The impact of electronic monitoring on employees' job satisfaction, stress, performance, and counterproductive work behavior: A meta-analysis

Siegel, Rudolf; König, Cornelius J.; Lazar, Veronika

doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100227

Cited by 151Cyberloafing and Workplace BehaviorJob Satisfaction and Organizational BehaviorEmployee Performance and Management

The impact of electronic monitoring on employees' job satisfaction, stress, performance, and counterproductive work behavior: A meta-analysis

Open access

Siegel, Rudolf, König, Cornelius J., Lazar, Veronika·2022·Computers in Human Behavior Reports

DOI 10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100227

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Organizations all around the world increasingly use electronic monitoring to collect information on employees’ working behavior. To investigate the effects of electronic monitoring on employees’ job satisfaction, stress, performance, and counterproductive work behavior (CWB), we collected data of 70 independent samples and 233 effect sizes for this meta-analysis. Results indicate that electronic monitoring slightly decreases job satisfaction, r = −0.10, and slightly increases stress, r = .11, supporting the notion that electronic monitoring negatively affects employees’ well-being and work attitudes. Moderator analyses suggest that performance targets and feedback may further exacerbate these negative effects on workers. Furthermore, maintaining and improving the performance of employees is an important justification of electronic monitoring. However, the current meta-analysis found no relationship between electronic monitoring and performance, r = −0.01, but a small positive relationship with CWB, r = 0.09. These results question the benefits of electronic monitoring for organizations. Thus, decision-makers in organizations should pay attention to what ends employees are monitored. Beyond that, the current meta-analysis shows that laboratory studies probably underestimate the relationship between monitoring and employees’ job satisfaction, stress, and performance in field studies. In addition, current research on the effects of electronic monitoring lacks the examination of processes why organizations implement electronic monitoring and how electronic monitoring and work design are related to each other.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100227

Cites

125 of 125 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Conducting Meta-Analyses in R with the metafor Package
Viechtbauer, W. (2010) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v036.i03 · Cited by 20,464 · see citing works
The job demands-resources model of burnout.
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499 · Cited by 13,643 · see citing works
Agency Theory: An Assessment and Review
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989) · The Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1989.4279003 · Cited by 13,338 · see citing works
Job Demands, Job Decision Latitude, and Mental Strain: Implications for Job Redesign
Karasek, R. A. (1979) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2392498 · Cited by 12,597 · see citing works
The effects of feedback interventions on performance: A historical review, a meta-analysis, and a preliminary feedback intervention theory.
Kluger, A. N., & DeNisi, A. (1996) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.254 · Cited by 5,882 · see citing works
Evaluating Effect Size in Psychological Research: Sense and Nonsense
Funder, D. C., & Ozer, D. J. (2019) · Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2515245919847202 · Cited by 3,295 · see citing works
Development of a measure of workplace deviance.
Bennett, R. J., & Robinson, S. L. (2000) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.85.3.349 · Cited by 3,084 · see citing works
Job Resources Buffer the Impact of Job Demands on Burnout.
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Euwema, M. C. (2005) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/1076-8998.10.2.170 · Cited by 2,483 · see citing works
EMPLOYEE ATTRIBUTIONS OF THE “WHY” OF HR PRACTICES: THEIR EFFECTS ON EMPLOYEE ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIORS, AND CUSTOMER SATISFACTION
NISHII, L. H., LEPAK, D. P., & SCHNEIDER, B. (2008) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.00121.x · Cited by 1,410 · see citing works
How Technology Is Changing Work and Organizations
Cascio, W. F., & Montealegre, R. (2016) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-041015-062352 · Cited by 1,277 · see citing works
How to do a meta‐analysis
Field, A. P., & Gillett, R. (2010) · British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology · doi:10.1348/000711010x502733 · Cited by 1,162 · see citing works
Three-level meta-analysis of dependent effect sizes
Van den Noortgate, W., López-López, J. A., Marín-Martínez, F., & Sánchez-Meca, J. (2013) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-012-0261-6 · Cited by 1,130 · see citing works
Meta-regression approximations to reduce publication selection bias: T. D. STANLEY AND H. DOUCOULIAGOS
Stanley, T. D., & Doucouliagos, H. (2014) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.1095 · Cited by 916 · see citing works
Correlational effect size benchmarks
Bosco, F. A., Aguinis, H., Singh, K., Field, J. G., & Pierce, C. A. (2015) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038047 · Cited by 768 · see citing works
Beyond Motivation: Job and Work Design for Development, Health, Ambidexterity, and More
Parker, S. K. (2013) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115208 · Cited by 749 · see citing works
Construct Validation in Social and Personality Research
Flake, J. K., Pek, J. C. X., & Hehman, E. (2017) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550617693063 · Cited by 715 · see citing works
metaSEM: an R package for meta-analysis using structural equation modeling
Cheung, M. W. ‐. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01521 · Cited by 698 · see citing works
Performance appraisal and performance management: 100 years of progress?
DeNisi, A. S., & Murphy, K. R. (2017) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000085 · Cited by 677 · see citing works
Correcting for Bias in Psychology: A Comparison of Meta-Analytic Methods
Carter, E. C., Schönbrodt, F. D., Gervais, W. M., & Hilgard, J. (2019) · Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2515245919847196 · Cited by 588 · see citing works
Workplace surveillance: an overview
Ball, K. S. (2010) · Labor History · doi:10.1080/00236561003654776 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
Performance management : key strategies and practical guidelines
Armstrong, M. (2000) · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Perceived information and communication technology (ICT) demands on employee outcomes: The moderating effect of organizational ICT support
Day, A., Paquet, S., Scott, N., & Hambley, L. (2012) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029837 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
How does the digital transformation affect organizations? Key themes of change in work design and leadership.
Schwarzmüller, T., Brosi, P., Duman, D., & Welpe, I. M. (2018) · management revu · doi:10.5771/0935-9915-2018-2-114 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
DOES MONITORING INCREASE WORK EFFORT? THE RIVALRY WITH TRUST AND LOYALTY
Frey, B. S. (1993) · Economic Inquiry · doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.1993.tb00897.x · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Pay, Intrinsic Motivation, Extrinsic Motivation, Performance, and Creativity in the Workplace: Revisiting Long-Held Beliefs
Gerhart, B., & Fang, M. (2015) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032414-111418 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Small-Sample Adjustments for Tests of Moderators and Model Fit Using Robust Variance Estimation in Meta-Regression
Tipton, E., & Pustejovsky, J. E. (2015) · Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics · doi:10.3102/1076998615606099 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Revisiting Truth or Triviality
Mitchell, G. (2012) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691611432343 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Electronic performance monitoring and social context: Impact on productivity and stress.
Aiello, J. R., & Kolb, K. J. (1995) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.80.3.339 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
The Effects of Performance Monitoring on Emotional Labor and Well-Being in Call Centers
Holman, D. J., Chissick, C., & Totterdell, P. (2002) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1023/a:1015194108376 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Reactions to Employee Performance Monitoring: Framework, Review, and Research Directions
Stanton, J. M. (2000) · Human Performance · doi:10.1207/s15327043hup1301_4 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
EPM 20/20: A Review, Framework, and Research Agenda for Electronic Performance Monitoring
Ravid, D. M., Tomczak, D. L., White, J. C., & Behrend, T. S. (2020) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206319869435 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Meta-Analysis With Complex Research Designs
Scammacca, N. K., Roberts, G. J., & Stuebing, K. K. (2013) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654313500826 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Employee stress and health complaints in jobs with and without electronic performance monitoring
Smith, M. J., Carayon, P., Sanders, K., Lim, S.-Y., & LeGrande, D. (1992) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/0003-6870(92)90006-h · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Coercion Versus Care: Using Irony to Make Sense of Organizational Surveillance
Sewell, G., & Barker, J. R. (2006) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2006.22527466 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
A multivariate mixed linear model for meta-analysis.
Kalaian, H. A., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1996) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.1.3.227 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Employee wellbeing in call centres
Holman, D. J. (2002) · Human Resource Management Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1748-8583.2002.tb00076.x · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Human Autonomy in Cross-Cultural Context
Chirkov, V., Sheldon, K. M., & Ryan, R. M. (2010) · Cross-cultural advancements in positive psychology · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9667-8 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Toward effective supervision: An operant analysis and comparison of managers at work.
Komaki, J. L. (1986) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.71.2.270 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
When food‐delivery platform workers consent to algorithmic management: a Foucauldian perspective
Galière, S. (2020) · New Technology, Work and Employment · doi:10.1111/ntwe.12177 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Does One Size Fit All? Examining the Differential Effects of IS Security Countermeasures
D’Arcy, J., & Hovav, A. (2008) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-008-9909-7 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Computer Monitoring of Work Performance: Extending the Social Facilitation Framework to Electronic Presence1
Aiello, J. R., & Svec, C. M. (1993) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1993.tb01102.x · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Relationship Clean-Up Time: Using Meta-Analysis and Path Analysis to Clarify Relationships Among Job Satisfaction, Perceived Fairness, and Citizenship Behaviors †
Fassina, N. E., Jones, D. A., & Uggerslev, K. L. (2007) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206307309260 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Untitled work
(2017) · International Conference on Information Systems · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Work and Organizational Psychology Looks at the Fourth Industrial Revolution: How to Support Workers and Organizations?
Ghislieri, C., Molino, M., & Cortese, C. G. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02365 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Tapping into the wearable device revolution in the work environment: a systematic review
Khakurel, J., Melkas, H., & Porras, J. (2018) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/itp-03-2017-0076 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
A meta-analytic investigation of cyberloafing
Mercado, B. K., Giordano, C., & Dilchert, S. (2017) · Career Development International · doi:10.1108/cdi-08-2017-0142 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Computerized performance monitoring systems: use and abuse
Irving, R. H., Higgins, C. A., & SAFAYENI, F. R. (1986) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/6424.6430 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Reducing burnout in call centers through HR practices
Castanheira, F., & Chambel, M. J. (2010) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.20393 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Call centers as Lean service environments: job-related strain and the mediating role of work design
Sprigg, C. A., & Jackson, P. R. (2006) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/1076-8998.11.2.197 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Electronic monitoring and surveillance in the workplace
Holland, P. J., Cooper, B. K., & Hecker, R. (2015) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-11-2013-0211 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Applying the job demands resources model to understand technology as a predictor of turnover intentions
Carlson, J. R., Carlson, D. S., Zivnuska, S., Harris, R. B., & Harris, K. J. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.09.009 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Monitoring what and how: psychological implications of electronic performance monitoring
Jeske, D., & Santuzzi, A. M. (2015) · New Technology, Work and Employment · doi:10.1111/ntwe.12039 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
The Impact of Management Practices on Employee Productivity: A Field Experiment with Airline Captains
Gosnell, G. K., List, J. A., & Metcalfe, R. (2019) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/705375 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
The Invisible Eye? Electronic Performance Monitoring and Employee Job Performance
Bhave, D. P. (2013) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/peps.12046 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Autonomy in the Workplace: An Essential Ingredient to Employee Engagement and Well-Being in Every Culture
Gagné, M., & Bhave, D. P. (2010) · Cross-cultural advancements in positive psychology · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9667-8_8 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
The role of participation and control in the effects of computer monitoring on fairness perceptions, task satisfaction, and performance.
Douthitt, E. A., & Aiello, J. R. (2001) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.5.867 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Police Body-Worn Cameras: Effects on Officers’ Burnout and Perceived Organizational Support
Adams, I. T., & Mastracci, S. H. (2018) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611118783987 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Effect of Electronic Performance Monitoring on Job Design and Worker Stress: Review of the Literature and Conceptual Model
Carayon, P. (1993) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/001872089303500301 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Electronic monitoring in their own words: an exploratory study of employees' experiences with new types of surveillance
Stanton, J. M., & Weiss, E. M. (2000) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0747-5632(00)00018-2 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
The impact of the perceived purpose of electronic performance monitoring on an array of attitudinal variables
Wells, D. L., Moorman, R. H., & Werner, J. M. (2007) · Human Resource Development Quarterly · doi:10.1002/hrdq.1194 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
The Effects of Computer Monitoring, Standards, and Rewards on Work Performance, Job Satisfaction, and Stress1
Nebeker, D. M., & Tatum, B. C. (1993) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1993.tb01101.x · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Evidence-based recommendations for employee performance monitoring
Tomczak, D. L., Lanzo, L. A., & Aguinis, H. (2018) · Business Horizons · doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2017.11.006 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Reactance to Electronic Surveillance: a Test of Antecedents and Outcomes
Yost, A. B., Behrend, T. S., Howardson, G. N., Darrow, J. B., & Jensen, J. M. (2018) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-018-9532-2 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Another look at the locus of control-organizational commitment relationship: it depends on the form of commitment
Coleman, D. F., Irving, G. P., & Cooper, C. L. (1999) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1379(199911)20:6 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Electronic monitoring and surveillance in call centres: a framework for investigation
Ball, K. S., & Margulis, S. T. (2011) · New Technology, Work and Employment · doi:10.1111/j.1468-005x.2011.00263.x · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Explaining workplace delinquency: The role of Honesty–Humility, ethical culture, and employee surveillance
de Vries, R. E., & van Gelder, J. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.06.008 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Monitoring and Performance: A Comparison of Computer and Supervisor Monitoring1
Griffith, T. L. (1993) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1993.tb01103.x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
An eye on your work: How empowerment affects the relationship between electronic surveillance and counterproductive work behaviours
Martin, A. J., Wellen, J., & Grimmer, M. R. (2016) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2016.1225313 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
The impact of electronic monitoring on quality and quantity of performance
Stanton, J. M., & Julian, A. L. (2002) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0747-5632(01)00029-2 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Work Design Variation and Outcomes in Call Centers: Strategic Choice and Institutional Explanations
Holman, D. J., Frenkel, S. J., Sørensen, O. H., & Wood, S. (2009) · Industrial and Labor Relations Review · doi:10.1177/001979390906200403 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Care in a Time of Austerity: the Electronic Monitoring of Homecare Workers’ Time
Hayes, L., & Moore, S. (2016) · Gender Work and Organization · doi:10.1111/gwao.12164 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Electronic Performance Monitoring: A Laboratory Investigation of the Influence of Monitoring and Difficulty on Task Performance, Mood State, and Self‐Reported Stress Levels
Davidson, R., & Henderson, R. D. (2000) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02502.x · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The Psychology of Workplace Technology
Pa, H. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203735565 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Always Connected: Technology Use Increases Technostress Among Public Managers
Camarena, L., & Fusi, F. (2021) · The American Review of Public Administration · doi:10.1177/02750740211050387 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Towards understanding fairness judgments associated with computer performance monitoring: An integration of the feedback, justice, and monitoring research
Alder, G. S., & Ambrose, M. L. (2005) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2005.01.001 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
The effects of electronic performance monitoring on stress: Locus of control as a moderator variable
Kolb, K. J., & Aiello, J. R. (1996) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/0747-5632(96)00016-7 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Electronic workplace monitoring: What employees think
Oz, E., Glass, R. S., & Behling, R. P. (1999) · Omega · doi:10.1016/s0305-0483(98)00037-1 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Leadership in Organizations
Knies, E., Jacobsen, C. B., & Tummers, L. G. (2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315695792 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Can Electronic Performance Monitoring Be Fair? Exploring Relationships Among Monitoring Characteristics, Perceived Fairness, and Job Performance
Moorman, R. H., & Wells, D. L. (2003) · Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies · doi:10.1177/107179190301000202 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Effects of electronic performance monitoring on job design and worker stress: Results of two studies
Carayon, P. (1994) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447319409526089 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
2019 IEEE/SICE International Symposium on System Integration (SII)
(2019) · doi:10.1109/sii42950.2019 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Simulation-based estimation of mean and standard deviation for meta-analysis via Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC)
Kwon, D., & Reis, I. M. (2015) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-015-0055-5 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
When big brother is watching: goal orientation shapes reactions to electronic monitoring during online training.
Watson, A., Thompson, L. F., Rudolph, J. V., Whelan, T., Behrend, T. S., & Gissel, A. L. (2013) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032002 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Clinical experiences with a new system for automated hand hygiene monitoring: A prospective observational study
Iversen, A.-M., Kavalaris, C. P., Hansen, R., Hansen, M. B., Alexander, R., Kostadinov, K., Holt, J., Kristensen, B., Knudsen, J. D., Møller, J. K., et al. (2019) · American Journal of Infection Control · doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2019.09.003 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Exploring antecedents and consequences of burnout in a call centre
Visser, W. A., & Rothmann, S. (2008) · SA Journal of Industrial Psychology · doi:10.4102/sajip.v34i2.734 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Reconciling the Two Disciplines of Organisational Science: A Comparison of Findings from Lab and Field Research
Vanhove, A. J., & Harms, P. D. (2015) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12046 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The effects and moderators of cyber-loafing controls: an empirical study of Chinese public servants
Wang, J., Tian, J., & Shen, Z. (2013) · Information Technology and Management · doi:10.1007/s10799-013-0164-y · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Telephone surveillance in call centers: prescriptions for reducing strain
Varca, P. E. (2006) · Managing Service Quality · doi:10.1108/09604520610663507 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Electronic monitoring systems: an examination of physiological activity and task performance within a simulated keystroke security and electronic performance monitoring sytem
Henderson, R. D., Mahar, D., Saliba, A. J., Deane, F. P., & Napier, R. C. (1998) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1006/ijhc.1997.0167 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
An Agency Theory Explanation of Project Success
Mahaney, R. C., & Lederer, A. L. (2015) · Journal of Computer Information Systems · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Context Sensitive Technologies and Electronic Employee Monitoring: a Meta-Analytic Review
Backhaus, N. (2019) · 2019 IEEE/SICE International Symposium on System Integration (SII) · doi:10.1109/sii.2019.8700354 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Workplace Monitoring and Surveillance Research since “1984”: A Review and Agenda
(2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203735565-22 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Electronic Performance Monitoring and sustained attention: Social facilitation for modern applications
Claypoole, V. L., & Szalma, J. L. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.01.001 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Monitoring Online Training Behaviors: Awareness of Electronic Surveillance Hinders E‐Learners1
Thompson, L. F., Sebastianelli, J., & Murray, N. P. (2009) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00521.x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
A taxonomic foundation for evidence-based research on employee performance management
Posthuma, R. A., Charles Campion, M., & Campion, M. A. (2018) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2018.1438411 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Examining big brother's purpose for using electronic performance monitoring
Bartels, L. K., & Nordstrom, C. R. (2012) · Performance Improvement Quarterly · doi:10.1002/piq.20140 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Observer Effects without Demand Characteristics: An Inductive Investigation of Video Monitoring and Performance
Becker, T. E., & Marique, G. (2013) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-013-9338-1 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Advancing Meta-Analysis With Knowledge-Management Platforms: Using metaBUS in Psychology
Bosco, F. A., Field, J. G., Larsen, K. R. T., Chang, Y., & Uggerslev, K. L. (2019) · Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2515245919882693 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
A Detailed Analysis of Task Performance With and Without Computer Monitoring
Stanton, J. M., & Sarkar-Barney, S. T. M. (2003) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1207/s15327590ijhc1602_11 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Electronic Performance Monitoring, Job Design and Psychological Stress
Rogers, K. J. S., Smith, M. J., & Sainfort, P. C. (1990) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/154193129003401206 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Computer-Based Performance Monitoring and Productivity in a Multiple Task Environment
Kolb, K. J., & Aiello, J. R. (1997) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1025022202211 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
THE MANAGERIAL DECISION TO IMPLEMENT ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE AT WORK: A RESEARCH FRAMEWORK
Chen, V., & Ross, W. H. (2005) · International journal of organizational analysis · doi:10.1108/eb029006 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The hidden costs of surveillance for performance and helping behaviour
O’Donnell, A. T., Ryan, M. K., & Jetten, J. (2012) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430212453629 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Big Brother or big bother? E‐monitoring the salesforce
DelVecchio, S. K., Deeter‐Schmelz, D. R., & Anselmi, K. (2013) · Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing · doi:10.1108/08858621311313893 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The Effect of Age and Task Difficulty
Mallo, J. R., Nordstrom, C. R., Bartels, L. K., & Traxler, A. J. (2008) · Performance Improvement Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1937-8327.2007.tb00431.x · Cited by 16 · see citing works
EPM technology and the psychosocial work environment
Rafnsdóttir, G. L., & Gudmundsdottir, M. L. (2011) · New Technology Work and Employment · doi:10.1111/j.1468-005x.2011.00270.x · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The role of general and specific stressors in the health and well-being of call centre operators
Mellor, D. J., Moore, K., & Siong, Z. M. B. (2015) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-141975 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Silicon supervisors and stress: Merging new evidence from the field
Galletta, D. F., & Grant, R. A. (1995) · Accounting Management and Information Technologies · doi:10.1016/0959-8022(96)00003-3 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Evaluative social presence can improve vigilance performance, but vigilance is still hard work and is stressful.
Claypoole, V. L., Neigel, A. R., Waldfogle, G. E., & Szalma, J. L. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/xhp0000635 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The effects of human versus computer monitoring of performance on physiological reactions and perceptions of stress.
Silverman, M. K., & Smith, C. S. (1995) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10173-011 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Stripped of Agency: The Paradoxical Effect of Employee Monitoring on Deviance
Thiel, C. E., Bonner, J., Bush, J. T., Welsh, D. T., & Garud, N. (2021) · Academy of Management Proceedings · doi:10.5465/ambpp.2021.11632abstract · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The effects of computer monitoring on employee performance and stress: results of two experimental studies
Huston, T. L., Galletta, D. F., & Huston, J. L. (2002) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.1109/hicss.1993.284234 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Effects of Organizational Controls on Employees' Cyber-loafing
Luo, X. R., Xu, F., Zhang, J., Xiao, S., & Xue, B. (2022) · ACM SIGMIS Database the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems · doi:10.1145/3514097.3514102 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Electronic Monitoring and Self-Regulation: Effects of Monitoring Purpose on Goal State, Feedback Perceptions, and Learning
Karim, M. N. (n.d.) · ProQuest Demo Repository · Cited by 7 · see citing works
How hybrid HR systems affect performance in call centers
Story, J., & Castanheira, F. (2020) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-01-2020-0054 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Are You Watching Me? A Look at Panoptic Perceptions Surrounding Computer Monitoring Systems
Johnson, N., Li, Y., Tang, F., & Sarker, S. (2014) · Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research · doi:10.1080/15228053.2014.912475 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The influence of performance standards and feedback on speed and accuracy in an electronically monitored data‐entry task
Galinsky, T. L., Schleifer, L. M., & Pan, C. S. (1995) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447319509526108 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The impact of monitoring and sanctioning and perceived loafing towards revenge motive and tendency to commit counterproductive work behaviors within the academic workplace
Hu, Y.-L., Hung, C.-H., & Ching, G. S. (2016) · International Journal of Research Studies in Management · doi:10.5861/ijrsm.2016.1627 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The effects of electronic performance monitoring on performance outcomes: a review and meta-analysis
Carroll, W. R. (2006) · Saint Mary's University Institutional Repository (Saint Mary's University) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Part-time workers’ responses to electronic performance monitoring
Jeske, D., & Santuzzi, A. M. (2019) · Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University) · doi:10.25762/qbzw-0377 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Understanding the Impact of Cyberloafing-Related Internet Monitoring on Employee Job Performance: A Field Experiment
Jiang, H. (2019) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Wearables in the Workplace: Examination Using a Privacy Boundary Model
Luse, A., & Burkman, J. (2020) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/3jmwa.000058 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Electronic Monitoring Relevance and Justification: Implications for Procedural Justice and Satisfaction
Watson, A. M. (2008) · NCSU Libraries Repository (North Carolina State University Libraries) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
EPM effects on workplace well-being: The role of personality
Robinson, C. D. (2020) · Research Commons (University of Waikato) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
THE USE OF ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE AND PERFORMANCE MEASURES IN THE WORKPLACE: A QUALITATIVE INVESTIGATION
Reilly, S. M. (2010) · Durham e-Theses (Durham University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

3 of the 128 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

The Power of Precision: How Algorithmic Monitoring and Performance Management Enhances Employee Workplace Well‐Being
Deng, H., Lu, Y., Fan, D., Liu, W., & Xia, Y. (2024) · New Technology Work and Employment · doi:10.1111/ntwe.12328 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Electronic Monitoring at Work
König, C. J. (2024) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-110622-060758 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citation
The threat of electronic performance monitoring: Exploring the role of leader-member exchange on employee privacy invasion
Wolff, M. S., White, J. C., Abraham, M., Schnabel, C., Wieser, L., & Niessen, C. (2024) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2024.104031 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
The ‘side effects’ of digitalization: A study on role overload and job burnout of employees
Zhang, Q., Dai, W., Chen, J., Gu, Y., & Zhao, Y. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0322112 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Dark Personality Traits and Counterproductive Work Behavior: A PRISMA Systematic Review
Duradoni, M., Gursesli, M. C., Martucci, A., Ayarza, I. Y. G., Colombini, G., & Guazzini, A. (2023) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941231219921 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Neurosurveillance in the workplace: do employers have the right to monitor employees' minds?
Muhl, E., & Andorno, R. (2023) · Frontiers in Human Dynamics · doi:10.3389/fhumd.2023.1245619 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Algorithmic monitoring increases unethical behavior in gig workers: the mediating role of moral disengagement
高, 爽., Jia, Y., Liu, B., & Mu, W. (2024) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/itp-07-2023-0693 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Disentangling the impact of perceived electronic performance monitoring on employee burnout in the public sector
Miao, Q., Yin, H., Schwarz, G., & Hussain, M. A. (2024) · Public Management Review · doi:10.1080/14719037.2024.2396080 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Job (dis-)satisfaction in pay-for-performance health care contexts: a meta-synthesis of qualitative literature
Briganti, P., de Gennaro, D., Buonocore, F., & Varriale, L. (2023) · International Journal of Public Sector Management · doi:10.1108/ijpsm-02-2023-0061 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
How Organizational Electronic Performance Monitoring Affects Employee Proactive Behaviors: The Psychological Reactance Perspective
Wang, J., Zheng, W., Zhang, L., & Wu, Y. J. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2371690 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
EMPIRICAL STUDY DALAM MENINGKATKAN SEMANGAT KERJA KARYAWAN PT EDS MANUFACTURING INDONESIA BALARAJA-TANGERANG
Oktaviani, F., Syaechurodji, S., Alfarizi, A. W., & Haryadi, D. (2023) · Jurnal Manajemen dan Bisnis · doi:10.47080/jmb.v5i01.2491 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
An Assessment of Digitalization Techniques in Contact Centers and Their Impact on Agent Performance and Well-Being
Pacella, M., Vasco, P., Papadia, G., & Giliberti, V. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16020714 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
A Systematic Literature Review on Job Performance in Diverse Organizations from 2010 to 2023
Alqarni, S., Hamsan, H. H., Rasdi, R. M., & Rahman, H. A. (2023) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v13-i18/19960 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The impact of technology factors on work engagement, decent work and job satisfaction in the South African public service: a path analysis approach
Nyabvudzi, T., & Chinyamurindi, W. (2025) · Employee Relations · doi:10.1108/er-02-2024-0120 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Electronic performance monitoring: The role of reactance, trust, and privacy concerns in predicting job satisfaction in the post-pandemic workplace
Brinson, N. H., Amini, B., Lemon, L. L., & Bawole, C. B. (2024) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2024-5-10 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Effect of Electronic Performance Monitoring on Employees’ Job Performance: A Social Information Processing Perspective
Zhang, N., Sun, X., & Jin, C. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15030256 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Investigating the effect of psychological contract breach on counterproductive work behavior: The mediating role of organizational cynicism
Ahmed, M. A. O., & Zhang, J. (2024) · Human Systems Management · doi:10.3233/hsm-230010 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Effect of Hospital Employees’ Psychological Capital on Counterproductive Work Behavior: Role of Work Alienation and Procrastination
Özüdoğru, A. G., Görener, A., & Toker, K. (2024) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440241271138 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The relationship between work professionalism and job satisfaction toward employee performance in mediating of organizational climate
Candra, A., Sudiro, A., & Susilowati, C. (2023) · International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478) · doi:10.20525/ijrbs.v12i2.2380 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Employees as a Source of Security Issues in Times of Change and Stress: A Longitudinal Examination of Employees’ Security Violations during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Posey, C., & Shoss, M. K. (2023) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-023-09917-4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The effects of being under watch: The impact of electronic monitoring on remote workers’ psychological safety
Andrade, M. D., Martínez‐Córcoles, M., Fialho, P., & Guimarães, M. D. S. (2025) · Journal of Management & Organization · doi:10.1017/jmo.2025.10039 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Employee Development: Analysis Organization Culture, Competence and Mentoring: A Literature Review
Wahdiniawati, S. A., Rubadi, Sarinastiti, N., & Supardi (2023) · International Journal of Business and Applied Economics · doi:10.55927/ijbae.v2i2.2798 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Knowledge Sharing as Key Driver for the Rise of Innovative Work Behavior
Nugroho, R. (2023) · Media Ekonomi dan Manajemen · doi:10.56444/mem.v38i2.3513 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Electronic monitoring, trust, and turnover intention in the public and private sector
Flatøy, C. A., & Lund‐Tønnesen, J. (2025) · Public Management Review · doi:10.1080/14719037.2025.2608281 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Everything is in hand: when and why electronic performance monitoring leads to supervisor undermining
Zhang, Q., Zhou, K., Shu, P., Liu, W., Ouyang, X., & Sun, A. (2024) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/jmp-11-2023-0686 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Roles of Technology Acceptance and Technology Use Frequency in Employees’ Quality of Work Life
Vraňaková, N., & Babeľová, Z. G. (2025) · Systems · doi:10.3390/systems13100893 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Digital Monitoring and Job Satisfaction: The Role of Job Characteristics
Meyer, S.-C., Schröder, C. K., & Abendroth, A. (2026) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-026-03833-9 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Algorithmic management practices, trust, and gig-worker continuance: A mixed-methods study of platform work
Mustafa, S., & Mansour, S. (2026) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2026.103394 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Somebody's watching me: boundary turbulence and its impact on employee engagement
Lemon, L. L., Bawole, C. B., Brinson, N. H., & Amini, B. (2024) · Corporate Communications An International Journal · doi:10.1108/ccij-12-2023-0171 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Stopping the Spying: US Labor Unions’ Responses to Electronic Surveillance at Work
Cross, M. (2024) · Labor Studies Journal · doi:10.1177/0160449x241259141 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Measuring perceived job performance: development and validation of a multidimensional scale
Bhat, S. A., & Bashir, M. (2025) · Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication · doi:10.1108/gkmc-06-2024-0330 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Can artificial intelligence bridge the diversity, equity, and inclusion gap for a sustainable future? A PRISMA systematic review
Chedrawi, C., Haddad, G., Haddad, G., & ElAli, R. (2026) · Journal of Innovation & Knowledge · doi:10.1016/j.jik.2026.100986 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Advancing the Implementation of Body-Worn Cameras: Using Police Officers’ Buy-In to Inform Research and Policy
Choi, S., Bitter, A. N., Sturges, H. A., & Snyder, J. A. (2023) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-023-09615-0 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Uncovering the Web of Secrets Surrounding Employee Monitoring Software: A Content Analysis of Information Provided by Vendors
Laksanadjaja, F., & Oviedo-Trespalacios, Ó. (2024) · Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1155/2024/7951911 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Watched but Not Seen: Electronic Employee Monitoring as Workplace Imprisonment and Its Effect on Social Recognition
Jansen, G., Noorda, H. A., Akkerman, A., & Manevska, K. (2025) · Sociology · doi:10.1177/00380385251359077 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Influence of Digital Leadership on Employee Affective Well Being with the mediation of Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Job Satisfaction
Nugroho, S. H., Said, M., & Arifin, Z. (2024) · Journal of Ecohumanism · doi:10.62754/joe.v3i8.4889 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Interaksi Antara Lingkungan Kerja, Karakteristik Pribadi terhadap Stres Kerja: Efek Moderasi Kemampuan Adaptasi pada Karyawan Pada PT Sari Madu
Honkley, T. (2024) · JURNAL EKUIVALENSI · doi:10.51158/95a8se65 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
DETERMINAN EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE PADA DESA PRAMANA SWAN DENGAN EMPOWERMENT DAN SATISFACTION SEBAGAI PEMEDIASI
Witarini, N. M. W., & Gorda, E. S. (2023) · Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen Ekonomi & Akuntansi (MEA) · doi:10.31955/mea.v7i1.2919 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Explorotron: An IDE Extension for Guided and Independent Code Exploration and Learning (Discussion Paper)
Malaise, Y., & Signer, B. (2023) · Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research · doi:10.1145/3631802.3631816 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Impact of Volunteerism and Emotional Regulation Traits on Job Satisfaction and Performance an Indonesian Agribusiness Corporation
Lubis, Y., Ananda, F. R., Syaifuddin, & Nasib (2024) · Journal of System and Management Sciences · doi:10.33168/jsms.2024.1123 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Does Management Efficiency have any Influence on Job Satisfaction?
Badriyah, N., Muhtarom, A., Yunni Rusmawati, D. J., Titin, T., Rochmatullah, M. R., Farid, C. H. I. A., & Mustoffa, A. F. (2024) · Ekuilibrium Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Ilmu Ekonomi · doi:10.24269/ekuilibrium.v19i2.2024.pp260-275 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Electronic human resource management and employees’ outcomes in Qatar: does digitalization climate matter?
Aboramadan, M., Alhabil, W., Dahleez, K. A., & Alawi, A. M. M. A. (2025) · Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication · doi:10.1108/gkmc-04-2024-0217 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Performance consequences of automated workplace control
Dorner, V., & Fellner-Röhling, G. (2025) · Frontiers in Behavioral Economics · doi:10.3389/frbhe.2025.1647057 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Counterproductive work behavior in organizations: A systematic literature review using bibliometric analysis
Arifiani, R. S., & Sawitri, H. S. R. (2025) · Multidisciplinary Reviews · doi:10.31893/multirev.2026117 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Is the boss watching, and are unions doing anything about it? Workplace surveillance regulation in Australian Enterprise Agreements*
Howe, J., Kariotis, T. C., Bromberg, L., & Fagan, J. (2026) · Labour & Industry a journal of the social and economic relations of work · doi:10.1080/10301763.2026.2625594 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Recovery from Work in a Broader Perspective: Conceptualizing the Organizational Climate for Recovery
Toscano, F., Zappalà, S., & Donati, S. (2026) · Australian Journal of Career Development · doi:10.1177/10384162261431628 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Understanding developer well-being: measuring mental health and productivity in software teams
Arriel, J., Canuto, T., Azevedo, J., Lima, M. V., Mann, P., Garcia, A., & Pereira, J. A. (2026) · Empirical Software Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10664-026-10830-6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Developing a short standard questionnaire for assessing work organization hazards: the Healthy Work Survey (HWS)
Choi, B., & Seo, Y. (2023) · Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Measuring Digital Work in (German) Employee Surveys: An Overview and Proposal of Systematization
Marx, C. K., Abendroth, A., Meyer, S.-C., Reimann, M., & Tisch, A. (2022) · Journal of Contextual Economics – Schmollers Jahrbuch · doi:10.3790/schm.142.1.67 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Effects of Electronic Monitoring in the University Workplace: Bangladeshi Academics' Perceptions of Work Performance Monitoring
Sarawak, U. M., Nor, R. M., Sarawak, U. M., & Mannan, M. S. (2024) · International Journal of Progressive Education · doi:10.29329/ijpe.2024.646.3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Factors influencing innovative work behavior among local government employees in Labuan Batu
Faris, S., Syaifuddin, S., & Rusiadi, R. (2024) · International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES · doi:10.21833/ijaas.2024.06.003 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Balancing Trust and Surveillance in Hybrid Work: Insights from a Pilot Study on Workplace Monitoring
Sbalzer, V. (2024) · European Conference on Knowledge Management · doi:10.34190/eckm.25.1.2902 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
PERAN KEBIJAKAN MUTASI DAN PENEMPATAN KARYAWAN TERHADAP KEPUASAN DAN KUALITAS KERJA KARYAWAN OUTSOURCING PERUSAHAAN: REVIEW LITERATURE
Mulyadi, T., Albashori, M. F., Cakranegara, P. A., Anwa, M. A., & Manda, D. (2022) · Jurnal Darma Agung · doi:10.46930/ojsuda.v30i3.2612 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Modeling Officer Perceptions of Body-worn Cameras: A National SurveyPreprint
Adams, I. T. (2022) · doi:10.31237/osf.io/fnxbg · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Reshaping Agency Dynamics: Agency Theory Based Innovative Strategies to Foster Employee Retention and Curtailing 'Quiet Quitting'Preprint
Joseph, E. R. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4551562 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Menschzentrierte Digitalisierung im Sondermaschinenbau
Schmidt, D., Kuhn, D., Becker, D., Müller, R. H., Bierwirth, K., & Hielscher, V. (2023) · Zeitschrift für wirtschaftlichen Fabrikbetrieb · doi:10.1515/zwf-2023-1128 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Ethical Use of Artificial Intelligence for Employee Supervision and Its Effect on Organizational Culture
Reid, K. T., & Levasseur, R. E. (2025) · Open Journal of Business and Management · doi:10.4236/ojbm.2025.135169 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Identification and prioritisation of ergonomic and psychological factors influencing the performance of operating room nurses: A mixed methods study
Omidi, M. R., Menati, R., Omidi, N., Fakour, Y., & Kakaei, H. (2025) · Journal of Perioperative Nursing · doi:10.26550/2209-1092.1341 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Failure of neutralization: How digital job demands shape cyberslacking and job performance in telework
Kumar, V., Verma, A., Jain, S., & Sharma, A. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.106609 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Herramientas de verificación de los resultados en teletrabajo.
Intriago, L. X. N. (2024) · Remulci · doi:10.59282/remulci.2.1.810 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Technocontrol and Technoaugmentation Stress: Expanding the Framework of Technostress in Response to Emerging Workplace Technologies
Evenstad, S. B. N. (2025) · IFIP advances in information and communication technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-03515-8_5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Voluntary or compulsory? Electronic performance monitoring and organizational citizenship behavior
Guo, L., Du, J., & Zhang, J. (2026) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/md-02-2024-0400 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Social Structuring of Digital Monitoring: How Resource‐Rich Employees Are Shielded From More Invasive Levels of Digital Monitoring
Abendroth, A., Schröder, C. K., & Meyer, S.-C. (2026) · New Technology Work and Employment · doi:10.1111/ntwe.70019 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Using behavioral science to improve compliance in government records management: Evidence from a large field experiment
Hopkins, V. C., & Kormos, C. (2026) · Government Information Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.giq.2026.102106 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Workplace wellbeing in the digital era: the moderating role of organizational innovation practices
Baquero-Pérez, J., Lacalle-Calderón, M., & Bichara, J. D. S. (2026) · European Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1108/ejim-06-2025-0793 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Leveraging job embeddedness theory to MITIGATE school employee turnover
Zafar, M. Z., Irshad, H., Al-Rassas, A. H., Hussain, R. Y., & Hussain, H. (2026) · Cogent Social Sciences · doi:10.1080/23311886.2026.2700061 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The algorithmic management paradox: a structured integrative review of perceived autonomy on performance in digital workplaces
卢凤 (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1829522 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Impact of Policies and Supervision on Health Worker Satisfaction at Bahteramas Hospital
Risky, S., Ardiansyah, R. T., & Firmansyah, F. (2023) · Poltekita Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan · doi:10.33860/jik.v17i3.3326 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Enhancing Organizational Time Efficiency Using Machine Learning for Employee Activity Monitoring
Kumara, I. N., Nanumura, U., Sanjuka, T., Kolinda, N., & Rupasinghe, L. (2024) · International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications · doi:10.29322/ijsrp.14.09.2024.p15309 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dataveillance Duality: Navigating Employee Accountability and Privacy Concerns in the Digital Age
Raddatz, P. A., Raddatz, N. I., Ogunade, K. M., & Kim, S.-H. (2025) · Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.2308/isys-2023-050 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
An expanded view on electronic monitoring: Testing moderating effects of participation and perceived purposes of electronic monitoring
Siegel, R., König, C. J., & Jörg, J. (2025) · Telematics and Informatics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.teler.2025.100245 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
Influence of Leadership, Social Support, and Emotional Intelligence on Job Performance among Public Service Middle Managers: Insights from Malaysia
Alias, N. S. @. N. H. S. N., & Alias, S. N. (2025) · Malaysian Journal of Business Economics and Management · doi:10.56532/mjbem.v4i2.116 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Determining the Effect of Ergonomic Principles of the Work Environment on the Burnout of Employees of Ilam Petrochemical Company with the Role of Safety Culture Moderator
Omidi, M. R., Omidi, N., Meftahi, H., & Panahi, M. (2023) · Iranian Journal of Ergonomics · doi:10.32592/ije.10.4.259 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Is IT That You Can’t Learn, Or You Won’t Learn? Technology-Enabled Monitoring and Heterogeneity in Sales Performance
Lu, Y., Bellos, I., Greenwood, B. N., & Huang, L. (2022) · Manufacturing & Service Operations Management · doi:10.1287/msom.2022.0613 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Employees' Acceptance of Smart Watches in Germany
Richter, A. (2023) · doi:10.53846/goediss-10128 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
AI-Driven Performance-Monitoring and Generation Z: Navigating Motivational Dynamics and Shaping Future Management PracticesPreprint
Hill, E. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5203885 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
النبذ فى مكان العمل كمتغير وسيط فى العلاقة بين التسييس التنظيمى وسلوكيات العمل المضادة للإنتاجية : دراسة تطبيقية على العاملين بوحدات الحكم المحلى بمحافظة المنوفية
الدين, أ. ن., & العنزى, ب. م. ع. (2022) · المجلة العملیة التجارة والتمویل · doi:10.21608/caf.2022.278266
Study of methods of online monitoring of parameters of working conditions in JSC «Alatau Zharyk Company»
ABIKENOVA, A., ZHANDAULETOVA, F., Sanatova, T. S., & Ostemir, G. S. (2023) · Power engineering research equipment technology · doi:10.30724/1998-9903-2023-25-2-165-175
Yöneticinin Sosyal Baltalama (Kuyu Kazma) Davranışları Çalışanın Görev Performansını Düşürür Mü? Bileşensel Yaratıcılık Teorisi Merceğinden Yaratıcılığın Aracı Rolü
DEMİRBAĞ, K. Ş. (2023) · doi:10.59287/siibgy2.1175
Breaking the Gender Inequality in the Boardroom
Noor, N. H. M., Hisham, P. R. S. B., & Sabri, N. S. M. (2024) · Advances in logistics, operations, and management science book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-3208-5.ch005
The Moderating Effect of Leadership Style on the Relationship between Employee Monitoring and Employee OutcomesPreprint
Zvavahera, P., & Hatabia, M. (2025) · Qeios · doi:10.32388/dshb9d
Over-monitoring under Transparency ParadoxPreprint
Lee, N. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5022072
SWOT and Determinant Factors Approach to Worker Compliance Analysis with Full Body Harness Pass Systems in Construction Projects
Saraswati, R. A. I. D., Nugroho, P. N. A., & Kurniasih, D. (2024) · International Journal of Marine Engineering Innovation and Research · doi:10.12962/j25481479.v9i4.21987
Keystroke Dynamics: Prospects for Comprehensive Law Regulation
Tsvetkova, A. (2024) · Legal Issues in the Digital Age · doi:10.17323/2713-2749.2024.4.46.72
The Impact of Electronic Monitoring on Employee Performance: Enhancing Transparency, Accountability, and Productivity
Samman, A. M. A., & Althawaini, F. (2024) · International Conference on Decision Aid Sciences and Applications (DASA) · doi:10.1109/dasa63652.2024.10836339
Bridging Gaps: How Authentic Leadership Transforms Compensation into Performance
Novitasari, D., Putra, R. S., Prasetyo, A. S., Desmadhani, S. I., & Sabaya, S. (2025) · SHS Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/shsconf/202521204005
Managing Job Stress to Boost Employee Performance: A Case Study at X Hospital
Yogyakarta, U. P. N. V., Hasan, Z. M., Sista, K., Tirtonegoro, R. D. S., Sutanto, H., Yogyakarta, U. P. N. V., Harmastuti, P. P., Bangsa, U. D., Rachmawati, N. S., & Jakarta, U. P. N. V. (2025) · Journal of International Conference Proceedings · doi:10.32535/jicp.v7i4.3587
Real-Time Activity Monitoring for Work Efficiency of Remote Independent Contractors in Consumer Fusion
Patac, K. M., & Labadan, C. B. (2025) · European Modern Studies Journal · doi:10.59573/emsj.9(1).2025.17
Motivation to engage in counterproductive work behaviour: an expectancy theory analysis
Kidder, Q. A., Meade, A. W., & Craig, S. B. (2025) · International journal of organizational analysis · doi:10.1108/ijoa-11-2024-4977
The Effect of Self Efficacy, Working Conditions and Employee Retention on Plantation Employee Performance Through Work Discipline at PT Socfindo Labuhanbatu Utara
Anum, P. L., Lumbanraja, P., & Absah, Y. (2025) · Journal of Business Management · doi:10.47134/jobm.v2i3.143
Exploring Student Experiences with the Deployment of a Web-Based School Management System: A Case Study at a Public UniversityPreprint
Villanueva, E. R. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5367507
Managers’ and safety representatives’ perspectives on electronic monitoring and occupational health in the transport and logistics industries in Sweden
Stadin, M. R., Asplund, S., Nyman, T., Svartengren, M., & Hellman, T. (2025) · International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/10803548.2025.2524991
Management Practices, Workplace Health Promotion and ProductivityPreprint
Jirjahn, U., & Mohrenweiser, J. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5392716
Employee Satisfaction and Electronic Workflow at King Hussein Cancer Center
Qandeel, M. S. (2025) · Marketing & Menedzsment · doi:10.15170/mm.2025.59.02.06
(Nie)dopuszczalność stosowania neurotechnologii w miejscu pracy
Bielak-Jomaa, E. (2025) · Białostockie Studia Prawnicze · doi:10.15290/bsp.2025.30.04.06
Customer Reactions to Emotional Labor: Moderating Role of Human Resource Practices between Emotional Labor and Customer Outcomes
Tariq, S., Khan, A. M., Khan, S. H., & Cheng, J. M.-S. (2025) · Contemporary Management Research · doi:10.7903/cmr.24435
Forms of Monitoring Devices Used in Banks: Employee Awareness and View of Being Monitored
Nkeiruka, E. K., Chukwuocha, C., Nwoko, N. M., & Obieche, P. N. (2025) · Iconic Research and Engineering Journals · doi:10.64388/irev9i5-1712264
HR analytics: a centralizing or decentralizing force?
Lehmann, J. (2025) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2025.2602086
Digital Panopticon: How Remote Work Monitoring Shapes Employee Behavior and Motivation
Nikodinovski, A., Karabašević, D., & Mirčetić, V. (2026) · Businesses · doi:10.3390/businesses6010006
Legal and Ethical Considerations in Cyber Forensics
Makinde, O. F. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-4898-8.ch017

Electronic Employee Monitoring - Meta AnalysisPreprint
Lazar, V., König, C. J., & Siegel, R. (2024) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
Self-citation
Impact of Electronic Monitoring on Employees: A Meta-AnalysisPreprint
Siegel, R., König, C. J., & Lazar, V. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/fk5ez · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citation
Context Sensitive Technologies and Electronic Employee Monitoring: a Meta-Analytic Review
Backhaus, N. (2019) · 2019 IEEE/SICE International Symposium on System Integration (SII) · doi:10.1109/sii.2019.8700354 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
An expanded view on electronic monitoring: Testing moderating effects of participation and perceived purposes of electronic monitoring
Siegel, R., König, C. J., & Jörg, J. (2025) · Telematics and Informatics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.teler.2025.100245 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
Electronic Monitoring: Moderating Effects of Participation and Perceived PurposesPreprint
König, C. J., Jörg, J., & Siegel, R. (2025) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
Self-citation

Authors: Siegel, R., König, C. J., & Lazar, V.
Affiliations: Saarland University (DE)
Corresponding author: Siegel, Rudolf
ORCID: Siegel, Rudolf
König, Cornelius J.
Venue: Computers in Human Behavior Reports
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2022-12
Volume: 8
Pages: 100227
ISSN: 2451-9588 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100227
OpenAlex: W4291163994
Cited by: 121
References: 128
Citations by year: 2026: 45 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 4
FWCI: 4.16
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Computers in Human Behavior Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Publications of the UdS (Saarland University) (cc-by)
Funders: Kowa Company
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Universität des Saarlandes
Topics: Social Sciences › Demography › Cyberloafing and Workplace Behavior
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
Social Sciences › Human Factors and Ergonomics › Employee Performance and Management
Keywords: electronic monitoring, job satisfaction, occupational stress, employee performance, counterproductive work behavior, employee well-being, performance goals, feedback, job design, workplace surveillance

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The impact of electronic monitoring on employees' job satisfaction, stress, performance, and counterproductive work behavior: A meta-analysis

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Self-check

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks