The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Exposure to childhood sexual and physical abuse and adjustment in early adulthood
Abstract
Objective This research examined linkages between exposure to childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and childhood physical punishment/abuse (CPA) and mental health issues in early adulthood.Method The investigation analyzed data from a birth cohort of over 1,000 New Zealand young adults studied to the age of 25.Results Exposure to CSA and CPA was associated with increased risks of later mental disorders including depression, anxiety disorder, conduct/anti-social personality disorder, substance dependence, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts at ages 16-25. Control for social, family, and individual factors reduced the associations between CPA and mental health outcomes to the point of statistical non-significance. However, there was a consistent finding for CSA to remain associated with increased risks of later mental health problems. After adjustment, those exposed to CSA including attempted or completed sexual penetration had rates of disorder that were 2.4 times higher than those not exposed to CSA. Those exposed to harsh or abusive physical punishment had rates of disorder that were 1.5 times higher than those exposed to no or occasional physical punishment. It was estimated that exposure to CSA accounted for approximately 13% of the mental health problems experienced by the cohort. Findings showed that exposure to CPA had only weak effects on later mental health. It was estimated that exposure to CPA accounted for approximately 5% of the mental health problems experienced by the cohort.Conclusions Exposure to CSA was associated with consistent increases in risks of later mental health problems. Exposure to CPA had weaker and less consistent effects on later mental health. These findings suggest that much of the association between CPA and later mental health reflects the general family context in which CPA occurs, whereas this is less the case for CSA.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“A wealth of literature has delineated the long-term negative consequences of corporal punishment, such as spanking, hitting, and pinching children (Fergusson et al., 2008; Grogan-Kaylor et al., 2018).”
From The evolved nest, oxytocin functioning, and prosocial development (2023) · cites this paper as Fergusson et al. (2008)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“the most severe CSA (i.e. chronic abuse, intra-familial, involving penetration) have been associated with elevated prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders (Fergusson et al. 2008; Fergusson et al. 1996).”
From Mindfulness as Mediator and Moderator of Post-traumatic Symptomatology in Adolescence Following Childhood Sexual Abuse or Assault (2016) · cites this paper as Fergusson et al. 2008
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Another study found that while childhood sexual abuse predicted CD in early adulthood,”
From Deviations from the expectable environment in early childhood and emerging psychopathology (2015) · cites this paper as Fergusson et al, 2008
In the citing paper
“the association between physical abuse and CD was only significant when sexual abuse was not considered within the model (Fergusson et al, 2008),”
From Deviations from the expectable environment in early childhood and emerging psychopathology (2015) · cites this paper as Fergusson et al, 2008
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models
LIANG, K.-Y., & ZEGER, S. L. (1986) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/73.1.13 · Cited by 18,550
Longitudinal Data Analysis for Discrete and Continuous Outcomes
Zeger, S. L., & Liang, K. (1986) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2531248 · Cited by 7,781
Armsden, G. C., & Greenberg, M. T. (1987) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf02202939 · Cited by 4,031
A parental bonding instrument.
Parker, G., Tupling, H., & Brown, L. B. (1979) · British Journal of Medical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1979.tb02487.x · Cited by 3,788
Impact of sexual abuse on children: A review and synthesis of recent empirical studies
Kendall-Tackett, K. A., Williams, L. M., & Finkelhor, D. (1993) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.113.1.164 · Cited by 2,537
Ten-Year Research Update Review: Child Sexual Abuse
PUTNAM, F. W. (2003) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200303000-00006 · Cited by 1,488
Epidemiology: Principles and Methods
MacMahon, B., & Pugh, T. F. (1970) · Cited by 1,472
Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (2005) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144029 · Cited by 861
FERGUSSON, D. M., HORWOOD, L. J., & LYNSKEY, M. T. (1996) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199610000-00024 · Cited by 826
Self-citationLong-term consequences of childhood physical abuse.
Malinosky-Rummell, R., & Hansen, D. J. (1993) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.114.1.68 · Cited by 731
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 51 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Elley, 1976, Revised socio-economic index for New Zealand, New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies, 11, 25
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries
Gilbert, R., Widom, C. S., Browne, K., Fergusson, D., Webb, E., & Janson, S. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61706-7 · Cited by 3,876
Self-citationNorman, R. E., Byambaa, M., De, R., Butchart, A., Scott, J., & Vos, T. (2012) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349 · Cited by 3,387
Sexual abuse and lifetime diagnosis of psychiatric disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Chen, L. P., Murad, M. H., Paras, M. L., Colbenson, K. M., Sattler, A. L., Goranson, E. N., Elamin, M. B., Seime, R. J., Shinozaki, G., Prokop, L. J., et al. (2010) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/mcp.2009.0583 · Cited by 1,056
Violence, Abuse, and Crime Exposure in a National Sample of Children and Youth
Finkelhor, D., Turner, H. A., Ormrod, R. K., & Hamby, S. L. (2009) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2009-0467 · Cited by 1,105
Spanking and child outcomes: Old controversies and new meta-analyses.
Gershoff, E. T., & Grogan-Kaylor, A. (2016) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000191 · Cited by 931
“…outcomes 2.00 1.00 .00 1.00 2.00 Adult alcohol or substance abuse 2,596 4,796 .13 .08 .35 Baer and Corrado (1974) 93 107 .41 .13 .69 Fergusson, Boden, and Horwood (2008) 341 2,504 .29 .18 .40 Lynch et al. (2006) 576 1,640 .05 .05 .14 Tennant, Detels, and Clark (1975) 1,586 545 .13…”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Fergusson, D. M., Boden, J. M., & Horwood, L. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Otago (NZ)
- Corresponding author
- Boden, Joseph M.
- Venue
- Child Abuse & Neglect
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-06
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 607-619
- ISSN
- 0145-2134 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2130055615
- Cited by
- 910
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 54 · 2018: 82 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 80 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 72 · 2013: 71 · 2012: 58
- FWCI
- 45.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Child Abuse & Neglect (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Military, Security, and Education Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Keywords
- child sexual abuse, childhood abuse, depression, anxiety disorders, antisocial personality disorder, substance dependence, suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, family environment
- MeSH terms
- Adjustment Disorders, Adolescent, Adult, Mental Disorders, Child, Child Abuse, Child Abuse, Sexual, Child Reactive Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, New Zealand, Risk Factors, Cohort Studies, Incidence, Adult Survivors of Child Abuse
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
