Cytokine storms: understanding COVID-19
Open accessAbstract
The elevated circulating levels of cytokines associated with a variety of infectious and immune-mediated conditions are frequently termed a cytokine storm. Here, we explain the protective functions of cytokines in "ideal" responses; the multi-factorial origins that can drive these responses to become pathological; and how this ultimately leads to vascular damage, immunopathology, and worsening clinical outcomes.
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Severe COVID-19 is a cytokine storm syndrome.
“Consistent with the notion that severe COVID-19 is a cytokine storm syndrome (12–17, 336), the severity of COVID-19 is associated with an increased level of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and TNFα (333, 337).”
From IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer (2021) · cites this paper as [336]
The “COVID-19 and Cytokine Storms” section reports elevated cytokines in severely ill patients, which supports a possible link. But it says it is unclear whether those levels become pathological and calls for identifying patients who develop a bona fide cytokine storm; it does not establish that severe COVID-19 is a cytokine storm syndrome. Page numbers were not supplied. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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- Authors
- Mangalmurti, N., & Hunter, C. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hunter, Christopher A.
- Venue
- Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-07
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 19-25
- ISSN
- 1074-7613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7321048
- OpenAlex
- W3037676127
- Cited by
- 698
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 111 · 2022: 159 · 2021: 228 · 2020: 70
- FWCI
- 18.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Inflammation biomarkers and pathways
- Keywords
- cytokine storm, COVID-19 pandemic, cytokines, SARS-CoV-2, immunopathology, vascular injury, hyperinflammation, clinical outcomes, protective immune response
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, Cytokine Release Syndrome, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Humans, Inflammation, Pneumonia, Viral, Cytokines, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics
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