The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 2 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Cross-Sectional Studies
Open accessAbstract
Cross-sectional studies are observational studies that analyze data from a population at a single point in time. They are often used to measure the prevalence of health outcomes, understand determinants of health, and describe features of a population. Unlike other types of observational studies, cross-sectional studies do not follow individuals up over time. They are usually inexpensive and easy to conduct. They are useful for establishing preliminary evidence in planning a future advanced study. This article reviews the essential characteristics, describes strengths and weaknesses, discusses methodological issues, and gives our recommendations on design and statistical analysis for cross-sectional studies in pulmonary and critical care medicine. A list of considerations for reviewers is also provided.
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In the paper
“Prevalenceincidence bias (also called the Neyman bias) is also particularly common in cross-sectional studies.13”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Bias
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Tripepi, 2010, Selection bias and information bias in clinical research, Nephron Clin Pract source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They cannot be used to look at individual change (as in a cohort study).”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Description of Subtypes of Cross-Sectional Studies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because the outcome and exposure variables are measured at the same time, it is relatively difficult to establish causal relationships from a cross-sectional study.”
- Also stated in: § Description of Subtypes of Cross-Sectional Studies · plain
“The exposures and outcomes are measured simultaneously; therefore, it is difficult to determine whether the exposures preceded or followed the outcomes in an analytical cross-sectional study.”
- Also stated in: § Benefits and Downside of Cross-Sectional Studies · plain
“The weaknesses of cross-sectional studies include the inability to assess incidence, to study rare diseases, and to make a causal inference.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > General Overview of Cross-Sectional Study Design
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Description of Subtypes of Cross-Sectional Studies · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, repeated cross-sectional studies can be used for analyzing population changes over time (also known as aggregate change over time).”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Description of Subtypes of Cross-Sectional Studies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“If one wants to compare two prevalence rates in an analytical cross-sectional study, the commonly used sample size formula is the same as is used when designing a cohort study.6”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Sample Size Determination
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [6] Fleiss, 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike studies starting from a series of patients, cross-sectional studies often need to select a sample of subjects from a large and heterogeneous study population.Thus, they are susceptible to sampling bias.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Benefits and Downside of Cross-Sectional Studies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The subjects are neither deliberately exposed nor treated; thus, there are seldom ethical difficulties.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Benefits and Downside of Cross-Sectional Studies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 4
- It may state two separate claims as one. 3
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Stepwise selection methods and P value-based criteria are discouraged due to overfitting and because they often allow too many parameters to be included, which reduces the generalizability of the model.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Additional information
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Confounding could result in a distortion of the association between exposure and outcome.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Confounding
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Note that the sample size in a descriptive study does not depend on statistical power because this concept only applies to statistical comparisons.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Sample Size Determination
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The weaknesses of cross-sectional studies include the inability to assess incidence, to study rare diseases, and to make a causal inference.”
- Also stated in: § 1. The study population and the research question. · plain
“Unable to measure the incidence”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Benefits and Downside of Cross-Sectional Studies
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Also stated in: § 1. The study population and the research question. · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only with full and transparent reporting of information on all aspects of a cross-sectional study can potential usefulness of its findings and risk of bias be adequately assessed.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Additional information
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because exposure and outcome are measured simultaneously in a cross-sectional study, prior knowledge of the condition might influence the ascertainment of the exposure or the outcome, which results in recall bias.”
§ Cross-Sectional Studies Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations > Bias
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional studies are usually quick and inexpensive to conduct.
“They are usually inexpensive and easy to conduct.”
“The main strength of cross-sectional studies is that they are relatively quick and inexpensive to conduct.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional studies are the best way to determine prevalence.
“They are the best way to determine the prevalence and can study the associations of multiple exposures and outcomes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional studies can study the associations of multiple exposures and outcomes.
“They are the best way to determine the prevalence and can study the associations of multiple exposures and outcomes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional studies are useful for establishing preliminary evidence in planning a future advanced study.
“They are useful for establishing preliminary evidence in planning a future advanced study.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional studies are suitable for generating hypotheses and may provide information about the prevalence of outcomes and exposures that informs other study designs.
“They are suitable for generating hypotheses and may provide information about the prevalence of outcomes and exposures that informs other study designs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Using questionnaires to reach a large sample of the population of interest is relatively inexpensive but can result in low response rates.
“Using questionnaires to reach a large sample of the population of interest is relatively inexpensive but can result in low response rates.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Interviews are more expensive and time-consuming than using questionnaires, potentially limiting the sample size but leading to a higher response rate.
“Interviews are more expensive and time-consuming than using questionnaires, potentially limiting the sample size but leading to a higher response rate.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional studies cannot study rare diseases.
“The weaknesses of cross-sectional studies include the inability to assess incidence, to study rare diseases, and to make a causal inference.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Probability sampling methods are more accurate and rigorous than nonprobability sampling methods.
“In general, probability sampling methods are preferred over nonprobability ones, as the former are considered to be more accurate and rigorous.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Nonresponse bias is usually encountered in cross-sectional survey studies with mailed questionnaires.
“A common type of selection bias is the nonresponse bias, which is usually encountered in crosssectional survey studies with mailed questionnaires.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Recall bias and detection bias are two common information biases.
“Recall bias and detection bias are two common information biases.”
Citations
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“This study employed a cross-sectional design, as defined by Wang and Cheng (2020), which involved collecting data on all variables at a single point in time.”
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“Third, as this is a cross-sectional study, the results cannot be used to infer causality directly (Wang and Cheng 2020), and need to be verified through longitudinal studies.”
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“Cross-sectional designs, valuable for snapshot analyses (Spector, 2019), have also emerged as a prevalent shortcoming in investigations (Wang and Cheng, 2020) such as those by Miglioretti et al. (2021), Willermark and Islind (2022), and Susita et al. (2023).”
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“However, a cross-sectional study still carries an important strength in creating an opening for more in-depth studies and filling the knowledge gaps [47], including KL-6 in COVID-19.”
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Safin, S. Z., Rahim, N. F. A., & Hanifah, H. M. (2024) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v14-i7/22039 · Cited by 2
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“The research method implemented is a quantitative descriptive approach and uses cross-sectional data (Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
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“Often, the available data are limited to information about the existence or absence of a given exposure [16].”
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“However, to establish the validity and reliability of these methods, further research, such as intervention studies, is necessary beyond the questionnaire-based cross-sectional study approach used in this research [78].”
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Cross-sectional associations between meal timing patterns and diet quality indices in Iranian women
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“It is the simplest of observational studies and is particularly suitable for examining the prevalence of a specific condition within a defined population [18].”
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“The current study is a descriptive cross-sectional study, which allows data from a large sample to be collected and analyzed at a specific point in time [12].”
Yang, T., Zhu, X., Wang, Y., Tang, Y., Tang, X., Xue, B., Ding, X., & Hu, Y. (2025) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.70154 · Cited by 2
“Finally, the cross-sectional design of our study limits our ability to capture the dynamic changes in the impacts of SES and social trust on health over time, 68 possibly underestimating the mediating role of social trust.”
Mezayen, S. E., Kader, A. I. A. E., Senosy, A. M. K., Behilak, S. E. G., Elkest, H. R. A., & Gaho, E. M. A. (2025) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-025-03855-7 · Cited by 4
Gmmash, A., Alamoudi, N., Alrehaili, S., et al. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-25065-1 · Cited by 2
Kristia, K., Kovács, S., & Sándor, N. (2025) · Cleaner and Responsible Consumption · doi:10.1016/j.clrc.2025.100369 · Cited by 3
The primary health care environment and the impact on motivation and stress in nurses
de Oliveira, J. F., Reckziegel, J. C. L., Kanan, L. A., et al. (2021) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v10i9.17756 · Cited by 2
“This type of investigation is commonly used in Medical Science to examine the presence or absence of an outcome during a specific period of time (Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
MethodCONTINUANCE INTENTION TO USE E-WALLETS IN MALAYSIA AFTER OUTBREAK OF COVID-19
Moorthy, K. K., Xsin, N. K., Salleh, N. M. Z. N., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Applied Business and Management Sciences · doi:10.47509/ijabms.2022.v03i01.03 · Cited by 2
“A cross-sectional study is good at generating data quickly, relatively inexpensive, and less time-consuming for the researchers (Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
BackgroundEffect of emotional freedom techniques on anxiety, depression and insomnia among COVID-19 patients
Tambunan, M. B., Suwarni, L., & Selviana, S. (2023) · International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) · doi:10.11591/ijphs.v12i2.22403 · Cited by 2
Matthew Effect and Achievement Gap in Rwandan Basic Education
Habyarimana, J. D. D., Mugabonake, A., Ntakirutimana, E., Hashakimana, T., Ngendahayo, E., Mugiraneza, F., & Zhou, K. (2023) · International Journal of Learning Teaching and Educational Research · doi:10.26803/ijlter.22.4.14 · Cited by 2
Wound Care Nursing Education in the Acute Care Setting
Heerschap, C., & Wiesenfeld, S. (2023) · Advances in Skin & Wound Care · doi:10.1097/01.asw.0000933988.18649.7c · Cited by 2
Association Between Fast-Food Consumption and Obesity in Elementary Students: Review Article
Setiyaningrum, H. Y., & Rahmawaty, S. (2023) · Advances in health sciences research/Advances in Health Sciences Research · doi:10.2991/978-94-6463-184-5_16 · Cited by 2
Racismo e Construção da Carreira: Estratégias de Enfrentamento Adotadas por Universitários Negros
Ancillotti, C. G. L., & da Silva, P. D. O. M. (2023) · Psicologia Ciência e Profissão · doi:10.1590/1982-3703003253492 · Cited by 2
“Este estudo qualitativo tem caráter descri-tivo (Dalfovo et al., 2008) e desenho transversal (Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
BackgroundZavarise, L. F., Gonçalves, C. R. L., Lustosa, N. G., Duarte, G. G. D. M., & Soares, E. A. (2023) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v12i6.42047 · Cited by 2
Daily nursing activities in relation to patient well-being: a serial cross-sectional study
Kõrgemaa, U., Sisask, M., & Ernits, Ü. (2023) · Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences · doi:10.3176/proc.2023.3.10 · Cited by 2
“Therefore, the repeated cross-sec tional study design was used to analyse the changes in the nurses’ opinions over time (Wang and Cheng 2020).”
MethodIloanusi, S., Yunusa, I. U., Mgbere, O. O., Abughosh, S., Chen, H., & Essien, E. J. (2023) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2023.09.007 · Cited by 1
Association between periodontal health and trait anxiety in Egyptian women: A cross‐sectional study
Sharaf, M., Badran, A. S., & Fadl, R. K. A. E. (2023) · Oral Diseases · doi:10.1111/odi.14812 · Cited by 3
Audan, R., & Bandiola, A. N. (2024) · American Journal of Public Policy and Administration · doi:10.47672/ajppa.1742 · Cited by 2
“This study also utilized a cross-sectional design, in which the researcher collected data at a specific point in time (Setia, 2016; Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
MethodKeterampilan Gerak Dasar Kelompok Usia 7 sampai 9 Tahun siswa Sekolah Dasar
Oktarifaldi, O., Marta, I. A., Nugroho, A. W., et al. (2024) · Jendela Olahraga · doi:10.26877/jo.v9i1.17646 · Cited by 2
Jama, E. M., Mwanza, B. G., & Mwanaumo, E. (2024) · African Journal of Commercial Studies · doi:10.59413/ajocs/v4.i3.5 · Cited by 2
“Additionally, Wang and Cheng (2020) pointed out that cross-section research can be carried out relatively quickly and inexpensively, which is ideal for the study due to limited timing.”
BackgroundPrinciples of Evidence-Based Medicine
Knežević, N. N., Manchikanti, L., & Hirsch, J. A. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-46217-7_8 · Cited by 2
Sommermeyer, H., Chmielowiec, K., Bernatek, M., Olszewski, P., Kopczyński, J., & Piątek, J. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16223911 · Cited by 2
“However, at the same time, they are inexpensive and easy to conduct, and can provide preliminary insights which can be helpful for planning future randomized clinical trials [24].”
Al-Mutlaq, R., Al-Feraih, B., Al-Aidroos, H., et al. (2021) · doi:10.52533/johs.2021.1105 · Cited by 2
“Data on all variables were only collected at a one-time point (26).”
BackgroundLondon, J. (2021) · ACM SIGCPR Conference on Computer Personnel Research (SIGCPR) · doi:10.1145/3458026.3462159 · Cited by 2
Mortality Classification of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in Zambia Using Machine LearningPreprint
Mulenga, C., Kaonga, P., & Musonda, P. (2022) · doi:10.31730/osf.io/98wvg · Cited by 2
Sosso, F. A. E., Silva, F., Rodrigues, R. Q., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.06.02.23290915 · Cited by 2
“forget that cross-sectionals studies are often used to understand determinants of health and establish preliminary evidence [69]; but are useless when it is”
BackgroundNg, J. Y., Kochhar, J., & Cramer, H. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.03.03.24303667 · Cited by 2
Behavioural Clusters of Cryptocurrency Users: Frequencies of Non-Speculative Application DomainsPreprint
Steinmetz, F. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4947469 · Cited by 2
Medical students' use of large language models: a national survey
Barr, A. A., Rozman, R. C., Liu, K., Pham, M., Klarenbach, Z., Chinna-Meyyappan, A., Hassan, A. Y., Zarychta, M., Ferri, O. E., Al-Khaz’Aly, A., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106589 · Cited by 1
Oveisi, N., Khan, Z., & Brotto, L. A. (2022) · The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality · doi:10.3138/cjhs.2022-0012 · Cited by 1
Säfström, E. (2023) · Linköping University medical dissertations · doi:10.3384/9789180750486 · Cited by 1
Healthy eating: Evaluating the peer influence of vlogs produced by 6–16-year-olds and their families
Jackson, J. E., & Jackson, S. (2023) · British Journal of Child Health · doi:10.12968/chhe.2023.4.1.29 · Cited by 1
Molela, G. F., Kasoga, P. S., & Ismail, I. J. (2023) · International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management · doi:10.1142/s021987702450010x · Cited by 1
The validity and reliability of writing attitude scale for EFL learners in the Indonesian context
Setyowati, L., Karmina, S., Sukmawan, S., & Shafie, L. A. (2023) · Studies in English Language and Education · doi:10.24815/siele.v10i3.28462 · Cited by 1
“Since they are measured at the same time, drawing causal relationships is relatively impossible to establish (Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialNasution, B., Ritonga, W., Siagian, R. C., et al. (2023) · Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA · doi:10.29303/jppipa.v9i11.4483 · Cited by 1
“Linear regression is chosen to facilitate the measurement and statistical examination of data collected through measurement or observation techniques, as suggested by (Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
MethodMuteesasira, E., Akampumuza, D., Abaho, D., Nuwasasira, L., & Kumakech, E. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0298397 · Cited by 1
“It is an appropriate design for prevalence and predictor related questions of this study [25, 26].”
BackgroundFactors Related to Suicide Idea in the Rural Area of Indonesia
Eka, A. R., Meku, F. S., Iwa, K. R., Krowa, Y. R. R., & Nggarang, B. N. (2024) · Psychiatry Nursing Journal (Jurnal Keperawatan Jiwa) · doi:10.20473/pnj.v6i1.45303 · Cited by 1
Strategies and Interventions to Support Quality Outcomes in the Home Care Setting
Vleminckx, S., Bogaert, P. V., Daneels, K., Proost, A., Sarens, S., & Haegdorens, F. (2024) · JONA The Journal of Nursing Administration · doi:10.1097/nna.0000000000001424 · Cited by 1
Ayala, K. P., Pombo, L. M., Camero, G., et al. (2024) · Journal of Burn Care & Research · doi:10.1093/jbcr/irae076 · Cited by 1
Influencia de la Gestión Educativa en el Compromiso de los Docentes de Secundaria
Lezcano-Moscaira, M. T., & Saavedra-Carrion, N. P. (2024) · Revista Docentes 2 0 · doi:10.37843/rted.v17i1.460 · Cited by 1
Household awareness, acceptance, and willingness to pay for renewable energy
Sabroso, L. M., Suaner, M. N. K., Lucmayon, E., et al. (2024) · Diversitas Journal · doi:10.48017/dj.v9i1_special.2944 · Cited by 1
“The study adopted a cross-sectional research design, allowing for the collection of data at a single point in time to examine relationships between variables (Wang & Cheng, 2020).”
MethodLiteracy and Numeracy Difficulty Factors in the Independent Learning Curriculum
Saputra, E., Mandasari, L., Novidayanti, M., Judijanto, L., & Lumbantoruan, J. H. (2024) · Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pengajaran · doi:10.23887/jpp.v57i1.67433 · Cited by 1
“The intersection data between observation, interview and survey data is interpreted into sentences and conclusions (Wang & Cheng, 2020;Farquhar et al., 2020;Littenberg-Tobias & Reich, 2020).”
MethodFreitas, B. P., Cândido, L. M., Wagner, K. J. P., Lacerda, A. C. R., Mendonça, V. A., Micheli, R. D., Sartório, A., de Avelar, N. C. P., & Danielewicz, A. L. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12161625 · Cited by 2
Psychological factors influencing healthcare utilization in breast cancer survivors with pain
Roose, E. C. S., Cools, W., Leysen, L., van Wilgen, P., Beckwée, D., Timmermans, A. A. A., Bults, R., Nijs, J., Vanhoeij, M., Fontaine, C., et al. (2024) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnae083 · Cited by 3
Daughter Adjustment to Life Following the Death of Their Mother: Scoping Review
Bowring, J., Evans, S., Parigi, E., Karantzas, G. C., Snelling, D., Baker, E., & Mikocka‐Walus, A. A. (2024) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2024.2402379 · Cited by 4
“Cross-sectional designs are limited in their ability to infer causation between variables (Wang & Cheng, 2020), in this case, factors that hinder and/or helped daughter adjustment to mother loss.”
The Innovative Design of a Museum Education System in China based on Visitor Perception Analysis
Qi, W., Zou, N., & Zhang, Y. (2024) · Journal of Museum Education · doi:10.1080/10598650.2024.2391719 · Cited by 1
Trovato, A., Gogia, M., Aslanikashvili, A., Kasrashvili, T., Kovalenko, G., Yakovleva, A., Skaathun, B., & Vasylyeva, T. I. (2024) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-024-06891-9 · Cited by 1
Dye, T., Tavárez, Z. Q., Rivera, I., & Cordero, N. R. C. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117437 · Cited by 1
Bramante, C. N., Rizzato, J. S., Nakamura, I. B., Galvão, T. F., & Silva, M. T. (2024) · Ethnicity & Disease · doi:10.18865/ethndis-2023-50 · Cited by 5
Siau, C. S., Zhang, J., Chen, W. S., et al. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14121157 · Cited by 1
“A cross-sectional design was selected as this design is cost-effective and feasible [21].”
The Design and Testing of a Field Operations Visualizer
Rockson, P. E., Andersen, D. S., Licht, M. A., et al. (2024) · AgriEngineering · doi:10.3390/agriengineering6040264 · Cited by 1
Li, W., Liu, J., Li, C., Yang, H., Yang, Y., Li, Z., Yang, S., He, Y., Xiao, G., Wang, Y., et al. (2024) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.18589 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Wang, X., & Cheng, Z.
- Affiliations
- Cleveland Clinic (US)
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Xiaofeng
- Venue
- CHEST
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-07
- Volume
- 158
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- S65-S71
- ISSN
- 0012-3692 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3039445169
- Cited by
- 2,214
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 636 · 2025: 638 · 2024: 423 · 2023: 282 · 2022: 162 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 8
- FWCI
- 90.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- CHEST Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Methodologies in Health Research and Practice
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Keywords
- cross-sectional study, observational study design, prevalence, health determinants, methodological issues, statistical analysis, respiratory medicine, intensive care, research design recommendations, peer review
- MeSH terms
- Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Guidelines as Topic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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