Immunology of COVID-19: Current State of the Science

Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China

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Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study

Zhou, F., Yu, T., Du, R., Fan, G., Liu, Y., Liu, Z., Xiang, J., Wang, Y., Song, B., Gu, X., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30566-3 · Cited by 27,263 · see citing works

Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China

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Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding

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COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression

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Structure, function and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein

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Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome

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Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China

Wu, C., Chen, X., Cai, Y., Xia, J., Zhou, X., Xu, S., Huang, H., Zhang, L., Zhou, X., Du, C., et al. (2020) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994 · Cited by 8,249 · see citing works

Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro

Wang, M., Cao, R., Zhang, L., Yang, X., Liu, J., Xu, M., Shi, Z., Hú, Z., Zhong, W., & Xiao, G. (2020) · Cell Research · doi:10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0 · Cited by 6,967 · see citing works

Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019

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Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19

Varga, Z., Flammer, A. J., Steiger, P., Haberecker, M., Andermatt, R., Zinkernagel, A. S., Mehra, M. R., Schuepbach, R. A., Ruschitzka, F., & Moch, H. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30937-5 · Cited by 6,358 · see citing works

Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia

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A Trial of Lopinavir–Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Severe Covid-19

Cao, B., Wang, Y., Wen, D., Liu, W., Wang, J., Fan, G., Ruan, L., Song, B., Cai, Y., Wei, M., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2001282 · Cited by 5,187 · see citing works

Dysregulation of Immune Response in Patients With Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China

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Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019

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A SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposing

Gordon, D. E., Jang, G. M., Bouhaddou, M., Xu, J., Obernier, K., White, K. M., O’Meara, M. J., Rezelj, V. V., Guo, J. Z., Swaney, D. L., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2286-9 · Cited by 4,405 · see citing works

Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China

Shi, S., Qin, M., Shen, B., Cai, Y., Liu, T., Yang, F., Gong, W., Liu, X., Liang, J., Zhao, Q., et al. (2020) · JAMA Cardiology · doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.0950 · Cited by 4,349 · see citing works

Receptor Recognition by the Novel Coronavirus from Wuhan: an Analysis Based on Decade-Long Structural Studies of SARS Coronavirus

Wan, Y., Shang, J., Graham, R., Baric, R. S., & Li, F. (2020) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00127-20 · Cited by 4,341 · see citing works

Imbalanced Host Response to SARS-CoV-2 Drives Development of COVID-19

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SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses

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Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial

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Systematic review and critical appraisal of prediction models for diagnosis and prognosis of COVID-19 infection

Wynants, L., Van Calster, B., Bonten, M. M., Collins, G. S., Debray, T. P., De Vos, M., Haller, M. C., Heinze, G., Moons, K. G., Riley, R. D., et al. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.03.24.20041020 · Cited by 3,070 · see citing works

Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: an observational cohort study

To, K. K., Tsang, O. T.-Y., Leung, W.-S., Tam, A. R., Wu, T.-C., Lung, D. C., Yip, C. C., Cai, J., Chan, J. M., Chik, T. S., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30196-1 · Cited by 3,045 · see citing works

Compassionate Use of Remdesivir for Patients with Severe Covid-19

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In Vitro Antiviral Activity and Projection of Optimized Dosing Design of Hydroxychloroquine for the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

Yao, X., Ye, F., Zhang, M., Cui, C., Huang, B., Niu, P., Liu, X., Zhao, L. Y., Dong, E., Song, C., et al. (2020) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa237 · Cited by 2,665 · see citing works

Effective treatment of severe COVID-19 patients with tocilizumab

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Single-cell landscape of bronchoalveolar immune cells in patients with COVID-19

Liao, M., Liu, Y., Yuan, J., Wen, Y., Xu, G., Zhao, J., Cheng, L., Li, J., Wang, X., Wang, F., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0901-9 · Cited by 2,614 · see citing works

Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Patients With Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019

Zhao, J., Yuan, Q., Wang, H., Liu, W., Liao, X., Su, Y., Wang, X., Yuan, J., Li, T., Li, J., et al. (2020) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa344 · Cited by 2,607 · see citing works

Reduction and Functional Exhaustion of T Cells in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Diao, B., Wang, C., Tan, Y., Chen, X., Liu, Y., Ning, L., Chen, L., Li, M., Liu, Y., Wang, G., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00827 · Cited by 2,475 · see citing works

Pharmacologic Treatments for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Sanders, J. M., Monogue, M. L., Jodlowski, T. Z., & Cutrell, J. B. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.6019 · Cited by 2,357 · see citing works

SARS-CoV-2 Receptor ACE2 Is an Interferon-Stimulated Gene in Human Airway Epithelial Cells and Is Detected in Specific Cell Subsets across Tissues

Ziegler, C. G. K., Allon, S. J., Nyquist, S. K., Mbano, I. M., Miao, V. N., Tzouanas, C. N., Cao, Y., Yousif, A. S., Bals, J., Hauser, B. M., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.035 · Cited by 2,284 · see citing works

Treatment of 5 Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19 With Convalescent Plasma

Shen, C., Wang, Z., Zhao, F., Yang, Y., Li, J., Yuan, J., Wang, F., Li, D., Yang, M., Xing, L., et al. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4783 · Cited by 2,278 · see citing works

HLA-E binds to natural killer cell receptors CD94/NKG2A, B and C

Braud, V. M., Allan, D., O'Callaghan, C. A., Söderström, K., D’Andrea, A., Ogg, G. S., Lazetic, S., Young, N. T., Bell, J. I., Phillips, J. H., et al. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35869 · Cited by 2,226 · see citing works

Innate Lymphoid Cells: 10 Years On

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Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro

Liu, J., Cao, R., Xu, M., Wang, X., Zhang, H., Hu, H., Li, Y., Hú, Z., Zhong, W., & Wang, M. (2020) · Cell Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41421-020-0156-0 · Cited by 2,070 · see citing works

Complex Immune Dysregulation in COVID-19 Patients with Severe Respiratory Failure

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Covid-19 — Navigating the Uncharted

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Effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19 patients

Duan, K., Liu, B., Li, C., Zhang, H., Yu, T., Qu, J., Zhou, M., Chen, L., Meng, S., Hu, Y., et al. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2004168117 · Cited by 1,962 · see citing works

The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape

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Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19

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Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread

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A serological assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in humans

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Functional exhaustion of antiviral lymphocytes in COVID-19 patients

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Structural and functional analysis of a potent sarbecovirus neutralizing antibody

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Comparative therapeutic efficacy of remdesivir and combination lopinavir, ritonavir, and interferon beta against MERS-CoV

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Disease Tolerance as a Defense Strategy

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Hematological findings and complications of COVID ‐19

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Longitudinal Characteristics of Lymphocyte Responses and Cytokine Profiles in the Peripheral Blood of SARS-CoV-2 Infected Patients

Liu, J., Li, S., Liu, J., Liang, B., Wang, X., Wang, H., Li, W., Tong, Q., Yi, J., Zhao, L., et al. (2020) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102763 · Cited by 1,705 · see citing works

Lymphopenia predicts disease severity of COVID-19: a descriptive and predictive study

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Human neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection

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The spike protein of SARS-CoV — a target for vaccine and therapeutic development

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Characterization of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of 2019 novel coronavirus: implication for development of RBD protein as a viral attachment inhibitor and vaccine

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Role of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: initial virological and clinical findings

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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2−Specific Antibody Responses in Coronavirus Disease Patients

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COVID-19: immunopathology and its implications for therapy

Cao, X. (2020) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-020-0308-3 · Cited by 1,609 · see citing works

Broad-spectrum antiviral GS-5734 inhibits both epidemic and zoonotic coronaviruses

Sheahan, T. P., Sims, A. M., Graham, R. L., Menachery, V. D., Gralinski, L. E., Case, J. B., Leist, S. R., Pyrć, K., Feng, J. Y., Trantcheva, I., et al. (2017) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aal3653 · Cited by 1,575 · see citing works

Structure-based design of antiviral drug candidates targeting the SARS-CoV-2 main protease

Dai, W., Zhang, B., Jiang, X.-M., Su, H., Li, J., Zhao, Y., Xie, X., Jin, Z., Peng, J., Liu, F., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abb4489 · Cited by 1,514 · see citing works

Targeting potential drivers of COVID-19: Neutrophil extracellular traps

Barnes, B. J., Adrover, J. M., Baxter-Stoltzfus, A., Borczuk, A., Cools-Lartigue, J., Crawford, J. M., Daßler-Plenker, J., Guerci, P., Huynh, C., Knight, J. S., et al. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20200652 · Cited by 1,486 · see citing works

Mechanisms of action of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine:implications for rheumatology

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Development of an inactivated vaccine candidate for SARS-CoV-2

Gao, Q., Bao, L., Mao, H., Wang, L., Xu, K., Yang, M., Li, Y., Zhu, L., Wang, N., Lv, Z., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abc1932 · Cited by 1,434 · see citing works

Coronavirus Susceptibility to the Antiviral Remdesivir (GS-5734) Is Mediated by the Viral Polymerase and the Proofreading Exoribonuclease

Agostini, M. L., Andres, E. L., Sims, A. M., Graham, R. L., Sheahan, T. P., Lu, X., Smith, E. C., Case, J. B., Feng, J. Y., Jordan, R., et al. (2018) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.00221-18 · Cited by 1,418 · see citing works

A highly conserved cryptic epitope in the receptor binding domains of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV

Yuan, M., Wu, N. C., Zhu, X., Lee, C.-C. D., So, R. T. Y., Lv, H., Mok, C. K. P., & Wilson, I. A. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abb7269 · Cited by 1,405 · see citing works

Dysregulated Type I Interferon and Inflammatory Monocyte-Macrophage Responses Cause Lethal Pneumonia in SARS-CoV-Infected Mice

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SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in healthy donors and patients with COVID-19

Braun, J., Loyal, L., Frentsch, M., Wendisch, D., Georg, P., Kurth, F., Hippenstiel, S., Dingeldey, M., Kruse, B., Fauchere, F., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2598-9 · Cited by 1,310 · see citing works

Pathogenic T-cells and inflammatory monocytes incite inflammatory storms in severe COVID-19 patients

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Innate lymphoid cells promote lung-tissue homeostasis after infection with influenza virus

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Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: an old drug against today's diseases

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Plasma inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in severe acute respiratory syndrome

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From SARS to MERS, Thrusting Coronaviruses into the Spotlight

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Potent binding of 2019 novel coronavirus spike protein by a SARS coronavirus-specific human monoclonal antibody

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The twilight of immunity: emerging concepts in aging of the immune system

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CD69 acts downstream of interferon-α/β to inhibit S1P1 and lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs

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Elevated levels of IL-6 and CRP predict the need for mechanical ventilation in COVID-19

Herold, T., Jurinovic, V., Arnreich, C., Lipworth, B. J., Hellmuth, J. C., von Bergwelt-Baildon, M., Klein, M., & Weinberger, T. (2020) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2020.05.008 · Cited by 1,161 · see citing works

The pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 in hACE2 transgenic mice

Bao, L., Deng, W., Huang, B., Gao, H., Liu, J., Ren, L., Wei, Q., Yu, P., Xu, Y., Qi, F., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2312-y · Cited by 1,126 · see citing works

Characteristics of Peripheral Lymphocyte Subset Alteration in COVID-19 Pneumonia

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SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: Status Report

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Human susceptibility and resistance to Norwalk virus infection

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Preliminary Identification of Potential Vaccine Targets for the COVID-19 Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Based on SARS-CoV Immunological Studies

Ahmed, S. F., Quadeer, A. A., & McKay, M. R. (2020) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v12030254 · Cited by 1,116 · see citing works

A human monoclonal antibody blocking SARS-CoV-2 infection

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