Smartphones reduce smiles between strangers

Kushlev, Kostadin; Hunter, John F.; Proulx, Jason; Pressman, Sarah D.; Dunn, Elizabeth

doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.09.023

Cited by 89Impact of Technology on AdolescentsDigital Communication and LanguageDigital Media and Philosophy

Smartphones reduce smiles between strangers

Kushlev, Kostadin, Hunter, John F., Proulx, Jason, Pressman, Sarah D., Dunn, Elizabeth·2019·Computers in Human Behavior

DOI 10.1016/j.chb.2018.09.023

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Abstract

New developments in technology—from the printing press to television—have long facilitated our capacity for “absent presence,” enabling us to escape the limits of our immediate environment. Does being constantly connected to other people and activities through our smartphones diminish the need to engage with others in the immediate social world, reducing the likelihood of approach behavior such as smiling? In a preregistered experiment, strangers waited together with or without their smartphones; their smiling was later coded by trained assistants. Compared to participants without smartphones, participants with smartphones exhibited significantly fewer smiles of any kind and fewer genuine (Duchenne) smiles. These findings are based on objective behavioral coding rather than self-report and provide clear evidence that being constantly connected to the digital world may undermine important approach behavior.

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Phone use during social interaction can reduce frequency of smiling at others.
“Phone use during social interaction can reduce feelings of social connection [41,42 ,43,44], the perceived quality of the interaction [45,46], enjoyment gained from the interaction [47 ], and even frequency of smiling at others [48].”
From Two social lives: how differences between online and offline interaction influence social outcomes (2020) · cites this paper as [48]

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Copyright Page
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Safety and Security
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Preface
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Health and Behaviour Change
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Introduction
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Cognition
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Index
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Dedication
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Notes
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Preface
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Authors: Kushlev, K., Hunter, J. F., Proulx, J., Pressman, S. D., & Dunn, E.
Affiliations: Georgetown University (US)
University of California, Irvine (US)
University of British Columbia (CA)
Corresponding author: Kushlev, Kostadin
ORCID: Kushlev, Kostadin
Hunter, John F.
Proulx, Jason
Pressman, Sarah D.
Dunn, Elizabeth
Venue: Computers in Human Behavior
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2019-02
Volume: 91
Pages: 12-16
ISSN: 0747-5632 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.09.023
OpenAlex: W2892103170
Semantic Scholar: 6b0541eb10dac43278b6dfe5d8a69ec8db081c58
Cited by: 89
References: 51
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 2
FWCI: 29.59
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Computers in Human Behavior (publishedVersion)
Funders: Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (435-2015-0204)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Digital Communication and Language
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Science Applications › Digital Media and Philosophy
Keywords: smartphones, smiling, approach behavior, absent presence, digital technologies, social connectedness, Duchenne smile, stranger interaction, face-to-face communication

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