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Cited by 231Skin Protection and AgingPhytochemicals and Antioxidant ActivitiesNutrition and Health Studies

Diet and Skin Aging—From the Perspective of Food Nutrition

Open access
Cao, Changwei, Xiao, Zhichao, Wu, Yinglong, Ge, Changrong·2020·Nutrients
DOI 10.3390/nu12030870PMC PMC7146365
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Abstract

We regularly face primary challenges in deciding what to eat to maintain young and healthy skin, defining a healthy diet and the role of diet in aging. The topic that currently attracts maximum attention is ways to maintain healthy skin and delay skin aging. Skin is the primary barrier that protects the body from external aggressions. Skin aging is a complex biological process, categorized as chronological aging and photo-aging, and is affected by internal factors and external factors. With the rapid breakthrough of medicine in prolonging human life and the rapid deterioration of environmental conditions, it has become urgent to find safe and effective methods to treat skin aging. For diet, as the main way for the body to obtain energy and nutrients, people have gradually realized its importance to the skin. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the skin structure, aging manifestations, and possible mechanisms, summarize the research progress, challenges, possible directions of diet management, and effects of foodborne antioxidants on skin aging from the perspective of food and nutrition.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This narrative review summarizes skin structure, chronological and photo-aging mechanisms, and evidence that diet and foodborne antioxidants can influence skin aging. It concludes that dietary management may help prevent or relieve skin aging, but current understanding is insufficient to define a healthy diet or quantify diet–skin aging relationships.

Key findings

  • Skin aging is divided into chronological aging and photo-aging; mechanisms discussed include oxidative stress, DNA damage and gene mutation, telomere shortening, microRNA regulation, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and inflammation.
  • Diet-related factors associated with skin aging include high-fat diets, high-sugar diets and baked/grilled foods, tobacco, and alcohol; the review states that strict blood sugar control for four months can reduce glycosylated collagen production by 25%, and drinking more than 2 L of water per day significantly affects skin physiology and promotes superficial and deep hydration.
  • Foodborne antioxidants—collagen peptides, polyphenols, polysaccharides, vitamins, and fatty acids—are reported to relieve skin aging mainly by acting as precursors for skin component synthesis, removing ROS/enhancing antioxidant enzymes, and regulating MMPs/AP-1 to inhibit degradation of skin components.
  • The review states that only oral supplementation is not enough to improve skin; combining oral and external skin penetration is described as the safest and most effective way to improve skin aging.

Methods

  • Design: narrative review of skin structure, aging manifestations and molecular mechanisms, diet management, and foodborne antioxidants.
  • Data/sample: summarizes prior research, including Table 1 on nutrients/diet and Table 2 on in vivo studies of foodborne antioxidants; Table 2 includes animal, cell, and clinical studies from countries such as China, Korea, Brazil, Canada, Japan, Spain, Thailand, and Iran.
  • Main analysis: qualitative synthesis of mechanisms and study results; no systematic search strategy, inclusion criteria, or meta-analysis is stated in the paper.

Limitations

  • Paper-stated: current understanding of diet to improve skin aging is insufficient; it is difficult to define a healthy diet or quantify the relationship between diet and skin aging convincingly, and people find it difficult to change lifestyle and diet even with such knowledge.
  • Paper-stated: clinical diet research is difficult because of ethical controversy, long experimental periods, difficulty controlling volunteers’ diets for a single long duration, and non-uniform clinical conditions, leading to vague results and insufficient credibility.
  • Paper-stated and evident: foodborne antioxidants have limitations such as unstable storage, low skin bioavailability, and poor solubility; the review is narrative rather than systematic, and many cited antioxidant studies are animal or cell experiments, with clinical application of polyphenols described as still in its infancy.

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Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/nu12030870

Cites

160 of 160 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

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Claims the paper makes

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  • Premisecitation

    UV-A accelerates hydrolysis of skin collagen by promoting production of matrix metalloproteinases, leading to tissue destruction and progressive degeneration of dermal extracellular matrix.

    “It accelerates the hydrolysis of skin collagen by promoting the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), leading to tissue destruction and progressive degeneration of dermal extracellular matrix [22,23,24].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
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  • Premisecitation

    UV-A inhibits synthesis of hyaluronic acid by down-regulating hyaluronic acid synthase, thereby changing composition of skin proteoglycans.

    “UV-A also inhibits the synthesis of hyaluronic acid (HA) by down-regulating the synthesis of hyaluronic acid synthase, thereby changing the composition of skin proteoglycans [20].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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  • Premisecitation

    Aging skin fibroblasts cause pigmentation and dark spots by promoting transcription of the melanin gene.

    “Further, aging skin fibroblasts cause pigmentation and dark spots by promoting the transcription of the melanin gene [28].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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  • Premisecitation

    Indirect UV-induced DNA damage occurs when DNA molecules absorb UV-A and promote electron and energy transfer to oxygen molecules to form free radicals' singlet oxygen ions, causing DNA damage.

    “During indirect damage, DNA molecules absorb UV-A and promote electron and energy transfer to oxygen molecules to form free radicals’ singlet oxygen ions, causing DNA damage [34,35].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
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    Direct UV-induced DNA damage occurs when DNA absorbs a UV-B photon, leading to rearrangement in the nucleotide sequence and resulting in DNA strand deletion or mutation.

    “Direct damage occurs when DNA absorbs the UV-B photon, leading to rearrangement in the nucleotide sequence, resulting in DNA strand deletion or mutation.”
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    • cites [34] Ravanat, 2001, Direct and indirect effects of UV radiation on DNA and its components, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol. source

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    Premisecitation

    Skin aging is a complex biological process categorized as chronological aging and photo-aging, and is affected by internal and external factors.

    “Skin aging is a complex biological process, categorized as chronological aging and photo-aging, and is affected by internal factors and external factors.”
    • Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
      “Skin aging can be divided into chronological aging and photo-aging (or internal aging and external aging).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
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    Premisecitation

    Oxidative stress plays an important role in skin aging and skin damage, with its main feature being increased intracellular ROS.

    “Oxidative stress plays an important role in skin aging and skin damage processes, and its main feature is increased intracellular ROS.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
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    Premisecitation

    UV-B acts on keratinocytes, potentially induces DNA damage and mutation, stimulates release of soluble cytokines, and causes skin cells to show aging, inflammation, apoptosis, and carcinogenesis.

    “UV-B acts on keratinocytes in the skin epithelial layer, potentially induces DNA damage and mutation in keratinocytes, stimulates the release of soluble cytokines from keratinocytes, and causes skin cells to show symptoms such as aging, inflammation, apoptosis, and carcinogenesis [25,26].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
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    Premisecitation

    Chronological aging caused by internal factors occurs naturally and is not easy to change, but photo-aging can be delayed by altering external factors.

    “Chronological aging caused by internal factors occurs naturally and is not easy to change, but it is possible to delay photo-aging by altering external factors [17].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [17] Yanyan, 2004, Natural aging and photoaging of skin, Int. J. Dermatovener.

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    Premisecitation

    Chronological aging is mainly characterized by dry skin, dullness, lack of elasticity, and fine wrinkles.

    “It is mainly characterized by dry skin, dullness, lack of elasticity, and fine wrinkles [18].”
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    Premisecitation

    Photo-aging is caused by long-term exposure to ultraviolet radiation and is mainly manifested as skin wrinkles, relaxation, roughness, yellowish or grayish-yellow color, capillary expansion, and pigmented spot formation.

    “Photo-aging is caused by long-term exposure to ultraviolet radiation, mainly manifested as skin wrinkles, relaxation, roughness, yellowish or grayish-yellow, capillary expansion, and pigmented spot formation, etc. [16,19].”
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    • cites [16] Fisher, 2002, Mechanisms of photoaging and chronological skin aging, Arch. Dermatol. source

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    Premisecitation

    Keratinocytes have strong antioxidant capacity in response to UV-B exposure, are more resistant than fibroblasts to lethal effects of oxidants, and are more sensitive to ROS-induced apoptosis.

    “However, keratinocytes have a strong antioxidant capacity in response to UV-B exposure, are more resistant than fibroblasts to the lethal effects of oxidants, and are more sensitive to reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced apoptosis [27].”
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    • cites [27] Lemma, 2007, Cell type and DNA damage specific response of human skin cells to environmental agents, Mutat. Res. Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. source

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    Premisecitation

    Accumulation of ROS causes DNA damage, induces skin inflammatory response, reduces antioxidant enzymes, activates NF-kB and AP-1 to inhibit collagen production, and increases matrix metalloproteinases to decompose collagen and binding proteins in the dermis, eventually leading to skin aging.

    “The accumulation of ROS causes DNA damage, induces skin inflammatory response, reduces antioxidant enzymes, activates nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) and activator protein1 (AP–1) to inhibit collagen production, and increases matrix metalloproteinases to decompose collagen and binding proteins in the dermis, which eventually leads to skin aging [30,31,32,33].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [30] Kammeyer, 2015, Oxidation events and skin aging, Ageing Res. Rev. source

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    • cites [31] Zouboulis, 2011, Clinical aspects and molecular diagnostics of skin aging, Clin. Dermatol. source

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    Premisecitation

    A telomere is shortened with cell division and is closely associated with cell division and senescence.

    “A telomere is shortened with cell division and is associated closely with cell division and senescence [38,39].”
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    • cites [38] Blackburn, 1991, Structure and function of telomeres, Nature source

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    Premisecitation

    Reactive oxygen generated by UV radiation induces telomere mutation, cell death, or senescence.

    “The reactive oxygen generated by UV radiation induces telomere mutation, cell death, or senescence.”
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    • cites [38] Blackburn, 1991, Structure and function of telomeres, Nature source

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    Premisecitation

    Telomeres are DNA-protein complexes at the end tips of eukaryotic linear chromosomes and are important for maintaining chromosomal integrity and controlling the cell cycle.

    “Telomeres are a small piece of DNA-protein complex at the end tips of eukaryotic linear chromosomes, which are important components in maintaining the chromosomal integrity and controlling the cell cycle.”
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    • cites [38] Blackburn, 1991, Structure and function of telomeres, Nature source

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    Premisecitation

    UV-induced DNA damage can be classified into direct damage and indirect damage.

    “Earlier studies reviewed the mechanisms of UV-induced DNA damage and classified them into direct damage and indirect damage.”
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    • cites [34] Ravanat, 2001, Direct and indirect effects of UV radiation on DNA and its components, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol. source

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    • cites [35] Panich, 2016, Ultraviolet radiation-induced skin aging: The role of DNA damage and oxidative stress in epidermal stem cell damage mediated skin aging, Stem Cells Int. source

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    Premisecitation

    DNA damage can be repaired by photolytic enzymes, while UV-induced skin DNA damage can be prevented by applying sunscreen.

    “DNA damage can be repaired by photolytic enzymes, while UV-induced skin DNA damage can be prevented by applying sunscreen [36,37].”
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    Premisecitation

    Zinc content in the skin ranks third among all tissues and is essential for proliferation and differentiation of skin epidermal keratinocytes.

    “Zinc content in the skin ranks third among all tissues and is an essential element for the proliferation and differentiation of skin epidermal keratinocytes [60,61].”
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    Premisecitation

    AGEs accumulate in photo-aging skin, affect protein function in the dermis, and promote skin aging.

    “As the final product of nonenzymatic glycosylation reaction, AGEs accumulate in photo-aging skin, affect protein function in the dermis, and promote skin aging [48,49,50].”
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    Premisecitation

    Copper aids in improving skin elasticity, reducing facial fine lines and wrinkles, and promoting wound healing.

    “Clinical studies have shown that copper aids in improving skin elasticity, reducing facial fine lines and wrinkles, and promoting wound healing [63].”
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    Premisecitation

    Trace elements are closely related to skin immunity and inflammation, and homeostasis of copper and zinc ions in psoriasis patients may be a potential target for treating psoriasis.

    “Trace elements are closely related to skin immunity and inflammation, and the homeostasis of copper and zinc ions in psoriasis patients may be a potential target for treating psoriasis [59].”
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    Premisecitation

    Continuous UV radiation exposure induces oxidative stress in epidermal cells, causing cell damage, fat oxidation, and cell inflammation; when inflammation exceeds macrophage clearance, macrophages secrete pro-inflammatory factors and ROS to accelerate dermal inflammation and injury.

    “Continuous UV radiation exposure induces oxidative stress in epidermal cells, causing cell damage, fat oxidation, and finally leads to cell inflammation. When the degree of inflammation exceeds the ability of macrophages to clear up, macrophages also begin secreting pro-inflammatory factors and ROS to accelerate dermal inflammation and injury [51,52].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
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    Premisecitation

    Drinking more than 2 L of water per day significantly affects skin physiology and promotes superficial and deep hydration of the skin, with effects obvious in people who drink less water.

    “Studies show that it is better to have more water and drinking more than 2 L of water per day significantly affects skin physiology and promotes superficial and deep hydration of the skin. However, the effects of water on the skin may be different from that of the water intake, and these effects are obvious in people who drink less water [56,57].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
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    Ingesting sufficient protein can help healing pressure ulcers in rats, while both excess and inadequate protein intake are detrimental to ulcer healing.

    “Studies have shown that ingesting sufficient protein can help in healing pressure ulcers in rats, while both excess and inadequate protein intake are detrimental to ulcer healing.”
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    Vitamin deficiency affects skin health; lack of vitamins in the body can cause skin disorders, and lack of vitamin C causes scurvy symptoms such as fragile skin and impaired wound healing.

    “Vitamin deficiency affects skin health. The lack of vitamins in the body can cause skin disorders. For example, lack of vitamin C causes the symptoms of scurvy such as fragile skin and impaired wound healing.”
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    Premisecitation

    Ultraviolet radiation and iron content in women's post-menopausal skin cells increase rapidly, reduce the skin's antioxidant capacity, and lead to aging.

    “Studies have shown that ultraviolet radiation and iron content in women’s post-menopausal skin cells increase rapidly, reduce the skin’s antioxidant capacity, and lead to aging [64,65].”
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    Excessive intake of plant protein increases kidney load, and excess animal protein intake increases risk of osteoporosis.

    “Excessive intake of plant protein increases kidney load, and excess animal protein intake increases the risk of osteoporosis [72,73].”
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    Premisecitation

    Smoking can change skin cuticle thickness and accelerates skin pigmentation.

    “Smoking can change skin cuticle thickness and accelerates skin pigmentation.”
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    Premisecitation

    Protein deficiency or excessive intake can cause metabolic disorders and affect physical health.

    “Protein deficiency or excessive intake can cause metabolic disorders and affect physical health [71].”
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    Premisecitation

    Vitamins, as skin antioxidant defense ingredients, are mostly taken from food, so content of vitamins in the diet is closely related to skin antioxidant capacity and physiological functions.

    “Vitamins, as skin antioxidant defense ingredients, are mostly taken from food, so the content of vitamins in the diet is closely related to skin antioxidant capacity and physiological functions [68,69,70].”
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    Premisecitation

    Alcohol affects metabolism of triglycerides and cholesterol and affects lipid composition of the skin.

    “Alcohol also affects the metabolism of triglycerides and cholesterol and affects the lipid composition of the skin [81,82].”
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    A high-fat diet led to an increase in free fatty acid content in mice, which is an important factor that aggravates skin inflammatory psoriasis.

    “A high-fat diet led to an increase in free fatty acid content in mice, which is an important factor that aggravates skin inflammatory psoriasis.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
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    Premisecitation

    After cosmetic surgery, smoking can cause complications such as postoperative infections, delayed wound healing, and skin necrosis.

    “Further, after cosmetic surgery, smoking can cause complications such as postoperative infections, delayed wound healing, and skin necrosis [80].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [80] Theocharidis, 2018, Current evidence on the role of smoking in plastic surgery elective procedures: A systematic review and meta-analysis, J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthetic Surg. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Aging causes changes in facial skin and volume and is closely related to smoking and heavy drinking, and degree of facial aging increases with amount and time of exposure to tobacco and alcohol; quitting smoking and alcohol can delay aging of facial skin.

    “Studies by Goodman et al. [83] revealed that aging causes changes in facial skin and volume and is closely related to smoking and heavy drinking, and the degree of facial aging increases with the amount and time of exposure to tobacco and alcohol. On the contrary, quitting smoking and alcohol can delay the aging of facial skin.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [83] Goodman, 2019, Impact of Smoking and Alcohol Use on Facial Aging in Women: Results of a Large Multinational, Multiracial, Cross-sectional Survey, J. Clin. Aesthet. Dermatol.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Thickness of the stratum corneum correlates positively with pigmentation and negatively with years of smoking, and this skin pigmentation is more obvious in the upper lip than in the gums.

    “The thickness of the stratum corneum correlates positively with pigmentation and negatively with years of smoking, and this skin pigmentation is more obvious in the upper lip than in the gums [76,77].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [76] Haresaku, 2007, Association of lip pigmentation with smoking and gingival melanin pigmentation, Oral Dis. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [77] Poulsen, 2003, Epidermal thickness at different body sites: Relationship to age, gender, pigmentation, blood content, skin type and smoking habits, Acta Derm. Venereol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    High-fat diets delay healing of the skin by promoting skin oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, reducing protein synthesis, and may also cause morphological changes in skin and damage to matrix remodeling.

    “High-fat diets delay healing of the skin by promoting skin oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, reducing protein synthesis, and may also cause morphological changes in skin and damage to matrix remodeling [87,88].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [87] Rosa, 2018, High-fat diet and alcohol intake promotes inflammation and impairs skin wound healing in Wistar rats, Mediat. Inflamm. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [88] Rosa, D.F., Sarandy, M.M., Novaes, R.D., da Matta, S.L.P., and Goncalves, R.V. (2017). Effect of a high-fat diet and alcohol on cutaneous repair: A systematic review of murine experimental models. PLoS ONE, 12. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A high-sugar diet, ultraviolet irradiation, and eating barbecued fried foods lead to accumulation of AGEs and acceleration of skin aging.

    “A high-sugar diet, ultraviolet irradiation, and eating barbecued fried foods, lead to the accumulation of AGEs and acceleration of skin aging.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [93] Nguyen, 2015, Sugar sag: Glycation and the role of diet in aging skin, Skin Ther. Lett.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [94] Draelos, 2013, Aging skin: The role of diet: Facts and controversies, Clin. Dermatol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [95] Danby, 2010, Nutrition and aging skin: Sugar and glycation, Clin. Dermatol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Polyphenols reduce oxidative damage and inflammation in the skin through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, mainly by inhibiting collagen degradation, increasing collagen synthesis, and inhibiting inflammation, involving regulation of matrix metalloproteinases, cytokines, and signaling pathways such as Nrf2, NF-κB, and MAPK.

    “Polyphenols reduce oxidative damage and inflammation in the skin through their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, mainly by inhibiting collagen degradation, increased collagen synthesis, and inhibiting inflammation, which involves the regulation of matrix metalloproteinases, cytokines, and signaling pathways (e.g., Nrf2, NF-κB, MAPK, etc.) [111,112].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [111] Davinelli, 2018, Cytoprotective polyphenols against chronological skin aging and cutaneous photodamage, Curr. Pharm. Des. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [112] Chuang, S.Y., Lin, Y.K., Lin, C.F., Wang, P.W., Chen, E.L., and Fang, J.Y. (2017). Elucidating the skin delivery of aglycone and glycoside flavonoids: How the structures affect cutaneous absorption. Nutrients, 9. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    After high-fat diet, epidermal fatty acid-binding protein (E-FABP) of mice was significantly upregulated in the skin, which promoted formation of lipid droplets and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, and greatly increased incidence of skin lesions in mice.

    “Studies by Zhang and others [92] showed that after high-fat diet, the epidermal fatty acid-binding protein (E-FABP) of mice was significantly upregulated in the skin, which promoted the formation of lipid droplets and the activation of NLRP3 inflammator, and greatly increased the incidence of skin lesions in mice.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [92] Zhang, 2015, Epidermal fatty acid binding protein promotes skin inflammation induced by high-fat diet, Immunity source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    When mice were fed with carbohydrate-controlled diets for 50 weeks, the epidermis and dermis were significantly thinned, autophagy was inhibited, and inflammation was exacerbated.

    “When the mice were fed with carbohydrate-controlled diets for 50 weeks, the epidermis and dermis were significantly thinned, autophagy was inhibited, and inflammation was exacerbated.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [96] Wu, 2019, Carbohydrate-restricted diet promotes skin senescence in senescence-accelerated prone mice, Biogerontology source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Oxygen-free radicals are ubiquitous in cell metabolism and can interact with DNA, proteins, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, causing DNA chain breaks, oxidative damage, protein-protein cross-linking, protein-DNA cross-linking, and lipid metabolism oxidation.

    “Oxygen-free radicals are ubiquitous in the process of cell metabolism and can interact with DNA, proteins, and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the body, causing breaks in the DNA chain and oxidative damage, protein–protein cross-linking, protein–DNA cross-linking, and lipid metabolism oxidation, etc.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [105] Callaghan, 2008, A review of ageing and an examination of clinical methods in the assessment of ageing skin. Part I: Cellular and molecular perspectives of skin ageing, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [106] Ratnam, 2006, Role of antioxidants in prophylaxis and therapy: A pharmaceutical perspective, J. Control. Release source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Protein peptides entering skin cells promote collagen and hyaluronic acid synthesis and inhibit production of inflammation by regulating cytokines and activating TGF-β/Smad or other signaling pathways, while also preventing skin collagen degradation by inhibiting expression of proteases such as AP-1, MMP-1, and MMP-3.

    “In the third pathway, protein peptides entering skin cells promote collagen and hyaluronic acid synthesis and inhibit the production of inflammation by regulating cytokines and activating TGF–β/Smad or other signaling pathways, while, these peptides concurrently also prevent skin collagen degradation by inhibiting the expression of proteases such as nuclear transcription factor activating protein–”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Collagen peptides have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant characteristics.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Most of the anti-aging effect of polyphenols has been verified in vitro through topical administration on target skin cells; clinical application of polyphenols in dermatology is still in its infancy, and there are relatively few reports on polyphenol cytotoxicity.

    “This article lists some experimental cases of food-derived polyphenol extracts to alleviate skin aging (Table 2), but most of the anti-aging effect of polyphenols has been verified in vitro through topical administration on target skin cells. Nonetheless, the clinical application of polyphenols in dermatology is still in its infancy, and there are relatively few reports on the cytotoxicity of poly”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [113] Korkina, 2012, Plant polyphenols and human skin: Friends or foes, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [114] Masaki, 2010, Role of antioxidants in the skin: Anti-aging effects, J. Dermatol. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Collagen is mainly absorbed and utilized in the form of peptides in mice, with a utilization rate of about 50%, while collagen peptides can be almost completely absorbed and utilized by the body.

    “While collagen is mainly absorbed and utilized in the form of peptides in mice, with a utilization rate of about 50%, collagen peptides can be almost completely absorbed and utilized by the body [109].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [109] Wang, 2015, Bioavailability and Bioavailable Forms of Collagen after Oral Administration to Rats, J. Agric. Food Chem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Strict control of blood sugar for four months can reduce production of glycosylated collagen by 25%, and low-sugar food prepared by boiling can also reduce production of AGEs.

    “However, strict control of blood sugar for four months can reduce the production of glycosylated collagen by 25%, and low-sugar food prepared by boiling can also reduce the production of AGEs [93,94,95].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [93] Nguyen, 2015, Sugar sag: Glycation and the role of diet in aging skin, Skin Ther. Lett.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [94] Draelos, 2013, Aging skin: The role of diet: Facts and controversies, Clin. Dermatol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [95] Danby, 2010, Nutrition and aging skin: Sugar and glycation, Clin. Dermatol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    ROS can cause various cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and aging.

    “ROS can cause various cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and aging.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [107] Kandola, 2015, Oxidative stress-a key emerging impact factor in health, ageing, lifestyle and aesthetics, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Collagen peptides that enter skin cells incur anti-aging effects by removing ROS from cells, protecting the cell's endogenous antioxidant defense system, and reducing oxidative damage and inflammatory responses in cells.

    “Second, collagen peptides that enter skin cells incur anti-aging effects by removing ROS from cells, protecting the cell’s endogenous antioxidant defense system, and reducing oxidative damage and inflammatory responses in cells.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Collagen peptides have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant characteristics.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    In vivo oxidation eventually leads to aging of the organism, so exogenous antioxidant supplements, with food being an important source, have become a topic of research.

    “In vivo oxidation eventually leads to aging of the organism, so exogenous antioxidant supplements, with food being an important source, have become a topic of research [107].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [107] Kandola, 2015, Oxidative stress-a key emerging impact factor in health, ageing, lifestyle and aesthetics, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Vitamin C acts as an enzymatic factor and antioxidant to promote collagen synthesis and eliminate cellular ROS to relieve skin aging.

    “It acts as an enzymatic factor and antioxidant to promote collagen synthesis and eliminate cellular ROS to relieve skin aging [100].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [100] Pullar, J.M., Carr, A.C., and Vissers, M. (2017). The roles of vitamin C in skin health. Nutrients, 9. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Insufficient intake of essential fatty acids or abnormal fat metabolism leads to serious skin diseases.

    “Besides, the amount of dietary fat intake is closely related to the lipid composition of the body and skin tissues, and insufficient intake of essential fatty acids or abnormal fat metabolism leads to serious skin diseases [86,124].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [86] Meksiarun, 2015, Analysis of the effects of dietary fat on body and skin lipids of hamsters by Raman spectroscopy, Analyst source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [124] Horrobin, 1989, Essential fatty acids in clinical dermatology, J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Oral polysaccharides enhance skin antioxidant enzyme activity, remove ROS, and reduce oxidative damage.

    “Mechanistically, oral polysaccharides enhance skin antioxidant enzyme activity, remove ROS, and reduce oxidative damage.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [116] Wen, 2016, Effect of polysaccharides from Tremella fuciformis on UV-induced photoaging, J. Funct. Foods source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [117] Wang, L., Lee, W., Oh, J.Y., Cui, Y.R., Ryu, B., and Jeon, Y.J. (2018). Protective effect of sulfated polysaccharides from celluclast-assisted extract of Hizikia fusiforme against ultraviolet B-Induced skin damage by regulating NF-κB, AP-1, and MAPKs signaling pathways in vitro in human dermal fibroblasts. Mar. Drugs, 16. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [118] Li, 2017, Lycium barbarum polysaccharide protects human keratinocytes against UV-B-induced photo-damage, Free Radic. Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Vitamin D can reduce DNA damage, inflammation, and photocarcinogenesis caused by ultraviolet rays, and thus protect the skin.

    “However, research shows that vitamin D can reduce DNA damage, inflammation, and photocarcinogenesis caused by ultraviolet rays, and thus, protect the skin [101].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [101] Song, 2014, Protection from ultraviolet damage and photocarcinogenesis by vitamin D compounds, Sunlight, Vitamin D and Skin Cancer

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Vitamin C is often used as a positive control for skin aging tests.

    “Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant, its concentration in the skin is closely related to skin biological functions, and it is often used as a positive control for skin aging tests.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [100] Pullar, J.M., Carr, A.C., and Vissers, M. (2017). The roles of vitamin C in skin health. Nutrients, 9. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Oral polysaccharides regulate the expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and Caspase-3 by activating Nrf2/ARE and other pathways, and inhibit apoptosis.

    “They regulate the expression of Bcl–2, Bax, and Caspase–3 by activating Nrf2/ARE and other pathways, and inhibit apoptosis.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [116] Wen, 2016, Effect of polysaccharides from Tremella fuciformis on UV-induced photoaging, J. Funct. Foods source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [117] Wang, L., Lee, W., Oh, J.Y., Cui, Y.R., Ryu, B., and Jeon, Y.J. (2018). Protective effect of sulfated polysaccharides from celluclast-assisted extract of Hizikia fusiforme against ultraviolet B-Induced skin damage by regulating NF-κB, AP-1, and MAPKs signaling pathways in vitro in human dermal fibroblasts. Mar. Drugs, 16. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [118] Li, 2017, Lycium barbarum polysaccharide protects human keratinocytes against UV-B-induced photo-damage, Free Radic. Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Polysaccharides inhibit collagen degradation by inhibiting the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-9, maintaining a stable collagen ratio, repairing skin structure, and maintaining skin moisture content.

    “Finally, polysaccharides inhibit collagen degradation by inhibiting the expression of enzymes such as MMP–1 and MMP–9, maintaining a stable collagen ratio, repairing skin structure, and maintaining skin moisture content [116,117,118,119,120,121].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [116] Wen, 2016, Effect of polysaccharides from Tremella fuciformis on UV-induced photoaging, J. Funct. Foods source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [117] Wang, L., Lee, W., Oh, J.Y., Cui, Y.R., Ryu, B., and Jeon, Y.J. (2018). Protective effect of sulfated polysaccharides from celluclast-assisted extract of Hizikia fusiforme against ultraviolet B-Induced skin damage by regulating NF-κB, AP-1, and MAPKs signaling pathways in vitro in human dermal fibroblasts. Mar. Drugs, 16. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [118] Li, 2017, Lycium barbarum polysaccharide protects human keratinocytes against UV-B-induced photo-damage, Free Radic. Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    It is difficult to accurately define what is a healthy diet, and to quantify the relationship between diet and skin aging that convince the public.

    “While it is difficult for us to accurately define what is a healthy diet, and to quantify the relationship between diet and skin aging that convince the public, it is difficult for them to change their original lifestyle and diet, even if people have such knowledge.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    It is difficult for people to change their original lifestyle and diet, even if people have such knowledge.

    “While it is difficult for us to accurately define what is a healthy diet, and to quantify the relationship between diet and skin aging that convince the public, it is difficult for them to change their original lifestyle and diet, even if people have such knowledge.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The limitations of foodborne antioxidants such as unstable storage, low skin bioavailability, and poor solubility can be improved by chemical modification, collagen drug delivery, and a combination of supplements.

    “The limitations of foodborne antioxidants such as unstable storage, low skin bioavailability, and poor solubility, can be improved by chemical modification, collagen drug delivery, and a combination of supplements.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Oral 7-MEGATM 500 (a product containing more than 50% palmitoleic acid containing fish oil, omega-7) relieves UV-B and H2O2-induced skin oxidative stress, inflammation, aging, and promotes skin regeneration in mice.

    “Oral 7-MEGATM 500 (a product containing more than 50% palmitoleic acid containing fish oil, omega-7) has been shown to relieve UV-B and H2O2-induced skin oxidative stress, inflammation, aging, and promotes skin regeneration in mice [126,127].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [126] Park, 2019, Alleviation of ultraviolet B-induced photoaging by 7-MEGATM 500 in hairless mouse skin, Toxicol. Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [127] Song, 2018, Effects of 7-MEGA? 500 on oxidative stress, inflammation, and skin regeneration in H2O2-treated skin cells, Toxicol. Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Only oral supplementation is not enough to improve the skin.

    “Only oral supplementation is not enough to improve the skin.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Anti-aging ingredients (such as protein peptides and essential fatty acids) enter the skin as a precursor after digestion and absorption and participate in the synthesis and metabolism of skin components.

    “First, anti-aging ingredients (such as protein peptides and essential fatty acids) enter the skin as a precursor after digestion and absorption and participate in the synthesis and metabolism of skin components.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Anti-aging ingredients relieve skin oxidative damage by removing cellular ROS and enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity.

    “Second, anti-aging ingredients relieve skin oxidative damage by removing cellular ROS and enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    There is a problem of metabolic processing of food and nutrients until they reach the skin.

    “There is also the problem of metabolic processing of food and nutrients until they reach the skin.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Fatty acids extracted from W. somnifera seeds have good anti-inflammatory effects and exert an enhanced effect on psoriasis by reducing the release of pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α and IL-6).

    “The fatty acids extracted from W. somnifera seeds have good anti-inflammatory effects and exert an enhanced effect on psoriasis by reducing the release of pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α and IL–6) [128].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [128] Balkrishna, A., Nain, P., Chauhan, A., Sharma, N., Gupta, A., Ranjan, R., and Varshney, A. (2020). Super Critical Fluid Extracted Fatty Acids from Withania somnifera Seeds Repair Psoriasis-Like Skin Lesions and Attenuate Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) Release. Biomolecules, 10. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Diet causes skin aging or improves skin aging and is difficult to simply apply to clinical research.

    “Diet causes skin aging or improves skin aging and is difficult to simply apply to clinical research.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Anti-aging components act as enzymatic factors, and regulate the expression of enzymes such as MMPs and AP-1, inhibiting the degradation of skin components and maintaining the integrity of the skin structure.

    “Third, the anti-aging component acts as an enzymatic factor, and regulates the expression of enzymes such as MMPs and AP–1, inhibiting the degradation of skin components and maintaining the integrity of the skin structure.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids play an important role as human skin barriers, and also have certain effects in the prevention and treatment of skin inflammation.

    “Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids play an important role as human skin barriers, and also have certain effects in the prevention and treatment of skin inflammation [104].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [104] Balić, A., Vlašić, D., Žužul, K., Marinović, B., and Bukvić Mokos, Z. (2020). Omega-3 Versus Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Prevention and Treatment of Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    People's current understanding of diet to improve skin aging is still insufficient.

    “People’s current understanding of diet to improve skin aging is still insufficient.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
64 of 64

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Reasonable diet and balanced nutrition are important measures to delay aging and prolong life.

    “Reasonable diet and balanced nutrition are important measures to delay aging and prolong life.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Conventional treatments for skin aging have serious side effects, including hormone therapy increasing breast cancer risk, retinoic acid causing osteoporosis, and telomerase modification increasing skin cancer risk.

    “However, some of these treatment methods have certain disadvantages and serious side effects. For example, hormone therapy increases the risk of breast cancer, retinoic acid may cause osteoporosis, and telomerase modification increases the risk of skin cancer.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    An imbalance in nutrition and poor eating habits are important causes of skin aging.

    “Modern science has proven that an imbalance in nutrition and poor eating habits are important causes of skin aging.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Nutritional levels and eating habits have a certain degree of impact on skin health and aging.

    “clinical research and epidemiology have successfully combined nutrition with tissues and organ health and have confirmed that nutritional levels and eating habits have a certain degree of impact on skin health and aging.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Collagen peptides have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant characteristics.

    “Because of their small molecular weight, easy absorption, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant characteristics, collagen peptides have been studied as a new favorite in recent years as exogenous antioxidants to relieve skin aging.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Collagen peptides with smaller molecular weight are easier to absorb and have more significant effects than collagen.

    “Traditionally, collagen is thought to improve skin health, but later research found that collagen peptides with smaller molecular weight are easier to absorb and have more significant effects.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    High-salt, spicy, and extremely vegetarian diets are detrimental to skin health.

    “Further, high-salt, spicy, and extremely vegetarian diets are also considered to be detrimental to skin health.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Improving skin condition through diet management is being increasingly accepted by people.

    “Therefore, improving skin condition through diet management is being increasingly accepted by people.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Findings from animal and cell studies cited in this review are predictive of effects in humans.

    “The functional anti-aging ingredients in food mainly relieve skin aging in three ways.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The outcome measures used in cited studies (e.g., skin moisture, elasticity, wrinkles) adequately represent skin aging.

    “The functional anti-aging ingredients in food mainly relieve skin aging in three ways.”
10 of 10

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • A well-balanced diet significantly affects the skin ageing process.

    “Research increasingly suggests that a well-balanced diet significantly affects the skin ageing process.”

    From Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [18]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Rat study is labeled as a mouse treatment

    Minor

    The participants for study [145] are listed as Wistar rats, but the same row labels its animal treatment group "Mice Tg."

  • Vitamin-study conclusion substitutes salicylic acid for silymarin

    Minor

    Table 2 lists silymarin and vitamin C as the substances tested in study [160], but its conclusion names salicylic acid and vitamin C. Salicylic acid is not among the listed treatments.

  • Goat keratinocytes are cited to a sheep study

    Minor

    The text describes Bauer et al. [62] as studying goat skin keratinocytes, whereas the listed reference identifies sheep as the study animal.

  • Hesperidin results are assigned to a silibinin study

    Minor

    Table 2 attributes the cited study [156] to oral hesperidin and UV-B photoaging, but reference [156] is titled as a study of silibinin and hair-inductive properties. The listed reference does not match the compound or outcome reported in the table.

  • Carbohydrate-restricted study is described as an effect of carbohydrate intake

    Minor

    The cited study [96] is identified as testing a carbohydrate-restricted diet, but the text concludes that long-term carbohydrate intake promotes skin aging. Those descriptions point to opposite dietary exposures.

  • Coenzyme Q10 claim cites a vitamin-and-astaxanthin study

    Minor

    The claim about coenzyme Q10 cites [122], but both Table 2 and reference [122] describe preparations containing astaxanthin and vitamins C and E, not coenzyme Q10.

6 of 6

Cites

1 retracted

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Yanyan, 2004, Natural aging and photoaging of skin, Int. J. Dermatovener., 30, 354
  2. Weidong, Y., Jiesheng, L., and Xichun, P. (2007). Chapter1, pp. 1–10. Trace Elements and Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Press.
  3. He, 2012, Research progress on pharmacological effects of astragalus polysaccharides, Chin. J. Biochem. Med., 5, 692

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Cao, C., Xiao, Z., Wu, Y., & Ge, C.
Affiliations
  • Yunnan Agricultural University (CN)
  • Sichuan Agricultural University (CN)
Corresponding author
Ge, Changrong
ORCID
Venue
Nutrients
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2020-03-24
Volume
12
Issue
3
Pages
870
ISSN
2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/nu12030870
PMC
PMC7146365
OpenAlex
W3013602850
Semantic Scholar
f3625dc2cb19b8f5abb052191b1ffeb04c09f775
Cited by
231
References
160
Citations by year
2026: 27 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 1
FWCI
4.63
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
Keywords
skin aging, diet, nutrition, chronological aging, photoaging, antioxidants, skin anatomy, healthy eating, anti-aging
MeSH terms
Nutrients, Antioxidants, Diet, Feeding Behavior, Food, Humans, Nutritional Status, Skin Aging

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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