The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 2 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Cross-Sectional Studies
Open accessAbstract
Cross-sectional studies are observational studies that analyze data from a population at a single point in time. They are often used to measure the prevalence of health outcomes, understand determinants of health, and describe features of a population. Unlike other types of observational studies, cross-sectional studies do not follow individuals up over time. They are usually inexpensive and easy to conduct. They are useful for establishing preliminary evidence in planning a future advanced study. This article reviews the essential characteristics, describes strengths and weaknesses, discusses methodological issues, and gives our recommendations on design and statistical analysis for cross-sectional studies in pulmonary and critical care medicine. A list of considerations for reviewers is also provided.
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In the paper
“Prevalenceincidence bias (also called the Neyman bias) is also particularly common in cross-sectional studies.13”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Bias
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Tripepi, 2010, Selection bias and information bias in clinical research, Nephron Clin Pract source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They cannot be used to look at individual change (as in a cohort study).”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Description of Subtypes of Cross-Sectional Studies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because the outcome and exposure variables are measured at the same time, it is relatively difficult to establish causal relationships from a cross-sectional study.”
- Also stated in: § Description of Subtypes of Cross-Sectional Studies · plain
“The exposures and outcomes are measured simultaneously; therefore, it is difficult to determine whether the exposures preceded or followed the outcomes in an analytical cross-sectional study.”
- Also stated in: § Benefits and Downside of Cross-Sectional Studies · plain
“The weaknesses of cross-sectional studies include the inability to assess incidence, to study rare diseases, and to make a causal inference.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > General Overview of Cross-Sectional Study Design
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Description of Subtypes of Cross-Sectional Studies · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, repeated cross-sectional studies can be used for analyzing population changes over time (also known as aggregate change over time).”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Description of Subtypes of Cross-Sectional Studies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“If one wants to compare two prevalence rates in an analytical cross-sectional study, the commonly used sample size formula is the same as is used when designing a cohort study.6”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Sample Size Determination
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [6] Fleiss, 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike studies starting from a series of patients, cross-sectional studies often need to select a sample of subjects from a large and heterogeneous study population.Thus, they are susceptible to sampling bias.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Benefits and Downside of Cross-Sectional Studies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The subjects are neither deliberately exposed nor treated; thus, there are seldom ethical difficulties.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Benefits and Downside of Cross-Sectional Studies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 4
- It may state two separate claims as one. 3
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Stepwise selection methods and P value-based criteria are discouraged due to overfitting and because they often allow too many parameters to be included, which reduces the generalizability of the model.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Additional information
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Confounding could result in a distortion of the association between exposure and outcome.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Confounding
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Note that the sample size in a descriptive study does not depend on statistical power because this concept only applies to statistical comparisons.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Sample Size Determination
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The weaknesses of cross-sectional studies include the inability to assess incidence, to study rare diseases, and to make a causal inference.”
- Also stated in: § 1. The study population and the research question. · plain
“Unable to measure the incidence”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Benefits and Downside of Cross-Sectional Studies
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Also stated in: § 1. The study population and the research question. · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only with full and transparent reporting of information on all aspects of a cross-sectional study can potential usefulness of its findings and risk of bias be adequately assessed.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Additional information
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because exposure and outcome are measured simultaneously in a cross-sectional study, prior knowledge of the condition might influence the ascertainment of the exposure or the outcome, which results in recall bias.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Bias
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional studies are usually quick and inexpensive to conduct.
“They are usually inexpensive and easy to conduct.”
“The main strength of cross-sectional studies is that they are relatively quick and inexpensive to conduct.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional studies are the best way to determine prevalence.
“They are the best way to determine the prevalence and can study the associations of multiple exposures and outcomes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional studies can study the associations of multiple exposures and outcomes.
“They are the best way to determine the prevalence and can study the associations of multiple exposures and outcomes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional studies are useful for establishing preliminary evidence in planning a future advanced study.
“They are useful for establishing preliminary evidence in planning a future advanced study.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional studies are suitable for generating hypotheses and may provide information about the prevalence of outcomes and exposures that informs other study designs.
“They are suitable for generating hypotheses and may provide information about the prevalence of outcomes and exposures that informs other study designs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Using questionnaires to reach a large sample of the population of interest is relatively inexpensive but can result in low response rates.
“Using questionnaires to reach a large sample of the population of interest is relatively inexpensive but can result in low response rates.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Interviews are more expensive and time-consuming than using questionnaires, potentially limiting the sample size but leading to a higher response rate.
“Interviews are more expensive and time-consuming than using questionnaires, potentially limiting the sample size but leading to a higher response rate.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional studies cannot study rare diseases.
“The weaknesses of cross-sectional studies include the inability to assess incidence, to study rare diseases, and to make a causal inference.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Probability sampling methods are more accurate and rigorous than nonprobability sampling methods.
“In general, probability sampling methods are preferred over nonprobability ones, as the former are considered to be more accurate and rigorous.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Nonresponse bias is usually encountered in cross-sectional survey studies with mailed questionnaires.
“A common type of selection bias is the nonresponse bias, which is usually encountered in crosssectional survey studies with mailed questionnaires.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Recall bias and detection bias are two common information biases.
“Recall bias and detection bias are two common information biases.”
Citations
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Critical Success Factors for Citizen Development
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“Phase 1 used a cross-sectional observational design (25) in which the use of Bootle Blast during a single time point (i.e., a therapy session between the client and clinician) was observed and the use of MLS was documented.”
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Results from Two Countries on How Thwarted Interpersonal Needs Contribute to Understanding Self-Harm
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“Furthermore, because this was a cross-sectional study, there may have been an overestimation of the relationships between the studied variables (Wang & Cheng, 2020) and the causal direction among variables cannot be fully specified.”
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Using the Child Perceptions Questionnaire with young adults
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“It is also sensible to determine the adequate function - ing of the scale before investing resources in more expen - sive longitudinal or experience sampling methods (Wang & Cheng, 2020 ).”
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“They offer insights into prevalence and incidence, generating essential hypotheses, and can establish possible associations with exposures or risk factors, whether analytical or descriptive [3].”
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“The study had a cross-sectional design [17], with data collection being carried out in November and December 2023, in a teaching hospital in northeastern Brazil.”
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Environmental And Health Implications of Waste Disposal Sites In The Lesotho Lowlands
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“However, some researchers criticized using cross-sectional data for mediational models as it might lead to biased interpretations (Maxwell & Cole, 2007) since there might be some temporal connection between the outcome and antecedents (Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
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“As the level of job stress increases, its negative effects become more pronounced, potentially reducing job satisfaction, organizational commitment, engagement and organizational citizenship behaviors, inevitably leading to the loss of the organization’s competitiveness [69].”
El-Ruz, R. A., Masoud, O., Ibrahim, A. E., et al. (2025) · Journal of Infection and Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2025.102732 · Cited by 4
Miranda, A. R., Scotta, A. V., Cortez, M. V., & Soria, E. A. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0294220 · Cited by 4
Kasaye, M. D., Getahun, A. G., & Kalayou, M. H. (2025) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076251330552 · Cited by 8
“27 However, there are limitations to using a cross-sectional study design.”
Carvalho, T., Rago, V., Brito, J., Gomes, P. P., Abreu, M., da Silva, D. C., Pereira, S., Mohr, M., Baptista, I., & Afonso, J. R. (2025) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports13040118 · Cited by 5
“A cross-sectional observational design was adopted [29] to collect environmental conditions, matches, and player data from the official matches.”
Noise disturbance and lack of privacy: Modeling acoustic dissatisfaction in open-plan offices
Yadav, M., Kim, J., Hongisto, V. O., Cabrera, D. A., & de Dear, R. (2025) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/10.0036594 · Cited by 5
Wang, K., & Fen, Q. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15091236 · Cited by 6
“Current research on physical activity–bullying relationships predominantly utilizes cross-sectional methodologies (Garcia et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2024; Q. Zhang & Deng, 2024), which inherently constrain causal inference and temporal sequencing analysis (X. Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
InfluentialRates of Dual Diagnosis in Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatients: A Scoping Review
Suntharalingam, S., Johnson, D., Suresh, S., Thierrault, F. L., Sante, S. D., Perinpanayagam, P., Salamatmanesh, M., & PAJER, K. A. (2021) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000000818 · Cited by 4
The nexus of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages: Insights on demographics, enablers and barriers
Al-Alawy, K., Gaafar, R., Moonesar, I. A., & Muhsineh, S. (2021) · Public Health in Practice · doi:10.1016/j.puhip.2021.100189 · Cited by 4
Hirata, A., Miyashita, K., Tanaka, T., Hirata, K., Narazaki, T., Utsunomiya, H., Ohno, H., Nakashima, E., Tachikawa, Y., Choi, I., et al. (2022) · Hematology · doi:10.1080/16078454.2022.2051863 · Cited by 4
Mugizi, W., Ampeire, K. H., & Kemeri, J. (2022) · Interdisciplinary Journal of Education Research · doi:10.51986/ijer-2022.vol4.04 · Cited by 4
“Therefore, the cross-sectional research design enabled quick collection of data making it easy and cheap to conduct the study using a questionnaire survey (Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
MethodMaizel, J. L., Dixon, B. N., & Walker, A. F. (2022) · Current Diabetes Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573399818666220609154132 · Cited by 4
Siegel, L., Asada, Y., Lin, S., Fitzgibbon, M., & Kong, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Health Services · doi:10.3389/frhs.2022.980827 · Cited by 4
Effects of knowledge management on firm competitiveness: The mediation of operational efficiency
Mantje, M. P., Rambe, P., & Ndofirepi, T. M. (2022) · South African journal of information management · doi:10.4102/sajim.v24i1.1549 · Cited by 4
“While Wang and Cheng (2020) conceded that a cross-sectional study is relatively inexpensive and easy to conduct, its major weaknesses are that it does not follow-up with the individual (respondent) over time and it is difficult to make causal inferences based on its data.”
BackgroundŠpoljarić, A., & Verčič, D. (2023) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s2398-391420230000006008 · Cited by 4
A STUDY ON FACTORS INFLUENCING LIVE STREAMING SHOPPING AMONG GENERATION Z IN IPOH, PERAK
Ling, A., Subramaniam, T., & Nordin, N. E. (2023) · International Journal of Management Studies and Social Science Research · doi:10.56293/ijmsssr.2022.4527 · Cited by 6
Neill, R. D., McFadden, P., Manthorpe, J., Mallett, J., Currie, D., Schroder, H. S., Ravalier, J. M., Nicholl, P., Moriarty, J., McGrory, S., et al. (2023) · BioMed · doi:10.3390/biomed3030030 · Cited by 5
“A limitation of cross-sectional research designs is that they only provide a snapshot of the outcomes for that population at a specific time and therefore are not able to assess incidence or infer causality [68].”
BackgroundSujadi, E. (2022) · Tarbawi Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan · doi:10.32939/tarbawi.v18i2.2460 · Cited by 11
“This approach is frequently utilized to determine the occurrence of health outcomes, explore health determinants, and characterize population attributes (Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
BackgroundEnríquez, J. P., & Ader, D. (2023) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2023.2266045 · Cited by 9
Spiritualitas, Regulasi Diri, dan Kesejahteraan Subjektif Siswa Sekolah Menengah Atas
D, L., & Nashori, F. (2023) · Jurnal Psikologi Islam dan Budaya · doi:10.15575/jpib.v6i2.23692 · Cited by 8
Marta, I. A., Oktarifaldi, O., & Wisma, N. (2023) · Jurnal SPORTIF Jurnal Penelitian Pembelajaran · doi:10.29407/js_unpgri.v9i3.21218 · Cited by 4
“This research is a type of quantitative research with a Cross-Sectional study approach design, namely an observational study design that involves and looks at data from a population at a certain point in time (Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
MethodSelf‐reported cultural competence among Czech and Slovakian nurses: A comparative correlation study
Červený, M., & Tóthová, V. (2024) · International Nursing Review · doi:10.1111/inr.12969 · Cited by 4
Guerra, C. B. D. M. C., Braido, A., Ferraz, D. C., Paranhos, L. R., Soares, A. D. J., & Vieira, W. D. A. (2024) · Clinical Oral Investigations · doi:10.1007/s00784-024-05841-w · Cited by 4
Radić, A., Quan, W., Ariza‐Montes, A., & Han, H. (2024) · Consumer Behavior in Tourism and Hospitality · doi:10.1108/cbth-01-2024-0007 · Cited by 4
Alshyyab, M. A., Albsoul, R. A., FitzGerald, G., et al. (2025) · Workplace Health & Safety · doi:10.1177/21650799241305795 · Cited by 4
“A cross sectional study is an observational research that analyses data of variables collected at one given point across a sample population or a pre-defined subset (Thomas, 2020; Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
Gaining supervision skills in pre-registration nursing through peer teaching: An evaluative survey
Martins, K., Wagg, A. J., & Afonso, E. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11398 · Cited by 5
“This low response can be due to a nonresponse bias, a systematic difference between responders (people who complete a survey) and non-responders (people who did not complete a survey), which is usually encountered in survey studies with mailed questionnaires (Wang and Cheng, 2020).”
BackgroundWang, Y., Zhang, W.-K., Zhang, T., & Wang, X. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03343-0 · Cited by 4
Self-citationLaban, G. (2024) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/fhdek · Cited by 7
Developing a Novel Model for ICT Integration in South African Education: Insights from TIMSS
Graham, M. A., Kruger, G. M., & Ryneveld, L. V. (2024) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci14080865 · Cited by 5
Alhroub, N., Al-Sarairhe, I., Alkhawaldeh, A., et al. (2024) · Working with Older People · doi:10.1108/wwop-04-2024-0019 · Cited by 3
Factors predicting the mathematics anxiety of adolescents: a structural equation modeling approach
Ahmmed, S., Saha, J., Tamal, M. A., Mamun, K. A., & Islam, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1484381 · Cited by 4
Zhou, C., Chen, L., Huang, Q., Lin, X., Jia, Y., Li, X., Zheng, W., & Yuan, Q. (2025) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2025.01.020 · Cited by 3
Yaro, P. B., Tabong, P. T., & Asampong, E. (2025) · Health Services Insights · doi:10.1177/11786329251318593 · Cited by 3
Barreiras e facilitadores para adesão à farmacoterapia em doenças crônicas: uma revisão de escopo
Gonçalves, A. M. R. F., Campos, M. S. D. A., de Menezes, L. A., & Pereira, L. R. L. (2025) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232025302.02762023en · Cited by 14
Geremias, R. L., Cavaco, L., & Sotomayor, A. M. (2025) · Administrative Sciences · doi:10.3390/admsci15030093 · Cited by 5
Zhang, Y., Iob, E., & Tapia‐Muñoz, T. (2025) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2025.101000 · Cited by 3
Mankelkl, G., & Kinfe, B. (2025) · Frontiers in Global Women s Health · doi:10.3389/fgwh.2025.1490762 · Cited by 3
“This could be further explained by the fact that the cross-sectional study design may in fl uence the results, as it captures the data at a single point in time and cannot establish causal relationships (35).”
Li, Z., Lili, S., Leng, J., Pang, Y. K., He, Y., Su, Z., Wang, Y., Zhou, Y., Lu, Y., Jiang, Y., et al. (2025) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.70157 · Cited by 3
Lin, Y., Chien, L., & Hu, M.-L. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0323164 · Cited by 3
“An effect size of 0.15 was used as a reference[24], and the minimum sample size needed was 217.”
InfluentialImpacto de la Gamificación en la Enseñanza del Inglés en Educación Inicial
Seminario, S. Q. (2025) · Revista Docentes 2 0 · doi:10.37843/rted.v18i1.650 · Cited by 10
Lee, Y.-S., Gor, K., Sprong, M. E., Shrestha, J., Huang, X., & Hollender, H. L. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1531764 · Cited by 3
“…university (University of Illinois at Springfield IRB approval number 25-006), we conducted a pseudo-longitudinal (repeated cross-sectional) study (41–43) in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines to ensure methodological rigor…”
Research Designs and Methodologies
Khan, U. S., & Jain, P. R. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-5154-2_2 · Cited by 3
Prabowo, P., Utama, I. D., & Rahmatillah, I. (2025) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2025.2526897 · Cited by 7
“This study employs a cross-sectional design which allows researchers to collect the data at a specific time and enables the exploration of the correlation (Wang & Cheng, 2020) between students ’ technological knowledge and their business ideation.”
Okello, P., Ilukor, J., Kamatara, K., et al. (2025) · Pastoralism Research Policy and Practice · doi:10.3389/past.2025.13991 · Cited by 3
“The cross-sectional survey was selected for its effectiveness in gathering data from a diverse sample of farmers at a single point in time, enabling the analysis of various factors in fl uencing compliance in a relatively ef fi cient manner (Wang and Cheng, 2020).”
Adolescents' screen media entertainment: a quantitative, cross-sectional study
Sebsbie, S., & Tsegaye, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1549080 · Cited by 5
Strandt, E., & Murnane-Rainey, J. A. (2025) · Journal of Leadership Studies · doi:10.1002/jls.70017 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Wang, X., & Cheng, Z.
- Affiliations
- Cleveland Clinic (US)
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Xiaofeng
- Venue
- CHEST
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-07
- Volume
- 158
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- S65-S71
- ISSN
- 0012-3692 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3039445169
- Cited by
- 2,214
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 636 · 2025: 638 · 2024: 423 · 2023: 282 · 2022: 162 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 8
- FWCI
- 90.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- CHEST Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Methodologies in Health Research and Practice
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Keywords
- cross-sectional study, observational study design, prevalence, health determinants, methodological issues, statistical analysis, respiratory medicine, intensive care, research design recommendations, peer review
- MeSH terms
- Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Guidelines as Topic
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