The DOI matches its Crossref record; 147 of the 149 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Clinical aspects and molecular diagnostics of skin aging
Abstract
This contribution will address the effect of aging on skin functions, with a particular focus on skin permeability, wound healing, angiogenesis, lipogenesis, sweat production, immune function, and vitamin D synthesis. With accelerating age, skin functions deteriorate due to structural and morphologic changes. Skin is prone to the development of several diseases, varying from benign to malignant. Because the number of persons aged 80 and older is expected to rise in the next decades, disease prevention will become an important issue. Screening examinations and prevention through public education starting at an early age regarding sun avoidance, the use of sunscreens and the importance of a balanced nutrition are the first steps for successful healthy aging. Although the fundamental mechanisms in the pathogenesis of aged skin are still poorly understood, a growing body of evidence points toward the involvement of multiple pathways. Recent data obtained by expression profiling studies and studies of progeroid syndromes illustrate that among the most important biologic processes involved in skin aging are alterations in DNA repair and stability, mitochondrial function, cell cycle and apoptosis, extracellular matrix, lipid synthesis, ubiquitin-induced proteolysis and cellular metabolism. Among others, a major factor that has been implicated in the initiation of aging is the physiologic decline of hormones occurring with age. However, hormones at age-specific levels may regulate not only age-associated mechanisms but also tumor suppressor pathways that influence carcinogenesis. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of aging may open new strategies to deal with the various diseases accompanying high age, including cancer.
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“Oxidative stress plays an important role in skin aging and skin damage processes, and its main feature is increased intracellular ROS.”
From Diet and Skin Aging—From the Perspective of Food Nutrition (2020) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“The accumulation of ROS causes DNA damage, induces skin inflammatory response, reduces antioxidant enzymes, activates nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) and activator protein1 (AP–1) to inhibit collagen production, and increases matrix metalloproteinases to decompose collagen and binding proteins in the dermis, which eventually leads to skin aging [30,31,32,33].”
From Diet and Skin Aging—From the Perspective of Food Nutrition (2020) · cites this paper as [31]
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“The hallmark is the accumulation of elastotic material, resulting in yellow discoloration (7,8).”
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Human Skin Equivalents Demonstrate Need for Neuro‐Immuno‐Cutaneous System
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Exosomes Derived from Antler Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote Wound Healing by miR-21-5p/STAT3 Axis
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“Skin aging is the result of intrinsic and extrinsic phenomena inducing important alterations in morphological, physical and biological properties of the tissue [1].”
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Investigation by Imaging Mass Spectrometry of Biomarker Candidates for Aging in the Hair Cortex
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“It is predicted that in the future, improvements in haircare product development will target specific molecules [20], and thus, the supplementation of molecules impaired during aging or addition of their functional analogues to hair care products would be beneficial to this section of the market.”
BackgroundChanges of Langerhans cells during skin ageing
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Mesothelial Stem Cells and Stromal Vascular Fraction for Skin Rejuvenation
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Zouboulis, C. C., & Hoenig, L. J. (2019) · Clinics in Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2019.04.012 · Cited by 19
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Association Between Atopic Dermatitis and Aging: Clinical Observations and Underlying Mechanisms
Chen, P., Shen, M., Cai, S., & Tang, Z. (2024) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s467099 · Cited by 19
“24 Notably, aging also correlates with an increased incidence of non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC).”
BackgroundHauterkrankungen beim geriatrischen Patienten
Makrantonaki, E., Liakou, A. Ι., Eckardt, R., Zens, M., Steinhagen‐Thiessen, E., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2012) · Der Hautarzt · doi:10.1007/s00105-012-2466-0 · Cited by 19
Effect of topical clay application on the synthesis of collagen in skin: an experimental study
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Clinical and laboratory skin biomarkers of organ-specific diseases
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“Nowadays, the skin aging is attracting growing interest because the preservation of the youthful appearance of skin is the prerequisite for beauty (Rittié and Fisher, 2002; Zouboulis and Makrantonaki, 2011).”
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Phototoxic assessment of a sunscreen formulation and its excipients: An in vivo and in vitro study
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Genetic profiling and precision skin care: a review
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Glycation stimulates cutaneous monocyte differentiation in reconstructed skin in vitro
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Structure and Function of the Skin
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Advancements in microfluidics for skin cosmetic screening
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The wound‐healing response and upregulated embryonic mechanisms: brothers‐in‐arms forever
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Identification of miR‐126 as a new regulator of skin ageing
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“system) and extrinsic (environmental) factors (Zouboulis and Makrantonaki 2011).”
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SkinspanTM: A Healthy Longevity Framework for Skin Aging
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Intralesional Laser Therapy for Vascular Malformations
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“As the technique of ILT requires a transcutaneous approach, energy is spread to adjacent tissues; the higher rate of complications in an older age group may be explained by the overall decrease in tissue and skin integrity and wound healing ability that occurs with age.(25,26) As the increase in complication risk per…”
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Nutraceuticals and skin appearance: Is there any evidence to support this growing trend?
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“The main histological features of intrinsically aged skin include thinning of the epidermis, significant flattening of the dermal–epidermal junction and reduced numbers of keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, mast cells and melanocytes (Zouboulis & Makrantonaki 2011).”
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“Morphological alteration of extrinsically aged skin is characterized by increased collagen degradation, sparse distribution of collagen fibers, accumulation of abnormal elastic tissue, presence of stellate phenotype of fibroblasts, thickening of the epidermis, and increased biosynthetic activity [29].”
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“Certain age-associated skin lesions have also been associated with UV irradiation, including actinic keratosis and non-melanoma skin cancer, including basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma (2,6).”
Markiewicz, E., & Idowu, O. C. (2022) · Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology · doi:10.2147/ccid.s383790 · Cited by 12
“an imbalance between the production of ROS and their sufficient detoxification through antioxidants plays a major role in skin aging.(4,5) Recent studies have uncovered several gene clusters affected by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and associated with specific traits and aging patterns of the European skin.”
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Klinngam, W., Rungkamoltip, P., Wongwanakul, R., Joothamongkhon, J., Du‐a‐man, S., Khongkow, M., Asawapirom, U., Iempridee, T., & Ruktanonchai, U. (2024) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom14070776 · Cited by 14
“Intrinsic or chronological factors contribute to skin thinning, a flattened dermal–epidermal junction, irregular pigmentation, collagen and elastin reduction, increased wrinkle formation, and decreased elasticity [2].”
BackgroundThe Potential of Spirulina and Its Bioactive Metabolites as Ingested Agents for Skin Care
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“12 Skin effects promoted by UVR are cumulative and depend on duration, frequency and intensity of exposure along with the natural protection of the skin.”
In vitro epidermis model mimicking IGF ‐1–specific age‐related decline
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“Aging is strongly associated with alterations of skin quality and function parameters (Zouboulis and Makrantonaki, 2011; Farage et al., 2017).”
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“At the molecular level, age-related changes to skin include alterations in innate immune signaling, inflammation, tumorigenesis, and wound healing (21, 22) that might facilitate VZV replication in aging skin.”
BackgroundNanoengineered biomaterials for skin regeneration
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Optimization of Valorization of Chicken MDCM to Produce Soluble Protein and Collagen Peptides
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“During the aging process of skin, dermal fibroblasts exhibit a decline in cell number and cell function (6).”
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“The skin serves as both the first line of defense and the largest organ of the human body, making it particularly susceptible to damage [1, 2].”
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“6) are correlated with the major biochemical changes and signaling pathways involved in the generation of intrinsically and extrinsically aged skin [175].”
BackgroundBoismal, F., Peltier, S., So, S. L. K., Chevreux, G., Blondel, L., Serror, K., Setterblab, N., Zuelgaray, E., Boccara, D., Mimoun, M., et al. (2024) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.206055 · Cited by 11
Darban, Z., Singh, H., Naqash, N., Panja, S., Shah, S. A., Bashir, S. M., Hassan, S., Dhanka, M., Abass, K. S., Gaur, R., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.146882 · Cited by 10
Zheng, H., Liu, N., Zhou, T., Wang, Y., Shi, L., Wang, P., & Li, P. (2025) · Journal of Materials Chemistry B · doi:10.1039/d5tb00845j · Cited by 10
Aging-Associated Decline of Epidermal PSMD8 Contributes to Impaired Skin Function
Ishii, M. A., Miyachi, K., Cheng, B., & Sun, B. K. (2017) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jid.2017.10.034 · Cited by 10
Transcriptome Profile of Human Fibroblasts in an Ex Vivo Culture
Machaliński, B., Rogińska, D., Szumilas, K., Zawiślak, A., Wilk, A., Stecewicz, I., Brodkiewicz, A., & Wiszniewska, B. (2020) · International Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijms.35693 · Cited by 10
Look at Your Hair the Way You Look at Your Face: Concept of Total Facial Skin and Hair Care
Peretti, M. C., Uribe, N. C., Régnier, A., & Trüeb, R. M. (2020) · Skin Appendage Disorders · doi:10.1159/000504306 · Cited by 12
Im, A., Nam, J., Ji, K.-Y., Cha, S., Yoon, J., Seo, Y. K., Chae, S., & Kim, J. Y. (2020) · European Journal of Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2020.101070 · Cited by 10
Georgakopoulou, E. A., Valsamidi, C., Veroutis, D., & Havaki, S. (2020) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2020.111409 · Cited by 12
Lee, J., Jeong, E. T., Lim, J. M., & Park, S. G. (2021) · Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology · doi:10.1111/jocd.13943 · Cited by 10
Sex Hormones and Immunosenescence
Gómez, C. R., Nomellini, V., & Kovacs, E. J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-99375-1_42 · Cited by 10
Ma, X., Fu, X., Meng, J., Li, H., Wang, F., Shao, H., Liu, Y., Liu, F., Zhang, D., Chi, B., et al. (2024) · Biomedical Materials · doi:10.1088/1748-605x/ad792c · Cited by 9
“The skin, serving as the body’s principal defense barrier and the largest organ, is notably susceptible to harm [1, 2].”
GHRH expression plasmid improves osteoporosis and skin damage in aged mice
Ye, R., Wang, H., Zeng, D., Chen, T., Sun, J., Xi, Q., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · Growth Hormone & IGF Research · doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2021.101429 · Cited by 9
A progeroid syndrome with neonatal presentation and long survival maps to 19p13.3p13.2
Akawi, N. A., Ali, B. R., & Gazali, L. A. (2013) · Birth Defects Research Part A Clinical and Molecular Teratology · doi:10.1002/bdra.23136 · Cited by 9
“Expression studies of progeroid syndromes demonstrated that among the most important mechanisms proposed to be involved in induction of aging are aberrations in lipid synthesis and cellular metabolism (Zouboulis and Makrantonaki, 2011).”
BackgroundmiR ‐203 represses keratinocyte stemness by targeting survivin
Labarrade, F., Botto, J.-M., & Imbert, I. (2022) · Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology · doi:10.1111/jocd.15147 · Cited by 8
Xiao, B., Jiang, Y., Wang, B., Hu, Y., Sun, Y., Wu, Y., & Qiao, S. (2020) · Lasers in Medical Science · doi:10.1007/s10103-020-03175-z · Cited by 8
Froehner, I., Kotze, P. G., Rocha, J. G., Miranda, E. F., Sartor, M. C., Martins, J. F., Abou-Rejaile, V., Filho, Á. S., & Corrêa, M. F. M. (2014) · Revista do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões · doi:10.1590/s0100-69912014000200004 · Cited by 8
The Brain of the Skin: Sebaceous Gland
Zouboulis, C. C. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-09943-9_8 · Cited by 9
Molecular mechanisms of action of topical antiaging compounds
Elewa, R. M., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2014) · Journal of the Egyptian Womenʼs Dermatologic Society · doi:10.1097/01.ewx.0000446076.96563.ab · Cited by 8
Rella, A., Layman, D., Dang, R., Rafailovich, M. H., Maidhof, R., & Pernodet, N. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26136162 · Cited by 7
“Furthermore, aged skin has disturbed permeability, angiogenesis, lipid and sweat production, immune function, and vitamin D synthesis; manifesting as impaired wound healing, atrophy, vulnerability to external stimuli, and the development of several benign and malignant diseases [3].”
Perceived facial age and biochemical indicators of glycemia in adult men and women
Żelaźniewicz, A., Nowak, J., Osochocka, A., & Pawłowski, B. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-14555-6 · Cited by 6
Ghosh, S. K., Kulkarni, S., More, N., Singh, N. K., Velyutham, R., Kumar, N., & Kapusetti, G. (2023) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126477 · Cited by 7
Biological Aging Modulates Cell Migration via Lamin A/C-Dependent Nuclear Motion
Park, J., Han, S., Hah, J., Lee, G., Kim, J.-K., Kim, S. H., & Kim, D. (2020) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi11090801 · Cited by 7
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Machaliński, B., Brodkiewicz, A., Szumilas, K., Rogińska, D., Kawa, M. P., Stecewicz, I., Trybek, G., Marchlewicz, M., & Wiszniewska, B. (2016) · Transplantation Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2016.05.016 · Cited by 7
Truchuelo, M. T., Jiménez, N., Miguel‐Gomez, L., la Hermosa, A. R.-D., Sánchez‐Neila, N., & Cuevas, J. (2017) · Dermatology Research and Practice · doi:10.1155/2017/8407247 · Cited by 8
“Altogether, these changes end with epidermal and dermal atrophy and, finally, impairment in the structural and physiological properties of the tissue [4, 5].”
Genital diseases in the mature man
Watchorn, R. E., & Bunker, C. B. (2017) · Clinics in Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2017.10.011 · Cited by 7
How Wounding via Lasers Has Potential Photocarcinogenic Preventative Effects via Dermal Remodeling
Krbanjevic, A., Travers, J. B., & Spandau, D. F. (2016) · Current Dermatology Reports · doi:10.1007/s13671-016-0143-8 · Cited by 8
“Along these lines, several groups have shown the ability of aging skin to repair UV-induced oxidative DNA damage diminishes over time [22, 23].”
Damayanti1, 2. (2020) · Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology · doi:10.37506/ijfmt.v14i2.3131 · Cited by 7
“(1,2,3,4) Geriatric population in the United States in 2000 was 13 % (35 million people), and predicted it would be 30% in 2030.”
BackgroundEndogene Faktoren, Gene und Hautalterung
Makrantonaki, E., Pfeifer, G. P., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2016) · Der Hautarzt · doi:10.1007/s00105-015-3746-2 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Zouboulis, C. C., & Makrantonaki, E.
- Affiliations
- Städtisches Klinikum Dessau (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Zouboulis, Christos C.
- Venue
- Clinics in Dermatology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-01
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-14
- ISSN
- 0738-081X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2025725196
- Cited by
- 341
- References
- 149
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 2.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinics in Dermatology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Skin and Cellular Biology Research
- Keywords
- skin aging, skin permeability, wound healing, angiogenesis, lipogenesis, sweating, skin immune function, vitamin D synthesis, progeroid syndromes, DNA repair, mitochondrial function, apoptosis, extracellular matrix, cellular metabolism, carcinogenesis, healthy aging, sun protection, sunscreen use, gene expression profiling
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Skin, Skin Diseases, Skin Physiological Phenomena, Sunscreening Agents, Skin Aging, Genomics
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