Improving measurement of child abuse and neglect: A systematic review and analysis of national prevalence studies
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OBJECTIVES: Child maltreatment through physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, and exposure to domestic violence, causes substantial adverse health, educational and behavioural consequences through the lifespan. The generation of reliable data on the prevalence and characteristics of child maltreatment in nationwide populations is essential to plan and evaluate public health interventions to reduce maltreatment. Measurement of child maltreatment must overcome numerous methodological challenges. Little is known to date about the extent, nature and methodological quality of these national studies. This study aimed to systematically review the most comprehensive national studies of the prevalence of child maltreatment, and critically appraise their methodologies to help inform the design of future studies. METHODS: Guided by PRISMA and following a published protocol, we searched 22 databases from inception to 31 May 2019 to identify nationwide studies of the prevalence of either all five or at least four forms of child maltreatment. We conducted a formal quality assessment and critical analysis of study design. RESULTS: This review identified 30 national prevalence studies of all five or at least four forms of child maltreatment, in 22 countries. While sound approaches are available for different settings, methodologies varied widely in nature and robustness. Some instruments are more reliable and obtain more detailed and useful information about the characteristics of the maltreatment, including its nature, frequency, and the relationship between the child and the person who inflicted the maltreatment. Almost all studies had limitations, especially in the level of detail captured about maltreatment, and the adequacy of constructs of maltreatment types. CONCLUSIONS: Countries must invest in rigorous national studies of the prevalence of child maltreatment. Studies should use a sound instrument containing appropriate maltreatment constructs, and obtain nuanced information about its nature.
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Self-report data responding to behaviourally-specific questions provide reliable prevalence estimates.
“while self-report data responding to behaviourally-specific questions provide reliable prevalence estimates (Mathews et al., 2020)”
From Child sexual abuse by different classes and types of perpetrator: Prevalence and trends from an Australian national survey (2024) · cites this paper as Mathews et al., 2020
The Discussion says retrospective reports can yield sufficiently accurate child-maltreatment prevalence estimates, especially when studies use behaviourally specific questions grounded in sound constructs and representative samples. The Introduction likewise says behaviourally specific items help avoid underestimates. The claim omits those additional design and sampling conditions, making reliability sound less qualified than the paper presents it. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredChild sexual abuse items were framed as behaviourally-specific questions eliciting a dichotomous yes/no response to capture more reliable data than abstract open-ended questions.
“Consistent with the approach of the JVQ, and to capture more reliable data about CSA experiences than the use of abstract open-ended questions (Mathews et al., 2020), items were framed as behaviourally-specific questions eliciting a dichotomous yes/no response.”
From Child sexual abuse by different classes and types of perpetrator: Prevalence and trends from an Australian national survey (2024) · cites this paper as Mathews et al., 2020
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Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
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Childhood maltreatment and DNA methylation: A systematic review
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Prevalence of violence against children in the United Kingdom: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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Childhood maltreatment: A call for a standardised definition and applied framework
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COVID-19 and Caregiver Risk Factors for Child Maltreatment: The Pandemic in Review
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Psychological Maltreatment: A Threat to Children Not to Be Ignored
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Abuse and neglect as indicators of unhealthy behaviours among 15-year-old schoolchildren in Albania
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- Authors
- Mathews, B., Pacella, R., Dunne, M. P., Simunovic, M., & Marston, C.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- University of Greenwich (GB)
- Queensland University of Technology (AU)
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Mathews, Ben
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2020-01-28
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e0227884
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6986759
- OpenAlex
- W3004206645
- Cited by
- 217
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 13
- FWCI
- 2.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Greenwich Academic Literature Archive (University of Greenwich) (acceptedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Child Abuse and Related Trauma
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Keywords
- child abuse, child neglect, prevalence estimation, methodological quality, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, domestic violence exposure, study design limitations
- MeSH terms
- Physical Abuse, Adolescent, Child, Child Abuse, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Prevalence
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