The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 2 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Cross-Sectional Studies
Open accessAbstract
Cross-sectional studies are observational studies that analyze data from a population at a single point in time. They are often used to measure the prevalence of health outcomes, understand determinants of health, and describe features of a population. Unlike other types of observational studies, cross-sectional studies do not follow individuals up over time. They are usually inexpensive and easy to conduct. They are useful for establishing preliminary evidence in planning a future advanced study. This article reviews the essential characteristics, describes strengths and weaknesses, discusses methodological issues, and gives our recommendations on design and statistical analysis for cross-sectional studies in pulmonary and critical care medicine. A list of considerations for reviewers is also provided.
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In the paper
“Prevalenceincidence bias (also called the Neyman bias) is also particularly common in cross-sectional studies.13”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Bias
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Tripepi, 2010, Selection bias and information bias in clinical research, Nephron Clin Pract source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They cannot be used to look at individual change (as in a cohort study).”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Description of Subtypes of Cross-Sectional Studies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because the outcome and exposure variables are measured at the same time, it is relatively difficult to establish causal relationships from a cross-sectional study.”
- Also stated in: § Description of Subtypes of Cross-Sectional Studies · plain
“The exposures and outcomes are measured simultaneously; therefore, it is difficult to determine whether the exposures preceded or followed the outcomes in an analytical cross-sectional study.”
- Also stated in: § Benefits and Downside of Cross-Sectional Studies · plain
“The weaknesses of cross-sectional studies include the inability to assess incidence, to study rare diseases, and to make a causal inference.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > General Overview of Cross-Sectional Study Design
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Description of Subtypes of Cross-Sectional Studies · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, repeated cross-sectional studies can be used for analyzing population changes over time (also known as aggregate change over time).”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Description of Subtypes of Cross-Sectional Studies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“If one wants to compare two prevalence rates in an analytical cross-sectional study, the commonly used sample size formula is the same as is used when designing a cohort study.6”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Sample Size Determination
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [6] Fleiss, 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike studies starting from a series of patients, cross-sectional studies often need to select a sample of subjects from a large and heterogeneous study population.Thus, they are susceptible to sampling bias.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Benefits and Downside of Cross-Sectional Studies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The subjects are neither deliberately exposed nor treated; thus, there are seldom ethical difficulties.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Benefits and Downside of Cross-Sectional Studies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 4
- It may state two separate claims as one. 3
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Stepwise selection methods and P value-based criteria are discouraged due to overfitting and because they often allow too many parameters to be included, which reduces the generalizability of the model.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Additional information
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Confounding could result in a distortion of the association between exposure and outcome.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Confounding
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Note that the sample size in a descriptive study does not depend on statistical power because this concept only applies to statistical comparisons.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Sample Size Determination
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The weaknesses of cross-sectional studies include the inability to assess incidence, to study rare diseases, and to make a causal inference.”
- Also stated in: § 1. The study population and the research question. · plain
“Unable to measure the incidence”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Benefits and Downside of Cross-Sectional Studies
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Also stated in: § 1. The study population and the research question. · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only with full and transparent reporting of information on all aspects of a cross-sectional study can potential usefulness of its findings and risk of bias be adequately assessed.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Additional information
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because exposure and outcome are measured simultaneously in a cross-sectional study, prior knowledge of the condition might influence the ascertainment of the exposure or the outcome, which results in recall bias.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Bias
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional studies are usually quick and inexpensive to conduct.
“They are usually inexpensive and easy to conduct.”
“The main strength of cross-sectional studies is that they are relatively quick and inexpensive to conduct.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional studies are the best way to determine prevalence.
“They are the best way to determine the prevalence and can study the associations of multiple exposures and outcomes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional studies can study the associations of multiple exposures and outcomes.
“They are the best way to determine the prevalence and can study the associations of multiple exposures and outcomes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional studies are useful for establishing preliminary evidence in planning a future advanced study.
“They are useful for establishing preliminary evidence in planning a future advanced study.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional studies are suitable for generating hypotheses and may provide information about the prevalence of outcomes and exposures that informs other study designs.
“They are suitable for generating hypotheses and may provide information about the prevalence of outcomes and exposures that informs other study designs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Using questionnaires to reach a large sample of the population of interest is relatively inexpensive but can result in low response rates.
“Using questionnaires to reach a large sample of the population of interest is relatively inexpensive but can result in low response rates.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Interviews are more expensive and time-consuming than using questionnaires, potentially limiting the sample size but leading to a higher response rate.
“Interviews are more expensive and time-consuming than using questionnaires, potentially limiting the sample size but leading to a higher response rate.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional studies cannot study rare diseases.
“The weaknesses of cross-sectional studies include the inability to assess incidence, to study rare diseases, and to make a causal inference.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Probability sampling methods are more accurate and rigorous than nonprobability sampling methods.
“In general, probability sampling methods are preferred over nonprobability ones, as the former are considered to be more accurate and rigorous.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Nonresponse bias is usually encountered in cross-sectional survey studies with mailed questionnaires.
“A common type of selection bias is the nonresponse bias, which is usually encountered in crosssectional survey studies with mailed questionnaires.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Recall bias and detection bias are two common information biases.
“Recall bias and detection bias are two common information biases.”
Citations
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“Only three studies were longitudinal, offering the advantage of tracking change over time, rather than comparing heterogeneous groups as in cross-sectional studies (Wang and Cheng 2020).”
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“It helped the researcher to collect detailed data from a small sample at the same time (Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
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“The cross-sectional design precludes causal inference, as temporal relationships between e-cigarette exposure and health outcomes cannot be definitively established 30,31 .”
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“Cross-sectional data collection has the additional drawbacks that it cannot assess causal associations or trends over time [60].”
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“The cross-sectional nature of the systematic review introduces an inherent risk of bias (Wang and Cheng, 2020), with self-report measures prone to recall and social desirability bias (Althubaiti, 2016).”
BackgroundHow diverse beliefs shape the experience of transcendent gratitude
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“Point-prevalence surveys are cross-sectional and capture the prevalence of an intervention over a specific period of time, minimizing the potential for recall bias;hence,aremorelikelytoprovideamoreaccuraterepresenta-tion of prevalence compared to studies with extended timeframes [14].”
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“While this approach provides valuable insights into the prevalence and associations among key factors (Wang & Cheng, 2020), it also introduces certain limitations that warrant acknowledgment.”
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“Being a cross-sectional study, it is restricted in establishing causal relationships, and reverse causality remains a concern despite our efforts to control for confounders [ 55].”
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“Given the inherent shortcomings of cross-sectional designs (Wang and Cheng 2020), measures were taken to control for confounding variables by balancing the samples over a large array of demographic factors including age, gender, family status, education, income, and religion.”
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“Cross-sectional studies provide merely a snapshot of the situation at a particular moment, making it difficult to establish causality and increasing their susceptibility to confounding (72).”
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“The design was adopted because the goal of the researchers was to collect research data at a particular point in time, and importantly, describe the opinions of respondents and make generalisations [33,34].”
Kõrgemaa, U., Sisask, M., & Ernits, Ü. (2025) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-025-03292-6 · Cited by 6
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“Cross-sectional studies are used when observing a population at a single point in time, and they are often used to measure and understand health outcomes, determinants of health and describe the aspects and features of populations within healthcare fields (Wang and Cheng 2020).”
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Self-citationDoes Knowledge About Physical Activity Translate into More Active Populations?
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“Therefore, while the findings show an association between knowledge and activity, it does not prove causation, i.e., that knowledge leads to activity, and we cannot reveal causal relationships [21].”
Combined association of chewing capacity and depression with constipation: a cross-sectional study
Huang, J.-F., Xiong, Y.-J., Meng, X., & Lv, T. (2025) · BMC Gastroenterology · doi:10.1186/s12876-025-04123-3 · Cited by 3
“This design prevents the establishment of temporal relationships or causal inferences, which is particularly problematic when evaluating potentially bidirectional associations among depression, chewing capacity, and constipation [72].”
Manee, F., Alnaser, M. Z., Alqattan, A., Almutairi, S., & Maqtouf, H. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13141767 · Cited by 9
“The cross-sectional design helps describe the target population’s characteristics and establishes introductory evidence in formulating a future expanded study [16].”
Narendra, Z. A., & A’yuninnisa, R. N. (2025) · Jurnal Ilmu Perilaku · doi:10.25077/jip.9.1.1-19.2025 · Cited by 6
Matekele, C. K., Mbogela, C. S., & Keregero, C. M. (2025) · Cogent Business & Management · doi:10.1080/23311975.2025.2532123 · Cited by 3
“…a succinct elucidation of events, applicable information related to the subject, and an instantaneous appraisal of the interactions among variables (Wang & cheng, 2020). in addition, 184 lgAs were considered based on the existence of various financial reporting irregularities among them (nAot,…”
Torreciba, N. D., & Alieto, E. O. (2025) · EthAIca · doi:10.56294/ai2025416 · Cited by 4
Kubai, D. K., Adome, R. O., Munanura, E. I., Ashiru-Oredope, D. A. I., & Moriasi, G. A. (2025) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0004333 · Cited by 6
“This study employed a cross-sectional survey using a mixed-methods approach to generate both quantitative and qualitative data on AMS implementation in private hospitals in Kampala, Uganda [28,29].”
Wang, Y., Griva, A., & Hassan, U. U. (2025) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2025.106219 · Cited by 3
Exploring the Ingredient Choices and Maximum Budget for Fresh Food Boxes in Taiwan
Nguyen, M. V., Kim, M., & Yang, S. (2021) · Horticulturae · doi:10.3390/horticulturae7100408 · Cited by 3
Product creativity and organisational competitiveness: Empirical evidence from Nigeria
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James, S., Mwembezi, G., & Chusi, T. (2022) · European Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.47672/ejhs.1043 · Cited by 3
Sacralization of Coccygeal Vertebra: A Descriptive Observational Study in Bangladesh
Naznin, R. A., Moniruzzaman, M., Sumi, S. A., Benzir, M., Jahan, I., Ahmad, R., & Haque, M. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.27496 · Cited by 3
“Consequently, the study results cannot be generalized to the whole country [101].”
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Esteban‐Sepúlveda, S., Gallego-Cortes, M. C., Giró‐Formatger, D., et al. (2022) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2022.105653 · Cited by 3
Quality of Occupational Therapy Research in India - A Descriptive Review
Kamalakannan, S., Sethuraman, L., Chockalingam, M., Samuelkamaleshkumar, S., Moorthy, S. D., Srinivasan, M. K., Ramakrishnan, J., Muthuvel, T., & Mani, K. (2022) · The Indian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.4103/ijoth.ijoth_59_22 · Cited by 3
“[17] Although this study design is less expensive, and it does not require a follow-up, the temporal link between the outcome and exposure of interest cannot be determined using this design.[18] Hence, the quality of evidence obtained from this study design is considered low.”
BackgroundFactors Determining the Mood and Emotions of Nurses Working in Pediatric Wards—A Pilot Study
Bednarek, A., Kowalczuk, K., & Kucharzyk, A. A. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20031997 · Cited by 3
Isa, D. M., Krishnamoorthy, R., & Majid, H. A. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15051124 · Cited by 3
“This may be due to the nature of cross-sectional studies, which makes it difficult to make a causal inference [33].”
Karthikeyan, D. M., Kadri, N. M., & Motevalli, S. (2023) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v13-i5/16801 · Cited by 3
Obaje, S. G., & Elsie, A. O. (2023) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.23934 · Cited by 3
Adoption of Stock Investment Apps: Explaining the Effect of Sunk Cost, Inertia, and Perceived Need
Adam, M. K., Ikhsan, R. B., & Yuniarty, Y. (2023) · International Conference on Business and Industrial Research (ICBIR) · doi:10.1109/icbir57571.2023.10147523 · Cited by 3
“The research method uses a crosssectional study to collect or observe data at once [25].”
MethodCañadas‐Garre, M., Kunzmann, A. T., Anderson, K., Brennan, E. P., Doyle, R., Patterson, C., Godson, C., Maxwell, A. P., & McKnight, A. J. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241311209 · Cited by 4
“This study was cross-sectional and referred only to prevalent albuminuria; therefore, no incident cases were explored, which is a limitation of this study design [69].”
BackgroundHan, H., Chen, Y., Zhang, S., Ji, X., Zhu, M., Ma, W., Ge, H., & Chu, H. (2023) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000034838 · Cited by 3
“[46] Second, in order to better illustrate the correlation between the independent and the dependent variables, we have excluded the effect of outliers in our study based on a smoothed curve model, which may be justified in practice by the presence of what we call “outliers,” which means that the…”
Eldy, & Darmawan, H. (2023) · Folia Medica Indonesiana · doi:10.20473/fmi.v59i2.41208 · Cited by 3
Khokhar, M. T., Rafiq, M., & Malik, A. (2023) · Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication · doi:10.1108/gkmc-07-2023-0240 · Cited by 3
Klemets, L., & Makenzius, M. (2023) · Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare · doi:10.1016/j.srhc.2023.100927 · Cited by 3
The Drivers of Customer Satisfaction in Interactions with Virtual Agents: Evidence from South Africa
Dhavraj, K., & Ndoro, T. T. (2023) · Studies in Media and Communication · doi:10.11114/smc.v11i7.6365 · Cited by 3
Understanding COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in vasculitis patients
Butt, I. N., van Eeden, C., Burns, K. K., Saxinger, L. M., Clifford, A. H., Redmond, D., Tervaert, J. W. C., & Yacyshyn, E. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1301492 · Cited by 4
Zafar, A., & Hall, M. (2024) · Pediatric Pulmonology · doi:10.1002/ppul.26848 · Cited by 3
Kwon, C. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12040467 · Cited by 3
“This association between KM use and economic capacity may point to potential health disparities in medical care access among children and adolescents.”
BackgroundNiedenfuehr, J. M., & Stevens, D. M. (2024) · International Journal of Impotence Research · doi:10.1038/s41443-024-00853-2 · Cited by 3
Affordability of electricity to rural consumers in Tanzania: An elephant in the room?
Muhihi, B. G. (2024) · Interdisciplinary Journal of Rural and Community Studies · doi:10.38140/ijrcs-2024.vol6.02 · Cited by 3
Antora, M., Islam, M. K., Sattar, A., & Sarker, M. F. H. (2024) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2024.2330461 · Cited by 3
“The cross-sectional design was selected due to its ability to capture a snapshot of the disorder’s prevalence and associations at a specific point in time, with relatively fast and inexpensive, making it ideal for answering questions about the current state of the phenomenon (Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
Evidence-based pharmacotherapy in cardiology. National guideline
Martsevich, S. Y., Кутишенко, Н. П., Lukina, Y. V., Yakusevich, V. V., Николаевна, Т. С., Samorodskaya, I. V., Lukyanov, М. М., Zagrebelny, A. V., Metelskaya, V. A., Александровна, П. Е., et al. (2024) · Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology · doi:10.20996/1819-6446-2024-2992 · Cited by 4
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Ebeveyn-Çocuk İlişkisi ve Çocukların Psikolojik İyi Oluşları Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi
Özoğul, B., & Çoban, A. E. (2024) · Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17240/aibuefd.2024..-1352135 · Cited by 3
Rodda, S. N., Bijker, R., Merkouris, S., Landon, J., Hawker, C. O., & Dowling, N. A. (2024) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-024-00594-8 · Cited by 6
“Instead, any exposures and outcomes are measured at the same point in time, commonly making such studies less costly but unable to provide information on causal relationships [30].”
Umar, A. T., Yarma, A. A., Rahama, H. B., Mofio, B. M., Bashir, M., & Ummu, R. A. (2024) · UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR) · doi:10.47430/ujmr.2491.030 · Cited by 4
“A cross-sectional study design (Wang and Cheng, 2020) was utilized to amass samples and questionnaire responses simultaneously to circumvent mix-ups and repetitions since the vendors are habitually itinerant.”
MethodBarros, C. C. D. S., Júnior, C. L. P. S. D. S., Moreira, D. G. L., de Oliveira, A. E. G., da Silveira, É. J. D., Freitas, R. D. A., & de Oliveira, P. T. (2024) · International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry · doi:10.1111/ipd.13269 · Cited by 3
Pubic Hair Removal Practices and Motivations Among a Nationally Representative Sample of U.S. Men
Buhi, E. R., Javidi, H., Walsh-Buhi, M. L., Herbenick, D., & Houghton, R. F. (2024) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/15579883241279830 · Cited by 3
“The cross-sectional design also limits our ability to establish temporal associations (X. Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
BackgroundGambling Behavior and Cryptocurrency Investment: A Treatment-Effect Analysis
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The Role of Sustainable Social Work in Pro-Environmental Behaviors: A Mediation and Moderation Model
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“This research design tends to pro - vide a snapshot of a situation under study across the population at a specific point in time (Wang and Cheng 2020 ).”
InfluentialMwemezi, B. R., Kikwasi, G. J., & Phoya, S. (2023) · University of Dar es Salaam Library Journal · doi:10.4314/udslj.v18i1.6 · Cited by 3
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Calculating epidemiological outcomes from simulated longitudinal dataPreprint
Pi, S., Goldhaber‐Fiebert, J. D., & Alarid‐Escudero, F. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.04.30.25326766 · Cited by 3
“The time required to observe new cases means that incidence cannot be measured in cross-sectional studies [19].”
Mera-Zouain, L., Carballo, J. L., & Guilabert, M. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14214481 · Cited by 2
Role of pharmacist in the management of Hansen's Disease: A scoping review
Duarte, E. C. D. O., Santiago, N. R., Visacri, M. B., et al. (2023) · Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100342 · Cited by 2
Byrne, M. K., Cook, R. L., Murta, J. C. D., Bressington, D. T., & Meyer, B. J. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16060875 · Cited by 4
“The current cross-sectional observational study used a between-subject design for the comparison of means (or median for non-normally distributed data) [25].”
MethodAntuña, E. D., Suárez-Iglesias, D., & Marroyo, J. A. R. (2024) · Revista Española de Educación Física y Deportes · doi:10.55166/reefd.v438i1.1118 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Wang, X., & Cheng, Z.
- Affiliations
- Cleveland Clinic (US)
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Xiaofeng
- Venue
- CHEST
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-07
- Volume
- 158
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- S65-S71
- ISSN
- 0012-3692 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3039445169
- Cited by
- 2,214
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 636 · 2025: 638 · 2024: 423 · 2023: 282 · 2022: 162 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 8
- FWCI
- 90.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- CHEST Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Methodologies in Health Research and Practice
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Keywords
- cross-sectional study, observational study design, prevalence, health determinants, methodological issues, statistical analysis, respiratory medicine, intensive care, research design recommendations, peer review
- MeSH terms
- Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Guidelines as Topic
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