Trimethylamine-N-Oxide: A Carnitine-Derived Metabolite That Prolongs the Hypertensive Effect of Angiotensin II in Rats
Abstract
Background Recent evidence suggests that an elevated plasma trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) level is associated with an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events in humans; however, the mechanism is not clear. The aims of this study were to establish the plasma TMAO level in rats and to evaluate the effect of TMAO on arterial blood pressure (BP) and the hemodynamic effects of angiotensin II (Ang II).Methods Twelve-week-old, Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with telemetric transmitters, and continuous recordings of heart rate, systolic BP (SBP), and diastolic BP (DBP) were made for 7 days before and 14 days during osmotic minipump-driven subcutaneous infusion of saline (controls), TMAO, low-dose Ang II, or Ang II + TMAO. Plasma TMAO concentration was evaluated using liquid chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry.Results The plasma TMAO concentration in controls was 0.57 μmol/L, whereas in TMAO-infused rats it was 58 μmol/L. Neither saline nor TMAO infusion affected SBP and DBP. Infusion of Ang II significantly increased SBP and DBP for the first 5 days of infusion only. In contrast, infusion of Ang II + TMAO produced a hypertensive response that lasted until the end of the experiment. TMAO infusions did not affect body weight and motor activity.Conclusions We showed that physiological plasma TMAO concentration in rats was approximately 10 times lower than that reported in humans. Furthermore, the new finding of the study is that TMAO does not affect BP in normotensive animals. However, it prolongs the hypertensive effect of Ang II.
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A dose-dependent association was observed between plasma TMAO levels and heightened platelet responsiveness.
“Moreover, a dose-dependent association was observed between plasma TMAO levels and heightened platelet responsiveness172.”
From Dietary metabolism, the gut microbiome, and heart failure (2019) · cites this paper as [172]
Circulating TMAO levels are strongly associated with incident thrombotic event risks in a large-scale clinical observational study (n=4,007).
“The mouse findings were replicated in both a large scale (n=4,007) clinical observational study showing circulating TMAO levels are strongly associated with incident thrombotic event risks157, as well as within a small prospective human cohort study involving the taking of choline supplementation172.”
From Dietary metabolism, the gut microbiome, and heart failure (2019) · cites this paper as [172]
TMAO-dependent enhancement in platelet responsiveness attenuates low-dose aspirin-induced reduction in platelet aggregation.
“Surprisingly, TMAO dependent enhancement in platelet responsiveness was shown to attenuate low-dose aspirin-induced reduction in platelet aggregation172.”
From Dietary metabolism, the gut microbiome, and heart failure (2019) · cites this paper as [172]
Plasma TMAO levels are associated with incident thrombotic event risk.
“Extending the original findings of the relationship between TMAO and atherogenesis, we have also demonstrated that plasma TMAO levels are associated with incident thrombotic event risk82,172.”
From Dietary metabolism, the gut microbiome, and heart failure (2019) · cites this paper as [172]
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- Authors
- Ufnal, M., Jazwiec, R., Dadlez, M., Drapala, A., Sikora, M., & Skrzypecki, J.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of Warsaw (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Ufnal, Marcin
- Venue
- Canadian Journal of Cardiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-12
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1700-1705
- ISSN
- 0828-282X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2039822562
- Cited by
- 205
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 6
- FWCI
- 8.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Canadian Journal of Cardiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Renin-Angiotensin System Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Eicosanoids and Hypertension Pharmacology
- Keywords
- trimethylamine N-oxide, angiotensin II, hypertension, blood pressure, cardiovascular risk, hemodynamics, rats
- MeSH terms
- Angiotensin II, Animals, Blood Pressure, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Disease Models, Animal, Hypertension, Male, Methylamines, Oxidants, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Rats
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