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Cited by 164COVID-19 Clinical Research StudiesSARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 ResearchRespiratory viral infections research

Influenza infection, SARS, MERS and COVID-19: Cytokine storm – The common denominator and the lessons to be learned

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Ryabkova, Varvara A., Churilov, Leonid P., Shoenfeld, Yehuda·2021·Clinical Immunology
DOI 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108652PMC PMC7832378
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Abstract

The outbreak of COVID-19 reminds us that the emerging and reemerging respiratory virus infections pose a continuing threat to human life. Cytokine storm syndromes of viral origin seem to have a common pathogenesis of the imbalanced immune response with the exaggerated inflammatory reaction combined with the reduction and functional exhaustion of T cells. Immunomodulatory therapy is gaining interest in COVID-19, but this strategy has received less attention in other respiratory viral infections than it deserved. In this review we suggest that based on the similarities of the immune dysfunction in the severe cases of different respiratory viral infections, some lessons from the immunomodulatory therapy of COVID-19 (particularly regarding the choice of an immunomodulatory drug, the selection of patients and optimal time window for this kind of therapy) could be applied for some cases of severe influenza infection and probably for some future outbreaks of novel severe respiratory viral infections.

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Ryabkova, V. A., Churilov, L. P., & Shoenfeld, Y.
Affiliations
  • St Petersburg University (RU)
  • Tel Aviv University (IL)
Corresponding author
Shoenfeld, Yehuda
ORCID
Venue
Clinical Immunology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2021-02
Volume
223
Pages
108652
ISSN
1521-6616 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.clim.2020.108652
PMC
PMC7832378
OpenAlex
W3112688552
Cited by
164
References
8
Citations by year
2026: 13 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 27
FWCI
1.20
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Clinical Immunology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Respiratory viral infections research
Keywords
cytokine storm, COVID-19 pandemic, influenza, SARS, MERS, respiratory viral infections, immune dysfunction, T cell exhaustion, immunomodulatory therapy, severe viral infections, hyperinflammation
MeSH terms
Cytokine Release Syndrome, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Humans, Immunotherapy, Inflammation, Influenza, Human, Orthomyxoviridae, Cytokines, Coronavirus Infections, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, Immunomodulation, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus

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