Latent classes of older foster youth: Prospective associations with outcomes and exits from the foster care system during the transition to adulthood
Open accessAbstract
Youth in the foster care system face considerable challenges during the transition to adulthood. However, there is significant variability within this population. This study uses person-oriented methods and a longitudinal dataset of youth aging out of foster care to examine differences in how subgroups of foster youth fare during the transition to adulthood. We identified four distinct latent classes, consistent with prior person-oriented studies of this population, and validated these classes by examining differences on additional relevant factors at age 17. After establishing these classes, we tested their predictive validity by examining differences in outcomes at age 19 in domains relevant to the transition to adulthood, including education and employment, problem behaviors, and mental health problems. Finally, given the importance of extended foster care in promoting better outcomes, we used survival analysis to prospectively examine whether class membership was associated with differences in the rates at which youth left foster care between ages 17 and 19. One large group of youth exhibited moderate behavior problems and left care quickly, while another large group of resilient youth had favorable outcomes and left care relatively slowly. A small group exhibited considerable behavior and mental health problems, but left care more slowly, and a very small group was characterized by a history of pregnancy. Findings suggest considerable variability in service need among older foster youth. Implications for service provision during the transition to adulthood are discussed.
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For transition-aged foster youth, outcomes often include adult functioning focused on educational attainment, employment, and/or housing.
“For transition-aged foster youth, outcomes often include adult functioning (e.g., Anctil et al., 2007; Courtney & Dworsky, 2006; Miller et al., 2017) focused on educational attainment (e.g., Batsche et al., 2014; Barth et al., 2007; Greeson et al., 2015), employment (e.g., Hook & Courtney, 2011; Zinn & Courtney, 2017; Kim et al., 2019), and/or housing (Berzin et al., 2011; Greeno et al., 2018; Kim”
From A Qualitative Investigation of Foster Youth Mental Health Outcomes: Measuring What Matters (2025) · cites this paper as Miller et al., 2017
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- Authors
- Miller, E. A., Paschall, K. W., & Azar, S. T.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Corresponding author
- Miller, Elizabeth A.
- Venue
- Children and Youth Services Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-08
- Volume
- 79
- Pages
- 495-505
- ISSN
- 0190-7409 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5718169
- OpenAlex
- W2727651595
- Cited by
- 49
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 3.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Children and Youth Services Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- NIMH (1R01MH61404)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Homelessness and Social Issues
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Youth Development and Social Support
- Keywords
- foster youth, coming of age, aging out of foster care, latent classes, extended foster care, youth leaving foster care, behavioral problems, mental illness, educational attainment, employment, youth resilience, service needs
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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