia Mouse ModelArzuhan Koc, Sümeyye ÖZYAMAN, Behnaz Karadogan, Aylin Nebol, İlknur Keskin, Esra Çağavi · 2025 · Cardiovascular Pathology
- A Macrophage-Derived Factor on Human iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocyte Function: The Role of OsteopontinLei Hao, Eun Jung Lee · 2025 · Cells
- Exciting roles of non‐excitable cells in the brain and heartValentina Mosienko, Thomas Alexander Quinn · 2025 · The Journal of Physiology
- Beyond systemic biomarkers: Future directions in understanding the inflammatory nexus of obstructive sleep apnea and atrial fibrillationQianhui Niu · 2025 · European Journal of Internal Medicine
- Additional file 2 of Gene expression variability across cells and species shapes the relationship between renal resident macrophages and infiltrated macrophagesJi, Xiangjun, Junwei Cai, Liang, Lixin, Tieliu SHI, J. Liu · 2024 · Figshare
- Additional file 3 of Mosaic loss of chromosome Y in peripheral blood cells is associated with age-related macular degeneration in menQinchun Duan, Yuru Gao, Cao, Xixi, Wang, Shulin, Xu, MengMeng, Odell D. Jones, Xu, Xuehong · 2022 · Figshare
- Additional file 1 of Gene expression variability across cells and species shapes the relationship between renal resident macrophages and infiltrated macrophagesJi, Xiangjun, Cai, Junwei, Liang, Lixin, Tieliu SHI, J. Liu · 2024 · Figshare
- Additional file 2 of Immune response caused by M1 macrophages elicits atrial fibrillation-like phenotypes in coculture model with isogenic hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytesThomas Hutschalik, Ozan Fırat Özgül, Marilu Casini, Brigitta R. Szabo, Rémi Peyronnet, Óscar Bártulos, Mariana Argenziano, Ulrich Schotten, Elena Matsa · 2024 · Figshare
- Cardiac resident macrophages: the emerging role in arrhythmogenesisJiaqian Zhao, Jun Liu, Ying Zou, Jianhong Li, Ming Lei, Xiaoqiu Tan, Tangting Chen · 2026 · Frontiers in Immunology
- Resident cardiac macrophages are not required for normal atrioventricular node conductionSami Al-Othman, Yakun Wu, Pierre Fontanaud, Franz K Puttur, David Conesa, Chelsea Zhu, Sacha Moore, Roman Tikhomirov, Alice J. Francis, Sooraj Nair et al. · 2026 · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)
- A call to redefine cardiovascular immunobiology around leukocyte plasticityS Ibrahim, Herra Javed, Taufiek Konrad Rajab, Rushita Adhikari Bagchi · 2026 · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology
- The Immune System as a Proarrhythmic Mediator: A Novel Paradigm for the Development of New Antiarrhythmic TherapyYue Yuan, Jifei Ding, Na Li · 2026 · Canadian Journal of Cardiology
- The study of cardiac morphology in atrial fibrillation. From pathogenesis to treatmentLubov Borisovna Mitrofanova, M. S. Silkin, Зубарев Степан Владимирович · 2026 · Russian Journal of Cardiology
- Accelerated intrinsic beating rate in heterogeneously coupled human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes can underlie focal ventricular tachycardia in regenerative therapyChelsea E Gibbs, Patrick M. Boyle · 2026 · The Journal of Precision Medicine Health and Disease
- Reconstructing the cardiac conduction system in vitroHarsha D. Devalla · 2026 · Elsevier eBooks
- Electrophysiology of the atrioventricular nodeAlicia D’Souza, Halina Dobrzynski, George Hart, Henggui Zhang, Munir Hussain, Shin Yoo, Robert Stanley Stephenson, Joseph Yanni, Shu Nakao, Andrew J. Atkinson et al. · 2026 · Elsevier eBooks
- Rôle de Nav1.5, du TGF-B et de la Cx43 dans les troubles progressifs de la conduction cardiaqueJustine Patin · 2018 · theses.fr (ABES)
- Identification et participation des macrophages dans la régulation du système lymphatique cardiaque au cours du remodelage de surcharge de pressionMathilde Bizou · 2018 · theses.fr (ABES)
- Impact of aging on cardiac mesenchymal stromal cellsHélène Martini · 2019 · theses.fr (ABES)
- Rôle de l’inflammation et des macrophages dans le remodelage cardiaque adaptatif précoce et l’évolution vers l’insuffisance cardiaqueMathilde Flamant · 2019 · theses.fr (ABES)
- Impact de la détection de pathogènes sur la différenciation des monocytesAlice Coillard · 2021 · theses.fr (ABES)
- Blood endothelial cells control the homeostasis of non-classical monocytesGuilhem R. Thierry · 2021 · theses.fr (ABES)
- Ciblage thérapeutique de ALK et de CD47 dans le lymphome anaplasique à grandes cellules ALK-positifLayla Veleanu · 2023 · theses.fr (ABES)
- Mapping the miRNA landscape of primitive macrophage extracellular vesicles highlights their pro-vasculogenic effects in engineered human cardiac tissueKarl T. Wagner, Shira Landau, G Kent, David Frederick Bodenstein, Milica Radisic · 2026 · APL Bioengineering
- Role of adipose tissue macrophages in Beta 3-adrenergic receptor-mediated beige adipogenesis and thermogenesisRaoul Manuel · 2024 · theses.fr (ABES)
- Impact de la stéatohépatite non alcoolique sur le remodelage myocardique et sur les complications cardiovasculairesRaphaël Decoin · 2023 · theses.fr (ABES)
- Metabolism, inflammation, and mechanosensing during cardiac regenerationJourdano Mancilla Abaroa · 2025 · theses.fr (ABES)
- Cell-specific vulnerabilities and adaptations in atrial agingAnnika M.T. Braun, Alexander Lang, Julian U. G. Wagner · 2026 · Cardiovascular Research
- Macrophages and the Survival of Cardiomyocytes After Myocardial InfarctionMin Zhang, Ge Tao · 2026 · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology
- Immune cells in cardiac homeostasis and diseaseMargaret L. Axelrod, Kory J. Lavine, Chieh‐Yu Lin · 2026 · Cardiovascular Pathology
- Deciphering the multi-organ anti-fibrotic mechanisms of pirfenidone and nintedanib via network pharmacologyVishal S. Patil, Chandragouda Raosaheb Patil, Rohit Paul, Ashish Gaikwad, Khushbu Patil, Anoop Kumar · 2026 · Personalized Medicine
- Engineering Human Myocardium: Integrating the Maturation of hiPSC-Derived Cardiac Myocytes Across Genetic, Structural, Physiological and Multicellular SystemsNora Hosny, Houda Cohen, John Bauer, Jeff Schreifels, Rachel Lin, Brian R. Thompson, Joseph M. Metzger · 2026 · Cells
- Dynamic changes in cardiac autonomic function persist in the postacute phase after SARS-CoV-2 infection in a hamster model of COVID-19Ting Liu, Deepthi Ashok, Andrew S Pekosz, Jason Villano, Brian P O'Rourke · 2026 · Heart Rhythm O2
- Bioelectric signaling as an emerging layer of macrophage communicationWeijia Zheng, Yitao Li, Wei Jia · 2026 · Trends in Immunology
- Qishen paste improves cardiac conduction in heart failure by regulating cardiac resident macrophage Connexin43Jiali Liu, Shixuan Min, Meijiao Tao, Neng Wang, Yulin Ouyang, Wei Wang (17594), Chun Li, Yao Zhang · 2026 · Journal of Ethnopharmacology
- Engineering Chimeric Cardio-Vascular Assembloids Using Human iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes and Vascular RingsHannah Klör, Kornelia Kenst, Berin Upcin, Süleyman Ergün, Philipp Wörsdörfer · 2026 · Organoids
- Immunology of Cardiometabolic Health and Disease: From Novelty to NecessityE D DAY, Sarah A. Dick, Slava Epelman, Dobromir Dobrev, Matthew J. Feinstein · 2026 · Canadian Journal of Cardiology
- Cardiac immunity and heart repair: Mechanism, challenge, and future directionYuan Liu, Qiyu Ren, H T Wang, Xinou Jiang, M H Zhao, Qincheng Min, Yifan Xie, Dongcheng Cai, Yu Nie · 2026 · Chinese Medical Journal
- Role of the Cardiomyocyte Microenvironment in Regulating Cardiac Muscle Function in Health and Disease: Experiment and Mathematical ModelingNathalie A. Balakina-Vikulova, Leonid B. Katsnelson, O. E. Solovyova · 2026 · Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology
- Leukocytes in atrial fibrillation: mechanisms and therapeuticsGrace E. Swenson, Matthew A. Fischer · 2026 · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology
- Resveratrol and its antiinflammatory effectsAmbuj Pandey, Likhit Akotkar, Urmila Manoj Aswar · 2026 · Elsevier eBooks
- Immune checkpoint inhibitor‐induced arrhythmias: Mechanistic insights from clinical and preclinical studiesAnand R. Ramalingam, Zoltán Márton Köhler, Péter Ferdinandy, Zoltán V. Varga · 2026 · British Journal of Pharmacology
- Qishen Granules attenuate adverse ventricular remodeling in chronic heart failure by promoting Legumain/Arg1/Rac1-mediated efferocytosis of resident cardiac macrophagesMeijiao Tao, Shixuan Min, Jiali Liu, Huishi Xiao, Tong Xiao, Sisi Liang, Xin Liu, Jun Wang, Yulin Ouyang, Ruijia Wen et al. · 2026 · Chinese Medicine
- Diabetic cardiomyopathy: Target immune cell from mechanism to treatmentJingyi Lv, Xiaoyi Bao, Xiaolu Jiao, Yue Jiang, Maoning Lin, Wei Zhang, M C Wang · 2026 · International Immunopharmacology
- Beyond Immunity: Macrophages as Regulators of Vertebrate MorphogenesisGoretti Moran, Cristina Duarte‐Olivenza, Juan M. Hurlé, Juan Antonio Montero, Carlos Ignacio Lorda-Diez · 2026 · Cells
- Good cop, bad cop? Rethinking the roles of cardiac macrophages in injuryJanmes Karunamurthy, Ziyi Li, Ajitha Thanabalasuriar · 2026 · Journal of Clinical Investigation
- Self‐Growing Conductive Hydrogels Establish Volumetric Biointerfaces for Cardiac Conduction RestorationFucheng Wang, Xingmei Chen, Ping Wen, Lingfeng Yuan, Yifan Yang, Zhipeng Ni, Pei Zhang, Xiaoyu Chen, Yuewen Zhang, Miao Cui et al. · 2026 · Advanced Materials
- Optogenetic Pacemaker Cells for Biological Cardiac Rhythm Management in Sick Sinus SyndromeVersha Devi, Syeda Aliza Aamir, Syed Abdullah Shah, Muhammad Dawood Ghaffar, Muhammad Talha, Muneeb Saifullah · 2026 · Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics
- Multicellular human cardiac organoids with real-time calcium imaging enable functional modeling of heart failure and myocardial infarctionVishnu Goutham Kota, Shachin Velur Ganesan, Yin Love Ho, Samriddhi Senthilkumar, Ghazal Esfahani Maragheh, Hwa Liang Leo, Hanry Yu · 2026 · Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica
- Niche-dependent immunometabolic regulation of tissue repair and regenerationXinchen Xie, Lingbin Zeng, Zhexu Chi, Di Wang · 2026 · Immunity & Inflammation
- Ventricular arrhythmogenesis in pulmonary hypertension: From right ventricular remodeling to clinical implicationsAbdülkadir Kırış, Peng Zhang, Peter Bronk, Bum‐Rak Choi, Gaurav Choudhary · 2026 · Physiological Reports
- Myocardial Development and FunctionBjarke Krogstrup Jensen · 2026 · Elsevier eBooks
- The M1/M2 Test System for Determining Macrophage PhenotypesDaria Surkova, Polina Vishnyakova, В. В. Киселева, Andrey V. Elchaninov, Timur Fatkhudinov · 2026 · International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- A Multi-Organ Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Study of Functional Specialization in Human Cardiac MacrophagesFarjana Yasmin, Nitun Kumar Podder, Israt Jahan, Jakia Khandakar Mitu · 2026 · International Conference on Power, Electronics, Communications, Computing, and Intelligent Infrastructure (PECCII)
- Type I IFN signaling shapes subset-specific monocyte fates in the injured myocardiumEcem T. Sakalli, Giuseppe Rizzo, Alma Zernecke, Gustavo Campos Ramos · 2026 · Journal of Clinical Investigation
- Autonomic nervous system modulation in arrhythmias: mechanisms and therapeutic advancesYilan Zhou, Yingxin Li, Jiani Qiu, Ying Bai, Shukun He, Jiawei Shi, Jingrong Jiang, Yun Yang, Jingyi Zhang, Haotian Gu et al. · 2026 · Frontiers in Physiology
- Tissue mitochondrial activity dictates the macrophage pool sizeLaura Pena-Couso, Jon Sicilia, Sofía Vieto, Roberto Silva‐Rojas, María Sánchez-Díaz, Enrique Calvo, Rafael Romero-Becerra, Cintia Folgueira, Leticia Herrera‐Melle, Raquel Justo‐Méndez et al. · 2026 · Science Immunology
- Connexin-43 remodeling drives atrial arrhythmias in hypothyroidism: ranolazine as a potential therapeutic strategyEmanuel Barbosa dos Santos, Jonathan Ezequiel de Souza Bazilio, Jorge Lucas Teixeira‐Fonseca, Jéssica Maria Dantas Araújo Aragão, Karina Oliveira Mota, Ana Carla Silva Nascimento, Danielle Costa dos Santos, Cácia Oliveira Dantas, Maria Eduarda Almeida Silva, Daiara Custódio Santos et al. · 2026 · Biochemical Pharmacology
- Immunometabolic regulation of cardiac macrophages in heart failure with preserved ejection fractionJiayun Liang, Manman Su, Renjie Liu, Tianlang Li, Ziyan Qin, Yì Wáng · 2026 · Frontiers in Immunology
- Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Cytokines as Drivers of Cardiac Remodeling in COPD PatientsElena-Andreea Moaleș, Lucia Corina Dima-Cozma, Cristina Andreea Adam, Doina-Clementina Cojocaru, Cristina Gena Dascălu, Andreea Iațentiuc, Iustin Mihai Iațentiuc, Tatiana Dramba, Maura Gabriela Felea, Robert Negru et al. · 2026 · Antioxidants
- Tissue-Resident Macrophages: Linking Physiology and Inflammation in InfectionMarcelo Eduardo Cardozo, Tatyane Martins Cirilo, Isabela de Brito Duval, Ana Laura Grossi de Oliveira, Luísa Mourão Dias Magalhães, Lilian Lacerda Bueno, Eric Dumonteil, Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara · 2026 · Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
- Tissue‐Resident Macrophage in Inflammation and CancerSiyuan Huang, Jiangbo Fan, Wenyi Liu, Di Liu, Rui Wang, Yuanyang Wang, Jianhui Sun, Huacai Zhang, Qingli Cai, Zhe Xu et al. · 2026 · MedComm
- DREADDs-Gi mediated inhibition of myeloid cells leads to anti-inflammatory signalling, shrinkage of microglia and acute heart failure in Cx3cr1Cre miceFrederik Holde, Tina Myhre Pedersen, Sofie Frandsen, Bjarke Thomsen, Vladimir V. Matchkov, Anna M. Klawonn · 2026 · Brain Behavior and Immunity
- The role of macrophages in cardiac diseases: a review of the origins, functional diversity, and therapeutic potentialLi Che, Zilong Wang · 2026 · Frontiers in Immunology
- Neuro‐Immune Interaction: A New Therapeutic Target for Cardiovascular DiseasesXuefang Ma, Ke Yang, Aodi Fan, Binyan Wang, Xiangyu Zhu, Weiying Hu, Guanwei Fan, Lan Li · 2026 · Comprehensive physiology