In situ air–water and particle–water partitioning of perfluorocarboxylic acids, perfluorosulfonic acids and perfluorooctyl sulfonamide at a wastewater treatment plant
Abstract
In situ measurements of air and water phases at a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) were used to investigate the partitioning behavior of perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs), perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs) and perfluorooctyl sulfonamide (HFOSA) and their conjugate bases (PFC(-)s, PFS(-)s, and FOSA(-), respectively). Particle-dissolved (Rd) and air-water (QAW) concentration ratios were determined at different tanks of a WWTP. Sum of concentrations of C4-12,14 PFC(A)s, C4,6,8,10 PFS(A)s and (H)FOSA were as high as 50 pg m(-3) (atmospheric gas phase), 2300 ng L(-1) (aqueous dissolved phase) and 2500 ng L(-1) (aqueous particle phase). Particle-dissolved concentration ratios of total species, log Rd, ranged from -2.9 to 1.3 for PFS(A)s, from -1.9 to 1.1 for PFC(A)s and was 0.71 for (H)FOSA. These field-based values agree well with equilibrium partitioning data reported in the literature, suggesting that any in situ generation from precursors, if they are present in this system, occurs at a slower rate than the rate of approach to equilibrium. Acid QAW were also estimated. Good agreement between the QAW and the air-water equilibrium partition coefficient for C8PFCA suggests that the air above the WWTP tanks is at or near equilibrium with the water. Uncertainties in these QAW values are attributed mainly to variability in pKa values reported in the literature. The WWTP provides a unique environment for investigating environmental fate processes of the PFCAs and PFSAs under 'real' conditions in order to better understand and predict their fate in the environment.
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- Authors
- Vierke, L., Ahrens, L., Shoeib, M., Palm, W.-U., Webster, E. M., Ellis, D. A., Ebinghaus, R., & Harner, T.
- Affiliations
- Leuphana University of Lüneburg (DE)
- Environment and Climate Change Canada (CA)
- Trent University (CA)
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Vierke, Lena
- Venue
- Chemosphere
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-08
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 941-948
- ISSN
- 0045-6535 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2094801822
- Cited by
- 51
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 3.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Chemosphere (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Multilingual Matters (Channel View Publications) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Curtin University of Technology
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
- Keywords
- perfluorocarboxylic acids, perfluorosulfonic acid, air-water partitioning, wastewater treatment plants, in situ measurement, equilibrium partition coefficient, pKa, environmental fate, PFAS
- MeSH terms
- Air Pollutants, Carboxylic Acids, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Environmental Monitoring, Sulfonamides, Sulfonic Acids, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Halogenation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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