The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 2 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Cross-Sectional Studies
Open accessAbstract
Cross-sectional studies are observational studies that analyze data from a population at a single point in time. They are often used to measure the prevalence of health outcomes, understand determinants of health, and describe features of a population. Unlike other types of observational studies, cross-sectional studies do not follow individuals up over time. They are usually inexpensive and easy to conduct. They are useful for establishing preliminary evidence in planning a future advanced study. This article reviews the essential characteristics, describes strengths and weaknesses, discusses methodological issues, and gives our recommendations on design and statistical analysis for cross-sectional studies in pulmonary and critical care medicine. A list of considerations for reviewers is also provided.
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Claims the paper makes
11 Own interpretation · 1 Sources not found · 1 No full text of the sources
In the paper
“Prevalenceincidence bias (also called the Neyman bias) is also particularly common in cross-sectional studies.13”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Bias
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Tripepi, 2010, Selection bias and information bias in clinical research, Nephron Clin Pract source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They cannot be used to look at individual change (as in a cohort study).”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Description of Subtypes of Cross-Sectional Studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because the outcome and exposure variables are measured at the same time, it is relatively difficult to establish causal relationships from a cross-sectional study.”
- Also stated in: § Description of Subtypes of Cross-Sectional Studies · plain
“The exposures and outcomes are measured simultaneously; therefore, it is difficult to determine whether the exposures preceded or followed the outcomes in an analytical cross-sectional study.”
- Also stated in: § Benefits and Downside of Cross-Sectional Studies · plain
“The weaknesses of cross-sectional studies include the inability to assess incidence, to study rare diseases, and to make a causal inference.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > General Overview of Cross-Sectional Study Design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Description of Subtypes of Cross-Sectional Studies · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, repeated cross-sectional studies can be used for analyzing population changes over time (also known as aggregate change over time).”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Description of Subtypes of Cross-Sectional Studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“If one wants to compare two prevalence rates in an analytical cross-sectional study, the commonly used sample size formula is the same as is used when designing a cohort study.6”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Sample Size Determination
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [6] Fleiss, 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike studies starting from a series of patients, cross-sectional studies often need to select a sample of subjects from a large and heterogeneous study population.Thus, they are susceptible to sampling bias.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Benefits and Downside of Cross-Sectional Studies
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The subjects are neither deliberately exposed nor treated; thus, there are seldom ethical difficulties.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Benefits and Downside of Cross-Sectional Studies
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 4
- It may state two separate claims as one. 3
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Stepwise selection methods and P value-based criteria are discouraged due to overfitting and because they often allow too many parameters to be included, which reduces the generalizability of the model.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Additional information
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Confounding could result in a distortion of the association between exposure and outcome.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Confounding
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Note that the sample size in a descriptive study does not depend on statistical power because this concept only applies to statistical comparisons.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Sample Size Determination
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The weaknesses of cross-sectional studies include the inability to assess incidence, to study rare diseases, and to make a causal inference.”
- Also stated in: § 1. The study population and the research question. · plain
“Unable to measure the incidence”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Benefits and Downside of Cross-Sectional Studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Also stated in: § 1. The study population and the research question. · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only with full and transparent reporting of information on all aspects of a cross-sectional study can potential usefulness of its findings and risk of bias be adequately assessed.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because exposure and outcome are measured simultaneously in a cross-sectional study, prior knowledge of the condition might influence the ascertainment of the exposure or the outcome, which results in recall bias.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Bias
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional studies are usually quick and inexpensive to conduct.
“They are usually inexpensive and easy to conduct.”
“The main strength of cross-sectional studies is that they are relatively quick and inexpensive to conduct.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional studies are the best way to determine prevalence.
“They are the best way to determine the prevalence and can study the associations of multiple exposures and outcomes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional studies can study the associations of multiple exposures and outcomes.
“They are the best way to determine the prevalence and can study the associations of multiple exposures and outcomes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional studies are useful for establishing preliminary evidence in planning a future advanced study.
“They are useful for establishing preliminary evidence in planning a future advanced study.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional studies are suitable for generating hypotheses and may provide information about the prevalence of outcomes and exposures that informs other study designs.
“They are suitable for generating hypotheses and may provide information about the prevalence of outcomes and exposures that informs other study designs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Using questionnaires to reach a large sample of the population of interest is relatively inexpensive but can result in low response rates.
“Using questionnaires to reach a large sample of the population of interest is relatively inexpensive but can result in low response rates.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Interviews are more expensive and time-consuming than using questionnaires, potentially limiting the sample size but leading to a higher response rate.
“Interviews are more expensive and time-consuming than using questionnaires, potentially limiting the sample size but leading to a higher response rate.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional studies cannot study rare diseases.
“The weaknesses of cross-sectional studies include the inability to assess incidence, to study rare diseases, and to make a causal inference.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Probability sampling methods are more accurate and rigorous than nonprobability sampling methods.
“In general, probability sampling methods are preferred over nonprobability ones, as the former are considered to be more accurate and rigorous.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Nonresponse bias is usually encountered in cross-sectional survey studies with mailed questionnaires.
“A common type of selection bias is the nonresponse bias, which is usually encountered in crosssectional survey studies with mailed questionnaires.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Recall bias and detection bias are two common information biases.
“Recall bias and detection bias are two common information biases.”
Citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 801–900 of 2,163
Tang, Z., Liu, Y., Cheng, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, Y., He, Q., Qin, R., Li, W., Lei, Y., & Liu, H. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-67816-x · Cited by 2
“As this was a cross-sectional study 37,38 and lacked follow-up, we will add follow-up for different diseases in subsequent studies based on the existing cohort.”
MethodPatients’ Mental Health and Length of Stay in Emergency Departments in Mexico
Landa-Ramírez, É., Díaz-Vásquez, L. P., Hernández-Núñez, M. E., Castillo-Cruz, J., Ortega-Ramírez, G. X., Guerrero-Martínez, A. H., Domínguez-Vieyra, N. A., & López-Gómez, A. (2024) · Salud Mental · doi:10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2024.022 · Cited by 2
“Finally, since this is a cross-sectional study, the data show what the participants were like at the time of evaluation, yet fail to provide complementary information on the evolution of symptoms ( Wang & Cheng, 2020 ).”
Niedenfuehr, J. M., Stevens, D. M., & King, L. (2024) · International Journal of Sexual Health · doi:10.1080/19317611.2024.2397124 · Cited by 2
“A cross-sectional design was chosen since it is inexpensive, quick, easily available, well-suited for rare diseases, and can examine multiple variables simultaneously (Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
Runngren, E., Blomberg, K., Ask, L. S., et al. (2024) · Journal of Child Health Care · doi:10.1177/13674935241272004 · Cited by 2
“It is not uncommon for a nonresponse bias to occur in cross-sectional studies (Wang and Cheng, 2020).”
Murphy, G. T., Sampalli, T., Koto, P., Chamberland-Rowe, C., Guk, J., Ventura, N., Hartlen, J., Rasic, D. T., Allen, J., Benson, K., et al. (2024) · Implementation Science Communications · doi:10.1186/s43058-024-00651-3 · Cited by 2
“In the case of aim one, we used both post and cross-sectional study designs to examine whether the implementation of VH met its intended outcomes [19, 20].”
MethodAntecedents and consequences of political moral laxity: a Peruvian case
Espinosa, A., Rosales, R. H. A., Díaz, J. R. J., & Çakal, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Political Science · doi:10.3389/fpos.2024.1473964 · Cited by 3
Yüksel-Şahin, F., & Altinsoy, M. A. (2025) · IBAD Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.21733/ibad.1559501 · Cited by 2
Gabucan, V. J. M. G. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-091977 · Cited by 2
Poljak, K., Barać, I., Kovačević, I., Rožac, K., Reili, M., Lovrić, R., Mudri, Ž., Čandrlić, S., & Čandrlić, M. (2025) · Dentistry Journal · doi:10.3390/dj13020056 · Cited by 2
Oliveira, C., & Basto-Pereira, M. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13030293 · Cited by 2
“First, given the cross-sectional nature of our research design, we were unable to examine causal relationships [43] or provide an accurate examination of the suicidal process across time.”
Resilience mediates the relationship between social support and anxiety in postpartum mothers
Ben-David, H., & Miller, K. J. (2025) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284207.2025.2462842 · Cited by 2
Gjoka, M., Firkey, M. K., Sheinfil, A. Z., & Woolf‐King, S. E. (2025) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2025.2455649 · Cited by 2
Busulwa, R., Birt, J. L., Gepp, A., & Oates, G. (2025) · Accounting and Finance · doi:10.1111/acfi.70010 · Cited by 3
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Wang, D. Y., Wong, E. L., Cheung, A. W. L., Tam, Z. P., Tang, K., & Yeoh, E. (2025) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.16885 · Cited by 3
“Fourthly, the cross-sectional design of the quantitative survey prevents establishing causal relationships between TDF domains and target behaviours, limiting the strength of the evidence (Wang and Cheng 2020).”
Othman, A. (2025) · Lecture notes in civil engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-84371-6_34 · Cited by 2
Cross-sectional studies: Design, measures, classic example
Mehta, R., & Naveed, M. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821426-8.00008-x · Cited by 2
Navigating Through Work Post-Pandemic - Experiences of Middle-Income Employees in Malaysia
Khan, A. E. M. A., Haslan, R. H., & Ramos, H. M. (2025) · The Malaysian Journal of Qualitative Research · doi:10.61211/mjqr110103 · Cited by 3
“This is particularly ideal for examining the personal experiences of workers (Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
Association between anemia and the risk of diabetic foot ulcer: A meta-analysis
Lin, S.-S., Chen, C.-R., Xu, W., Fu, J., Xu, J.-Q., & Liang, Z. (2025) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v16.i6.105155 · Cited by 3
Feng, L., Li, S., & Li, C.-R. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119730 · Cited by 2
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“As an efficient, low-cost approach, a repeated cross-sectional design was used in this study, providing generalisable insights into changes in health outcomes over time (Wang and Cheng 2020).”
Circadian and temporal eating patterns in relation to metabolic syndrome in Iranian women
Lesani, A., & Mojani-Qomi, M. S. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-09427-8 · Cited by 2
Quality of life experienced by South Sudanese lower limb prosthetic users after rehabilitation
Dominsiano, L. C. P., & Visagie, S. J. (2025) · African Journal of Disability · doi:10.4102/ajod.v14i0.1671 · Cited by 2
Palermos, D., Sergentanis, T. Ν., Pavi, E., Athanasiadou, E., Καντζάνου, Μ., & Ψαλτοπούλου, Θ. (2025) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2025.108654 · Cited by 2
Mayhand, K. N., Alicic, R. Z., Kornowske, L. M., Jones, C. R., Daratha, K. B., Reynolds, C. L., Nicholas, S. B., Thorpe, R. J., Bui, A. A. T., Norris, K. C., et al. (2025) · BMC Nephrology · doi:10.1186/s12882-025-04263-4 · Cited by 2
Mihu, A. G., Olariu, T. R., Piros, L. E., Grada, S., Paduraru, A. A., Sprintar, S. A., Oatis, D. A., Lighezan, R., & Olariu, T. R. (2025) · Life · doi:10.3390/life15081157 · Cited by 3
“As a cross-sectional study, it cannot establish temporal or causal relationships, and the observed associations may reflect reverse causality or unmeasured confounding [66].”
Woo, B., Cashin, A. J., Higgins, A., et al. (2025) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.70111 · Cited by 2
Tong, M., Paine, A. L., Evans, J., Weaterton, S., & Waters, C. S. (2025) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405629.2025.2533160 · Cited by 2
“Longitudinal studies are needed to overcome the limitations inherent in cross-sectional designs (e.g., inability to make causal inferences about the impact of the pandemic) and the substantial bias associated with retrospective reporting (Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
Phenotypic Correlation Between Body Weight and Linear Body Measurements of Savanna Goats
Shabangu, K., Mokoena, K., & Tyasi, T. L. (2025) · Andalasian Livestock · doi:10.25077/alive.v2.n2.p135-143.2025 · Cited by 2
Alduais, A. M. S., Alfadda, H. A., & Alarifi, H. S. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13151804 · Cited by 3
Correlation between psoriasis severity and dyslipidaemia in Iraqi patients
Jasim, S., Abbas, M., MUSTAFA, E. M., et al. (2025) · Scripta Medica · doi:10.5937/scriptamed56-57843 · Cited by 2
Aggarwal, J., & Hoang, T. T. (2025) · Public Administration Quarterly · doi:10.1177/07349149251347177 · Cited by 2
“First, this study is cross-sectional, which only analyzes data at a single point in time (Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
Galica, J., Saunders, S., Madu, C., et al. (2025) · SAGE Open Nursing · doi:10.1177/23779608251367257 · Cited by 2
“These points illuminate the possibility of response bias, one of many limitations in the chosen cross-sectional design (Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
Usman, M. B., Opoku, A., Hafiz, B., Adjei, T. A. A., Engmann, D. A., Dimongso, A. T., Owusu-Afriyie, B., & Adedzi, R. K. (2025) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-025-03757-8 · Cited by 3
“This design has the strength of enabling the identification of associations between variables (demographic, academic, and institutional) at a single point in time and hence is suitable for understanding the relationships [34, 35].”
Aljawadi, M. H. (2025) · Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jtumed.2025.07.014 · Cited by 2
“4 More technical details regarding this method can be found in seminal work by Mantel et al. 14 2) Log-binomial model: This model uses a generalized linear model in which the link function is the logarithm of the proportion of the outcome and a binomial error distribution.”
School education prevents AI dependency to promote mental health among college students
Guo, Y., & Liu, X. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120185 · Cited by 2
Down the Digital Delta: Health Information Inequities Among Rural Mississippi Caregivers
Nadorff, D. K., Anreddy, S., Sergi, K., Ahonle, Z. J., Stouffer, C., Hemphill, T., & Buys, D. R. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13182361 · Cited by 2
“The cross-sectional design, while useful for providing a snapshot of associations [52,53], prevents us from establishing causal relationships.”
Nurses' Opinions About Clinical Nursing Research: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Kerr, D. C., Alice, A., Giddings, W., et al. (2025) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.70227 · Cited by 2
Kim, D., Yu, J.-G., & Jeong, Y. (2025) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440251381373 · Cited by 2
“The cross-sectional approach is useful for capturing a momentary view of how these factors are interrelated and can offer insights into current trends and relationships (X. Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
Wei, Z., Cai, Q., Jiang, X., Wang, C., Xiong, Y., Pan, S., Zhou, L., Dai, C., Yin, W., Wei, Q., et al. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07439-2 · Cited by 2
“First, the cross-sectional design [52] precludes establishing temporal precedence and cannot rule out reverse causation among PLEs, school connectedness, and suicidal ideation; therefore, pathways (e.g., J6 → G14 → suicidal ideation) should be interpreted as associative rather than causal.”
Dautovic, A., Fredriksson‐Larsson, U., Andersson, S., et al. (2025) · Nordic journal of nursing research · doi:10.1177/20571585251381554 · Cited by 2
Understanding midwifery workforce retention: An Australian cross-sectional study
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Chapagai, D. P., Sharma, N. D., Roy, M. K., et al. (2025) · Energy Sustainable Development/Energy for sustainable development · doi:10.1016/j.esd.2025.101840 · Cited by 2
‘Unfollow Them!’: The Role of Morality‐ and Emotion‐Related Factors in the Cancelling Process
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Amboka, P., Nampijja, M., & Masibo, P. K. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2025.1623064 · Cited by 2
Mukandayisenga, M., Tabaro, J., Chinene, B., Adam, A., Mukangendo, M., Turatsinze, F., & Odumeru, E. (2025) · Journal of medical imaging and radiation sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jmir.2025.102127 · Cited by 2
Komasi, S. (2025) · Archives of Mental Health · doi:10.4103/amh.amh_282_24 · Cited by 3
Kule, A. M., Muhammad, T., Bagiwa, Z. L., Aja, L., & Otitoju, A. M. (2025) · Open Research Africa · doi:10.12688/openresafrica.16239.1 · Cited by 2
Jung, S., Brook, C. A., & Schmidt, L. A. (2025) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.70052 · Cited by 3
Yang, H., Xiao, J., Zhang, W., Liu, X., Mao, H., & Xu, D. (2025) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s553964 · Cited by 3
Behera, R. K., & Zhang, L. (2025) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights · doi:10.1108/jhti-07-2025-0825 · Cited by 3
Ng, J. Y., Lee, M. S., Gupta, M. M., Tan, J., Adapa, K., Gupta, P. K., Li, S., Mehta, D. H., Ring, M. R., Shridhar, M., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Ayurveda Research · doi:10.4103/ijar.ijar_293_25 · Cited by 2
Utilising ICT for classroom teaching and learning: Practices among South African teachers.
Matlala, D. E., Graham, M. A., & Roux, K. (2025) · The Independent Journal of Teaching and Learning · doi:10.17159/ppfn4g11 · Cited by 2
Marange, T., Chuchu, T., Maziriri, E. T., et al. (2025) · Journal of Public Health Research · doi:10.1177/22799036251384114 · Cited by 2
Grounds, S., Walton, S. M., Alier, K. K., Garretson, S., Mohamoud, S. A., Abdiqadir, S. M., Khattak, Q., Nur, M. A., Mohamoud, A. M., Ismail, M. O., et al. (2025) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.15.04308 · Cited by 3
“…established from a cross-sectional analysis, we selected covariates based on biological plausibility and consistency with existing knowledge, and the statistically significant findings from the fully adjusted models demonstrate the strength of association of the identified correlates [ 73 – 75 ].”
State Self-Compassion as a Protective Factor Against Anxiety and Depression Symptoms Across Adults
Karakasidou, E., Raftopoulou, G., & Koundourou, C. (2025) · Psychology International · doi:10.3390/psycholint7040095 · Cited by 3
“Although regression and ANOVA analyses suggest associative relationships, longitudinal designs are necessary to establish directionality and assess temporal changes in self-compassion and mental health (Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
Omona, K., Bwire, G. W., Godfrey, M., et al. (2025) · Critical Public Health · doi:10.1080/09581596.2025.2604882 · Cited by 2
Sero-prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among the municipal waste collectors in Aden, Yemen
Gubran, A. N. M., Waleed, H., Mohammed, H. A. A., et al. (2026) · International Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s10123-025-00771-3 · Cited by 2
“It is used to detect both outcomes and exposures simultaneously (Wang and Cheng 2020).”
Adugna, A., Abebaw, D., Malik, T., & Jemal, M. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-34788-5 · Cited by 3
Aksoy, M., Aksoy, D. A., Polat, E., Hopcan, S., & Bush, A. (2026) · European Journal of Education · doi:10.1111/ejed.70454 · Cited by 6
DiDomenico, R. J., Smith, S. E., Chan, A., Dougherty, Z. J., Griebe, K. M., Lee, Y. R., Murray, B., Roberts, R. J., Shin, E. T., Vonderhaar, J. M., et al. (2026) · JACCP JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY · doi:10.1002/jac5.70165 · Cited by 3
A Systematic Literature Review of Information Security Practices in Higher Education Contexts
Bwiino, K., Kituyi, G. M., Nkamwesiga, L., & Nyamadi, M. (2026) · IET Information Security · doi:10.1049/ise2/6324508 · Cited by 5
Zhou, X., Chen, J., Yao, J., Chui, D. T., & Tang, S.-K. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1735922 · Cited by 2
Almugren, I., Rai, J. S., Chotia, V., Szabó-Szentgróti, G., & Mohanty, J. (2026) · Journal of Knowledge Management · doi:10.1108/jkm-08-2025-1132 · Cited by 3
Ng, J. Y., Tan, J., Adapa, K., Gupta, P. K., Li, S., Mehta, D. H., Ring, M. R., Shridhar, M., Souza, J. P., Yoshino, T., et al. (2026) · Perspectives on Integrative Medicine · doi:10.56986/pim.2026.02.009 · Cited by 2
“This makes a study both efficient and cost-effective [35].”
Aposika, F. (2026) · Discover Education · doi:10.1007/s44217-026-01200-x · Cited by 2
Mentalizing impairments in somatic symptom disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Kocsis-Bogár, K., Déri, J. A., Miklósi, M., Wildner, B., Kaltenboeck, A., & Aichberger, M. C. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1704193 · Cited by 5
“Furthermore, it is important to interpret our findings within the constraints of modest ROB management in the included studies, which is common in many cross-sectional designs (Wang and Cheng, 2020).”
Piele, M. D., Ionașcu, D. D., Pânişoară, I. O., & Lazăr, I. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04169-2 · Cited by 6
“Although longitudinal studies provide insights into the evolution of phenomena, the cross-sectional [70] approach was S1.”
Haddad, Y. S., & Khalil, N. A. (2025) · Journal of Medical Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research · doi:10.51847/w0lvgj9qos · Cited by 2
Global contexts, local intentions: modeling MaaS acceptance across 10 cities
Orozco-Fontalvo, M., Oviedo-Trespalacios, Ó., Useche, S. A., et al. (2026) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2026.104951 · Cited by 2
Cheng, A. Y., Liu, Y., Zheng, F. M., Sun, I. G., Chen, J., & Chu, C. H. (2026) · Dentistry Journal · doi:10.3390/dj14030149 · Cited by 2
The Effect of Tobacco Smoking on Tooth Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Chen, Z., Kaur, G., Kaunein, N., Handoko, C., Peres, M. A., Russell, M. A., & Singh, A. (2026) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/jcpe.70110 · Cited by 2
“Cross-sectional studies can be biased because of the lack of temporal ordering, as data is available at a single time point (Wang and Cheng 2020).”
Zhu, J., Gao, W., Hu, L., Hao, J., Chen, Y., Wang, Y., Li, P., Chen, W., Ban, P., Yang, L., et al. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04439-z · Cited by 2
Qtait, M. T., Farajalla, F., Alqaissi, N. M., et al. (2026) · JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance · doi:10.1093/jacamr/dlag028 · Cited by 2
“7,22 Previous Palestinian studies have reported ASM prevalence of approximately 50% among primary-care patients, 19 65.7% among university students, 20 and over 70% among parents self-medicating their children.”
InfluentialPeddle, M., Wickramasinghe, C. L., & Armour, T. (2026) · Clinical Simulation in Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ecns.2026.101967 · Cited by 2
Shen, Y., Xu, X., Emmers, D., Cai, K., Ye, S. D., Zhang, M., & Rozelle, S. (2026) · International Journal of Social Welfare · doi:10.1111/ijsw.70072 · Cited by 2
Farajalla, F., Alqaissi, N. M., Qtait, M. T., et al. (2026) · SAGE Open Nursing · doi:10.1177/23779608261451603 · Cited by 2
“The design was selected for its suitability in achieving the research objectives, as it enables the assessment of multiple variables and their associations at a single point (Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
Adoption and Impact of Big Data Analytics in the Food Industry in South-Western Nigeria
Osakue, I., Muhyaddin, S., Kuka, C. S., Leyva-Hernández, S. N., Onyeagwibe, V., & Arzaba, J. C. H. (2026) · Businesses · doi:10.3390/businesses6020032 · Cited by 2
“Wang and Cheng (2020) also demonstrated that BDA can improve business functions, including dynamic pricing strategies, sales forecasting, supply chain management, and knowledge acquisition, and ultimately enable better organisational performance when integrated into business decision-making…”
Is Freezing the Future? Investigating Interest of Elective Oocyte Freezing Amongst Singaporean Women
Bach, S. (2021) · Journal of Fertility Biomarkers · doi:10.14302/issn.2576-2818.jfb-21-3849 · Cited by 2
Modelling of South African Hypertension: Application of Panel Quantile Regression
Kuhudzai, A. G., Hal, G. F. V., Dongen, S. V., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19105802 · Cited by 2
Zeyrek, A. Ş., Fidan, Ö., & Arslan, S. (2022) · Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.5505/kjms.2022.66743 · Cited by 2
“STROBE Statement checklist was used for assuring the rigour of research methodology 20 .”
D'Souza, O. N., & Kuntz, J. (2023) · Equality Diversity and Inclusion An International Journal · doi:10.1108/edi-08-2021-0207 · Cited by 6
Neill, R. D., Mooney, E., Dowey, L. R. C., & Tully, M. A. (2023) · Hygiene · doi:10.3390/hygiene3020015 · Cited by 2
Mukherjee, D., & Roy, S. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-88423-5.00101-1 · Cited by 2
Disease Severity Index in Parkinson’s Disease Based on Self-Organizing Maps
Araújo, S. M., Nery, S. B. M., Magalhães, B. G., et al. (2023) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app131810019 · Cited by 2
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Work performance incentivization in the Philippine public educational organization
Jamoral, R., Batag, M. J., & Andres, K. A. (2023) · doi:10.31039/jomeino.2023.7.2.5 · Cited by 2
“This design generates data from different individuals at a single point in time and can provide valuable insights about the population being studied for further correlational research (Setia, 2016; Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
BackgroundDrivers of contract renewal over time: a framework of analysis in B2B services
Williams, P., Ashill, N. J., & Naumann, E. (2023) · Journal of Strategic Marketing · doi:10.1080/0965254x.2023.2257704 · Cited by 4
“Data collection was collected from the same target population at different time points, and was used for analyzing aggregate change over time (Wang & Cheng 2020).”
Gusmão, Y. G., Glória, J. C. R., Ramos‐Jorge, M. L., Lages, F. S., & de Oliveira, D. W. D. (2023) · Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia · doi:10.1590/1980-549720230046 · Cited by 2
Humble, A., Yu, M.-L., & Brown, T. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1080/11038128.2023.2274883 · Cited by 2
“This design was chosen as it allows for the investigation of variables that are present in a population at a single time point [48].”
Competencia Digital y Desarrollo Profesional en Docentes de Ayacucho
Saavedra-Carrion, N. P. (2023) · Revista Docentes 2 0 · doi:10.37843/rted.v16i2.415 · Cited by 2
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Li, W., Song, Y., & Zhou, Z. (2024) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12964 · Cited by 2
Does learning organization create workplace happiness of educators? A post-pandemic perspective
Qamar, F., Bhutto, N. A., Nisar, S., Channa, K. A., Ghumro, N. H., Hussain, S., & Khaliq, M. (2024) · Human Systems Management · doi:10.3233/hsm-220175 · Cited by 5
“We conducted our research in one-shot i.e., as a cross-sectional research because cross-sectional studies involve lesser cost [100].”
Factor Influencing Purchase Intention for Co-Branded Anime Fashion Products
Raisy, R., Fahlevi, R., & Sinambela, F. A. (2024) · Jambura Science of Management · doi:10.37479/jsm.v6i1.22020 · Cited by 2
“Typically, the obtainment process for this type of data is economical and simple (Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
MethodIsmail, A. H., Hussein, S. Z., Yasin, A. M., et al. (2023) · Makara Journal of Health Research · doi:10.7454/msk.v27i3.1518 · Cited by 2
Hurtado, D. A., Greenspan, S. A., Alley, L., Hammer, L. B., Furnari, M., & Lenhart, A. (2024) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2024.307582 · Cited by 2
Emotion Regulation: An Exploration of Gender Differences among Adolescents in Malaysia
Yusoff, S. R., Hoesni, S. M., & Muhammad, N. A. (2024) · Jurnal e-Bangi/e-Bangi · doi:10.17576/ebangi.2024.2101.34 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Wang, X., & Cheng, Z.
- Affiliations
- Cleveland Clinic (US)
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Xiaofeng
- Venue
- CHEST
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-07
- Volume
- 158
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- S65-S71
- ISSN
- 0012-3692 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3039445169
- Cited by
- 2,214
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 636 · 2025: 638 · 2024: 423 · 2023: 282 · 2022: 162 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 8
- FWCI
- 90.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- CHEST Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Methodologies in Health Research and Practice
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Keywords
- cross-sectional study, observational study design, prevalence, health determinants, methodological issues, statistical analysis, respiratory medicine, intensive care, research design recommendations, peer review
- MeSH terms
- Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Guidelines as Topic
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