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Clinical aspects and molecular diagnostics of skin aging
Abstract
This contribution will address the effect of aging on skin functions, with a particular focus on skin permeability, wound healing, angiogenesis, lipogenesis, sweat production, immune function, and vitamin D synthesis. With accelerating age, skin functions deteriorate due to structural and morphologic changes. Skin is prone to the development of several diseases, varying from benign to malignant. Because the number of persons aged 80 and older is expected to rise in the next decades, disease prevention will become an important issue. Screening examinations and prevention through public education starting at an early age regarding sun avoidance, the use of sunscreens and the importance of a balanced nutrition are the first steps for successful healthy aging. Although the fundamental mechanisms in the pathogenesis of aged skin are still poorly understood, a growing body of evidence points toward the involvement of multiple pathways. Recent data obtained by expression profiling studies and studies of progeroid syndromes illustrate that among the most important biologic processes involved in skin aging are alterations in DNA repair and stability, mitochondrial function, cell cycle and apoptosis, extracellular matrix, lipid synthesis, ubiquitin-induced proteolysis and cellular metabolism. Among others, a major factor that has been implicated in the initiation of aging is the physiologic decline of hormones occurring with age. However, hormones at age-specific levels may regulate not only age-associated mechanisms but also tumor suppressor pathways that influence carcinogenesis. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of aging may open new strategies to deal with the various diseases accompanying high age, including cancer.
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“Oxidative stress plays an important role in skin aging and skin damage processes, and its main feature is increased intracellular ROS.”
From Diet and Skin Aging—From the Perspective of Food Nutrition (2020) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“The accumulation of ROS causes DNA damage, induces skin inflammatory response, reduces antioxidant enzymes, activates nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) and activator protein1 (AP–1) to inhibit collagen production, and increases matrix metalloproteinases to decompose collagen and binding proteins in the dermis, which eventually leads to skin aging [30,31,32,33].”
From Diet and Skin Aging—From the Perspective of Food Nutrition (2020) · cites this paper as [31]
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“Understanding the mechanisms that underlie skin aging is of importance not only for cosmetic purposes and the fight against the stigma of old age, but also from a biomedical viewpoint considering that the old skin is more prone to impaired wound healing, ulceration, infection, autoimmune diseases, and various malignan…”
BackgroundKanaki, T., Makrantonaki, E., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2016) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-016-9392-x · Cited by 49
Skin Health Connected to the Use of Absorbent Hygiene Products: A Review
Bender, J., Faergemann, J., & Sköld, M. (2017) · Dermatology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13555-017-0189-y · Cited by 49
“Intrinsically aged skin is characterized by several morphological changes leading to deterioration of many skin functions [78, 79].”
BackgroundWang, Z., Wang, Q., Wang, L., Xu, W., He, Y., Li, Y., He, S., & Ma, H. (2016) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.8098 · Cited by 44
“It is also a sensory organ, a endocrine organ producing hormones and vitamins, a biofactory for synthesis, processing and metabolism.(1) However, it suffers progressive morphologic, structural and functional decrement with aging, which impacts not only on cosmetic trouble, but also on psychological and physical health.”
BackgroundInfluentialEndocrine-disrupting chemicals and skin manifestations
Ju, Q., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2016) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-016-9371-2 · Cited by 43
“Aging is accompanied by progressive deterioration of structure and function of all tissues [78].”
BackgroundDietary Monounsaturated Fatty Acids Intake and Risk of Skin Photoaging
Latreille, J., Kesse‐Guyot, E., Malvy, D. J.-M., Andreeva, V. A., Galan, P., Tschachler, E., Herçberg, S., Guinot, C., & Ezzedine, K. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044490 · Cited by 43
When the skin is in the center of interest: An aging issue
Zouboulis, C. C., Makrantonaki, E., & Nikolakis, G. D. (2019) · Clinics in Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2019.04.004 · Cited by 48
Gender Differences in Skin Aging and the Changing Profile of the Sex Hormones with Age
Farage, M. A. (2012) · Journal of Steroids & Hormonal Science · doi:10.4172/2157-7536.1000109 · Cited by 42
Galangin suppresses H2O2‐induced aging in human dermal fibroblasts
Wen, S., Chen, J., Weng, Y., Aneja, R., Chen, C., Huang, C., & Kuo, W. (2017) · Environmental Toxicology · doi:10.1002/tox.22455 · Cited by 41
Nikolakis, G. D., Makrantonaki, E., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2013) · Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1515/hmbci-2013-0018 · Cited by 40
Chronic actinic damage of facial skin
Bilaç, C., Şahin, M. T., & Öztürkcan, S. (2014) · Clinics in Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2014.02.014 · Cited by 39
“Most sunscreens contain a mixture of both types.(8) Essentially they are creams, lotions, gels or sprays that are formulated to absorb or reflect solar UVR.”
BackgroundManagement of the Skin and Soft Tissue in the Geriatric Surgical Patient
Greenhalgh, D. G. (2014) · Surgical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.suc.2014.09.008 · Cited by 39
Weiland, D., Brachvogel, B., Hornig‐Do, H., Neuhaus, J., Holzer, T., Tobin, D. J., Niessen, C. M., Wiesner, R. J., & Baris, O. R. (2017) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jid.2017.08.019 · Cited by 38
The anti‐ageing effects of a natural peptide discovered by artificial intelligence
Kennedy, K., Cal, R., Casey, R., Lopez, C., Adelfio, A., Molloy, B., Wall, A. M., Holton, T. A., & Khaldi, N. (2020) · International Journal of Cosmetic Science · doi:10.1111/ics.12635 · Cited by 39
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Dermatological problems of the puberty
Bergler-Czop, B. S., & Brzezińska-Wcisło, L. A. (2013) · Advances in Dermatology and Allergology · doi:10.5114/pdia.2013.35621 · Cited by 39
“[9, 34].”
Markiewicz, E., Jerome, J., Mammone, T., & Idowu, O. C. (2022) · Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology · doi:10.2147/ccid.s364538 · Cited by 38
“Loss of elasticity in the dermis and epidermal thinning are the important characteristics of skin aging that contribute to deteriorating quality in its appearance.(41) It is presently unclear whether skin aging is caused by a sequence of events”
BackgroundHafez, S. M. N. A. (2019) · Acta Histochemica · doi:10.1016/j.acthis.2019.05.004 · Cited by 35
McGrath, J. A., Robinson, M. K., & Binder, R. L. (2012) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10860.x · Cited by 35
Novel methods of drug administration for the treatment and care of older patients
Quinn, H. L., Hughes, C. M., & Donnelly, R. F. (2016) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.01.050 · Cited by 34
State of the Science Burn Research: Burns in the Elderly
Jeschke, M. G., Phelan, H. A., Wolf, S. C., Romanowski, K. S. S., Rehou, S., Saetamal, A., Weber, J., Schulz, J., New, C., Wiktor, A. J., et al. (2020) · Journal of Burn Care & Research · doi:10.1093/jbcr/irz163 · Cited by 34
Klinngam, W., Rungkamoltip, P., Thongin, S., Joothamongkhon, J., Khumkhrong, P., Khongkow, M., Namdee, K., Tepaamorndech, S., Chaikul, P., Kanlayavattanakul, M., et al. (2021) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112461 · Cited by 36
Lyu, J.-L., Liu, Y.-J., Wen, K., Chiu, C., Lin, Y.-H., & Chiang, H. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27072332 · Cited by 34
Zhang, X., Zhou, Q., Qi, Y., Chen, X., Deng, J., Zhang, Y., Li, R., & Fan, J. (2023) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2022.2164557 · Cited by 39
“…mechanisms of photodamage and photoaging involve damage to DNA, the inflammatory response, reduced production of antioxidants and the generation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that degrade collagen and elastin in the dermal skin layer (Zouboulis and Makrantonaki 2011, Natarajan et al. 2014).”
BackgroundBentov, I., Damodarasamy, M., Plymate, S. R., & Reed, M. J. (2014) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-014-9501-8 · Cited by 32
“Patients with primary IGF-1 deficiency demonstrate signs of early skin aging, such as dry, thin and wrinkled skin (Zouboulis and Makrantonaki 2011).”
BackgroundGlycation: The angiogenic paradox in aging and age-related disorders and diseases
Roca, F., Grossin, N., Chassagne, P., Puisieux, F. L., & Boulanger, É. (2014) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2014.03.009 · Cited by 35
Buarque, F. S., Silva, S. A. M. E., & Ribeiro, B. D. (2023) · 3 Biotech · doi:10.1007/s13205-023-03602-2 · Cited by 31
“and morphological skin functions deteriorate (Zouboulis and Makrantonaki 2011; Pérez-Sánchez et al. 2018).”
BackgroundLi, W., Han, L., Yu, P., Ma, C., Wu, X., & Xu, J. (2014) · Microbiological Research · doi:10.1016/j.micres.2014.02.008 · Cited by 30
“The main manifestations of aged skin are connective tissue and peripheral vessel atrophy with decreased secretion by sebaceous and sweat glands (Zouboulis and Makrantonaki, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialQuinn, H. L., Hughes, C. M., & Donnelly, R. F. (2017) · Drug Delivery and Translational Research · doi:10.1007/s13346-017-0393-4 · Cited by 29
“dition to a reduced rate of barrier repair [8].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Zouboulis, C. C., & Makrantonaki, E.
- Affiliations
- Städtisches Klinikum Dessau (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Zouboulis, Christos C.
- Venue
- Clinics in Dermatology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-01
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-14
- ISSN
- 0738-081X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2025725196
- Cited by
- 341
- References
- 149
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 2.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinics in Dermatology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Skin and Cellular Biology Research
- Keywords
- skin aging, skin permeability, wound healing, angiogenesis, lipogenesis, sweating, skin immune function, vitamin D synthesis, progeroid syndromes, DNA repair, mitochondrial function, apoptosis, extracellular matrix, cellular metabolism, carcinogenesis, healthy aging, sun protection, sunscreen use, gene expression profiling
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Skin, Skin Diseases, Skin Physiological Phenomena, Sunscreening Agents, Skin Aging, Genomics
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