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Probiotic supplementation for respiratory and gastrointestinal illness symptoms in healthy physically active individuals
Open accessAbstract
Background & aims To examine the effect of supplementation with probiotics on respiratory and gastrointestinal illness in healthy active men and women.Methods A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial was conducted. Four hundred and sixty five participants (241 males; age 35 ± 12 y (mean ± SD) and 224 females; age 36 ± 12 y) were assigned to one of three groups: Group 1 - Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bl-04 (Bl-04) 2.0 × 10(9)colony forming units per day, CFU per day, Group 2 - Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bi-07 (NCFM & Bi-07) 5 × 10(9) CFU each per day) or Group 3 - placebo mixed in a drink.Results The risk of an upper respiratory illness episode was significantly lower in the Bl-04 group (hazard ratio 0.73; 95% confidence interval 0.55-0.95; P = 0.022) compared to placebo. There was no significant difference in illness risk between the NCFM & Bi-07 group (hazard ratio 0.81; 0.62-1.08; P = 0.15) and the placebo group. There was a 0.7 and 0.9 month delay in the median time to an illness episode in the Bl-04 and NCFM & Bi-07 groups respectively compared to placebo (placebo 2.5 months; Bl-04 3.2 months; NCFM & Bi-07 3.4 months). There were insufficient GI illness episodes for analysis. The NCFM & Bi-07 group but not the Bl-04 group undertook significantly more physical activity (8.5%; 6.7%-10%; P < 0.003) than the placebo group.Conclusion The probiotic Bl-04 appears to be a useful nutritional supplement in reducing the risk of URTI in healthy physically-active adults.Trial registration Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: Number ACTRN12611000130965.
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“In an athletic population, specific probiotic strains can reduce the number of episodes, severity and duration of upper respiratory tract infections.”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Probiotics (2019) · cites this paper as [68]
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“Supplementation with the double-strain probiotic resulted in a 19% decrease of URTI risk, although this was not statistically significant.”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Probiotics (2019) · cites this paper as [68]
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“Daily B. animalis ssp. lactis Bl-04 supplementation for 150 days was associated with a 27% reduction in the risk of any URTI episode compared to placebo supplementation.”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Probiotics (2019) · cites this paper as [68]
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“Similar to the type of probiotic used, the duration of supplementation has also been variable in the studies reviewed (Table 3). The shortest duration lasted 7 days [75, 76] and the longest lasted 150 days [68].”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Probiotics (2019) · cites this paper as [68]
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“Individuals who undertake frequent moderate exercise are often more health conscious than their sedentary counterparts and have the lowest rates of respiratory illness in the population (12, 13).”
BackgroundAmerican College of Sports Medicine position stand
Otis, C. L. (1997) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,407
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Position statement. Part one: Immune function and exercise.
Walsh, N. P., Gleeson, M., Shephard, R. J., Gleeson, M., Woods, J. A., Bishop, N. C., Fleshner, M., Green, C., Pedersen, B. K., Hoffman‐Goetz, L., et al. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 1,252
Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold
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Monostrain, multistrain and multispecies probiotics—A comparison of functionality and efficacy
Timmerman, H. M., Koning, C. J. M., Mulder, L., Rombouts, F. M., & Beynen, A. C. (2004) · International Journal of Food Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.05.012 · Cited by 631
Probiotics for preventing acute upper respiratory tract infections
Hao, Q., Dong, B. R., & Wu, T. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006895.pub3 · Cited by 569
Position statement. Part two: Maintaining immune health.
Walsh, N. P., Gleeson, M., Pyne, D. B., Nieman, D. C., Dhabhar, F. S., Shephard, R. J., Oliver, S. J., Bermon, S., & Kajėnienė, A. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 365
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Emerging Pathogenic Links Between Microbiota and the Gut-Lung Axis
Budden, K. F., Gellatly, S. L., Wood, D. L. A., Cooper, M. A., Morrison, M., Hugenholtz, P., & Hansbro, P. M. (2017) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2016.142 · Cited by 1,606
Microorganisms with Claimed Probiotic Properties: An Overview of Recent Literature
Fijan, S. (2014) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph110504745 · Cited by 1,059
Probiotics for preventing acute upper respiratory tract infections
Hao, Q., Dong, B. R., & Wu, T. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006895.pub3 · Cited by 569
How Probiotics Affect the Microbiota
Wieërs, G., Belkhir, L., Enaud, R., Leclercq, S., de Foy, J.-M. P., Dequenne, I., de Timary, P., & Cani, P. D. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2019.00454 · Cited by 557
Wiertsema, S. P., van Bergenhenegouwen, J., Garssen, J., & Knippels, L. M. J. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13030886 · Cited by 590
Metadata
- Authors
- West, N. P., Horn, P. L., Pyne, D. B., Gebski, V. J., Lahtinen, S. J., Fricker, P. A., & Cripps, A. W.
- Affiliations
- Griffith University (AU)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- DuPont (Finland) (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Cripps, Allan W.
- Venue
- Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-08
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 581-587
- ISSN
- 0261-5614 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2051611990
- Cited by
- 159
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 7
- FWCI
- 13.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ResearchOnline at James Cook University (James Cook University) (submittedVersion)
- University of Canberra Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Griffith University
- Australian Institute of Sport
- Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Keywords
- probiotics, Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM, upper respiratory tract infection, gastrointestinal diseases, physical activity, healthy adults, probiotic supplementation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Bifidobacterium, Double-Blind Method, Female, Gastrointestinal Diseases, Humans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Male, Middle Aged, Motor Activity, New Zealand, Body Mass Index, Dietary Supplements, Probiotics, Young Adult, Healthy Volunteers
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