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Media and technology use predicts ill-being among children, preteens and teenagers independent of the negative health impacts of exercise and eating habits
Open accessAbstract
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends no screen time for children under the age of 2 and limited screen time for all children. However, no such guidelines have been proposed for preteens and teenagers. Further, research shows that children, preteens, and teenagers are using massive amounts of media and those with more screen time have been shown to have increased obesity, reduced physical activity, and decreased health. This study examined the impact of technology on four areas of ill-being-psychological issues, behavior problems, attention problems and physical health-among children (aged 4-8), preteens (9-12), and teenagers (13-18) by having 1030 parents complete an online, anonymous survey about their own and their child's behaviors. Measures included daily technology use, daily food consumption, daily exercise, and health. Hypothesis 1, which posited that unhealthy eating would predict impaired ill-being, was partially supported, particularly for children and preteens. Hypothesis 2, which posited that reduced physical activity would predict diminished health levels, was partially supported for preteens and supported for teenagers. Hypothesis 3, that increased daily technology use would predict ill-being after factoring out eating habits and physical activity, was supported. For children and preteens, total media consumption predicted illbeing while for preteens specific technology uses, including video gaming and electronic communication, predicted ill-being. For teenagers, nearly every type of technological activity predicted poor health. Practical implications were discussed in terms of setting limits and boundaries on technology use and encouraging healthy eating and physical activity at home and at school.
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“Fourteen studies identified in this systematic scoping review measured both ST and GT [234–238, 242–250].”
From Psychological impacts of “screen time” and “green time” for children and adolescents: A systematic scoping review (2020) · cites this paper as [246]
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“This implication is particularly meaningful, as frequent video game play has typically been associated with a more sedentary lifestyle (Lakdawalla, & Philipson, 2002; Rosen et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMessages about appearance, food, weight and exercise in “tween” television
Simpson, C. C., Kwitowski, M. A., Boutté, R. L., Gow, R. W., & Mazzeo, S. E. (2016) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.08.001 · Cited by 26
Sarfraz, S., Shlaghya, G., Narayana, S. H., Mushtaq, U., Ameen, B. S., Nie, C., Nechi, D., Mazhar, I. J., Yasir, M., & Franchini, A. P. A. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.42292 · Cited by 24
“According to an article, most American children exceed the limits of screen-time use, spending anywhere between five to seven hours a day [6].”
BackgroundSmartphones and Varsity Athletes: A Complicated Relationship
DesClouds, P., & Durand-Bush, N. (2021) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2020.560031 · Cited by 24
Open-source smartphone app and tools for measuring, quantifying, and visualizing technology use
Geyer, K., Ellis, D. A., Shaw, H., & Davidson, B. I. (2021) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-021-01585-7 · Cited by 23
“This repeats a pattern of research priorities, which previously focused on the negative impacts of many other screen-based technologies, systematically moving from television and video games, to the Internet, and social media (Davidson et al., 2019; Rosen et al., 2014).”
BackgroundKatapally, T., Thorisdottir, A. S., Laxer, R. E., Qian, W., & Leatherdale, S. (2018) · Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada · doi:10.24095/hpcdp.38.10.03 · Cited by 22
Jiang, S.-H. (2017) · Journal of cancer survivorship · doi:10.1007/s11764-017-0595-2 · Cited by 21
“effects on factors directly contributing to the outcome of interests [27, 28].”
BackgroundThe Impact of Media Use on Sleep in Adolescents
Burke, S. M. (2016) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2016.06.003 · Cited by 6
Thorne, H. T., Smith, J. J., Morgan, P. J., Babic, M., & Lubans, D. R. (2014) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.09.012 · Cited by 21
Beynon, A. M., Hendry, D., Rasmussen, C. L., Rohl, A. L., Eynon, R., Thomas, G., Stearne, S. M., Campbell, A., Harris, C. J., Zabatiero, J. G., et al. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11070754 · Cited by 17
“However, there is also some evidence to support negative, harmful impacts such as for physical, emotional and cognitive well-being and overall development [6,8–11].”
BackgroundVillamil, A., & King, S. (2024) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2023.0001 · Cited by 33
“70 These safeguards could include control over the types of users with which individuals can interact, including similar age cohorts.”
BackgroundLee, J., & Kwon, K. H. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su151713247 · Cited by 28
Semar, R., & Bakshi, N. (2022) · Journal of Indian Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1177/09731342221144877 · Cited by 20
Young children’s agency with digital technologies
Nolan, A., Edwards, S., Salamon, A., Straker, L. M., Grieshaber, S., Skouteris, H., Henderson, M., Highfield, K., & Bartlett, J. (2021) · Children & Society · doi:10.1111/chso.12512 · Cited by 27
Farbo, D. J., Maler, L. C., & Rhea, D. J. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17238919 · Cited by 27
“7 million children between the ages of 6–19 being overweight or obese in the United States today [4,5].”
BackgroundScreening for Problematic Internet Use
D’Angelo, J. D., & Moreno, M. A. (2020) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2019-2056f · Cited by 28
“Researchers have identified a rising number of consequences associated with increased Internet use among adolescents, including, but not limited to, psychological issues, behavior problems, attention problems, and physical problems.(4) Given that Internet use begins increasingly earlier in adolescence and even during…”
BackgroundMiežienė, B., Emeljanovas, A., Novak, D., & Kawachi, I. I. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11061332 · Cited by 22
“Adolescents consume a lot of sweets, baked products, fast food, and sugary drinks [1].”
BackgroundMarcum, C. D., Higgins, G. E., & Nicholson, J. (2018) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2017.1304801 · Cited by 20
“Clinicians, academics, and legislators have all expressed apprehension regarding the negative impact that technology has had on social skill development (Bonetti, Campbell, and Gilmore 2010; Pierce 2009), physical health (Arora et al. 2013; Rosen et al. 2014), and sexual development (Hua 2012).”
BackgroundMarino, C., Vieno, A., Lenzi, M., Borraccino, A., Lazzeri, G., & Lemma, P. (2016) · International Journal of School Health · doi:10.17795/intjsh-32921 · Cited by 19
“The lack of sleep might interfere with cognitive functions, making it more difficult to concentrate and focus on daily tasks, leading to tiredness, anxiety, and even depression (2).”
BackgroundMonteiro, R., Rocha, N., & Fernandes, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.590279 · Cited by 18
Suraya, R., Nababan, A., Siagian, A., & Lubis, Z. (2021) · doi:10.33085/jdg.v3i2.4732 · Cited by 18
“Penelitian lain juga mengungkapkan aktivitas fisik yang sering dilakukan remaja saat berada di sekolah hanya duduk-duduk dan sesekali bercerita dengan teman-temannya serta selalu bermain smartphone yang seterusnya berlanjut sampai pulang ke rumah (18).”
BackgroundParental insights from three elite-level youth sports: implications for family life
Mirehie, M., Gibson, H. J., Kang, S., & Bell, H. (2018) · World Leisure Journal · doi:10.1080/16078055.2018.1550437 · Cited by 18
“Certainly, there is growing concern over the use of electronic games, cell phones, and the Internet among youth (Rosen et al., 2014), but how this is balanced in what for these youngsters is an already busy sport schedule, along with the demands of school would be a valuable research focus.”
BackgroundAdolescents' Gadget Addiction and Family Functioning
Chasanah, A. M., & Kilis, G. (2018) · Universitas Indonesia International Psychology Symposium for Undergraduate Research (UIPSUR) · doi:10.2991/uipsur-17.2018.52 · Cited by 15
“Regarding health, Rosen et al. (2014) found that the use of technology such as gadgets can predict decreased physical activity, poor diet, and increased likelihood of obesity in adolescents.”
BackgroundJie, Y., Jiang, Y., & Saunders, T. R. (2023) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2023.2258409 · Cited by 21
“This result extends the existing understanding of the negative impact of increased time spent on social media, watching television, or playing video games on well-being of children and teens 92–94 to undergraduate college attending young adults.”
Problematic Digital Technology Use Measures in Children Aged 0 to 6 Years: Scoping Review
Selak, Š., Horvat, J., & Žmavc, M. (2025) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/59869 · Cited by 19
Nagata, J. M., Cortez, C. A., Iyer, P., Ganson, K., Chu, J., & Conroy, A. A. (2021) · Academic pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2021.12.008 · Cited by 16
The well-being of gamers, video game players, and non-players
Kort-Butler, L. A. (2021) · The Social Science Journal · doi:10.1080/03623319.2021.1910774 · Cited by 16
Ellis, D. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108671408.003 · Cited by 2
Sedentary Habits and Their Detrimental Impact on Global Health: A Viewpoint
Singh, C., Bandre, G. R., Gajbe, U., Shrivastava, S. R., Tiwade, Y. R., Bankar, N. J., & Moizuddin, K. (2024) · National Journal of Community Medicine · doi:10.55489/njcm.150220243590 · Cited by 20
“27,68 While using a phone, improper posture might increase your chance of developing developmental issues, musculoskeletal issues, obesity, inactivity, and poor sleep.”
BackgroundPredictive Roles of Psychological Resilience and Coping Skills on Social Media Addiction
Kocabıyık, O. O., & Bacioğlu, S. D. (2022) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar · doi:10.18863/pgy.1137812 · Cited by 15
Is the digitalization of play technological mutation or digital evolution?
Güneş, G. (2020) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2020.1787402 · Cited by 22
“…in that children spent two hours per day on weekends playing video games on the screen, which not only causes a serious problem for physical health (Rosen et al., 2014), but also has impacts on social-emotional behaviour (Hu et al., 2020; Mistry et al., 2007), cognitive development (Kumari &…”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Rosen, L. D., Lim, A. F., Felt, J., Carrier, L. M., Cheever, N. A., Lara-Ruiz, J. M., Mendoza, J. S., & Rokkum, J.
- Affiliations
- California State University, Dominguez Hills (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rosen, L.D.
- ORCID
- Carrier, L.M.
- Venue
- Computers in Human Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-06
- Volume
- 35
- Pages
- 364-375
- ISSN
- 0747-5632 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4338000
- OpenAlex
- W2143780983
- Cited by
- 358
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 84.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Computers in Human Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (GM008683)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- screen time, media use, technology use, preadolescents, adolescents, mental illness, behavioral problems, attention deficits, physical health, dietary habits, physical activity, video gaming, digital communication, screen time guidelines, parent survey
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