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Calorie for Calorie, Dietary Fat Restriction Results in More Body Fat Loss than Carbohydrate Restriction in People with Obesity
Open accessAbstract
Dietary carbohydrate restriction has been purported to cause endocrine adaptations that promote body fat loss more than dietary fat restriction. We selectively restricted dietary carbohydrate versus fat for 6 days following a 5-day baseline diet in 19 adults with obesity confined to a metabolic ward where they exercised daily. Subjects received both isocaloric diets in random order during each of two inpatient stays. Body fat loss was calculated as the difference between daily fat intake and net fat oxidation measured while residing in a metabolic chamber. Whereas carbohydrate restriction led to sustained increases in fat oxidation and loss of 53 ± 6 g/day of body fat, fat oxidation was unchanged by fat restriction, leading to 89 ± 6 g/day of fat loss, and was significantly greater than carbohydrate restriction (p = 0.002). Mathematical model simulations agreed with these data, but predicted that the body acts to minimize body fat differences with prolonged isocaloric diets varying in carbohydrate and fat.
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“In a controlled metabolic study conducted under isocaloric and tightly regulated dietary conditions, LC was associated with higher fat oxidation and lower insulin concentrations, whereas LF resulted in greater adipose tissue loss. Differences in total body mass loss were minimal [47].”
From Dietary and Behavioral Strategies for Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [47]
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“In a very short but tightly controlled metabolic study with isocaloric diets with different macronutrient distributions, there were no differences in weight loss [47].”
From Dietary and Behavioral Strategies for Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [47]
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Effects of a Low-carbohydrate, High-fat Diet
Kim, J. H. (2016) · The Korean Journal of Obesity · doi:10.7570/kjo.2016.25.4.176 · Cited by 5
“체중 감량으로 인한 중성지방의 감소는 다이어트 방법에 상관없이 대부분의 연구에서 뚜렷하게 관찰되는 경향이 있지만 저탄수화물 다 이어트가 중성지방의 감소에는 저지방 다이어트보다 더 효과적인 것 으로 보인다.(3-8,11,13,14,17,18,20) 고밀도지단백(High dense lipoprotein, HDL) 콜레스테롤의 증가 역시 일관성 있게 저탄수화물 다이어트에 서 더 효과가 큰 것으로 보이는데(4-8,10,11,14,17,18) 일부 단기간의 연구에서 는 저탄수화물 다이어트가 저지방 다이어트에 비해 HDL 콜레스테 롤의 증가 차이가 크지 않은 것으로 보고하였다.”
Vilar‐Gómez, E., Friedman, S. L., & Romero‐Gómez, M. (2015) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2015.10.040 · Cited by 5
de Souza Santos, R., Feijó da Silva Santos, A., Clegg, D. J., Iannetta, O., Marchini, J. S., & Marques Miguel Suen, V. (2016) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2016.05.003 · Cited by 4
Ellison, K. M., Wyatt, H. R., Hill, J. O., & Sayer, R. D. (2024) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13706 · Cited by 4
“15 Evidence supporting 16 – 19 and refuting 20,21 the Carbohydrate-Insulin Model abound in the scientific literature; vocal proponents and skeptics lead seemingly entrenched camps on both sides of the low-CHO versus low-fat diet debate.”
Chandra, A. A., Espiche, C., Maliha, M., Virani, S. S., Blumenthal, R. S., Rodríguez, F., Wong, N. D., Gulati, M., Slipczuk, L. N., & Shapiro, M. D. (2024) · American Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpc.2024.100919 · Cited by 6
“Similarly, Hall and Guo et al. found that the RF diet increased energy expenditure and led to more significant body fat loss [108].”
InfluentialAnthropometric Trajectories and Dietary Compliance During a Personalized Ketogenic Program
García-Gorrita, C., Soriano, J. M., Merino-Torres, J. F., & Onofre, N. S. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17091475 · Cited by 4
Xu, W., Geng, H., Wu, L., Jin, J., Han, D. H., Zhu, X., Yang, Y., Liu, H., & Xie, S. (2022) · Aquaculture Reports · doi:10.1016/j.aqrep.2022.101273 · Cited by 4
Effects of very low carbohydrate ketogenic diets on skeletal health
Best, C. M., & Hsu, S. (2023) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0000000000000811 · Cited by 4
“Other hormones that modify bone metabolism including insulin, leptin, and cortisol all tend to be influenced by ketogenic diets in the direction consistentwith ketosis being an antianabolic state [45].”
BackgroundOne Strike against Low-Carbohydrate Diets
Roberts, S. B., & Das, S. K. (2015) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2015.07.022 · Cited by 4
“Into this murky soup of commercial interests and inconclusive studies, Hall et al. (Hall et al., 2015) now add a small but convincing investigation demonstrating that, if anything, fat-restricted diets—rather than carbohydrate-restricted diets—have the edge when it comes to body fat loss during…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMetabolic Health Analysis and Forecasting with Mobile Computing
Őri, Z. (2020) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.88872 · Cited by 4
“Correlation results in the CC [29] study.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialChronic positive mass balance is the actual etiology of obesity: A living review
Manninen, A. H. (2023) · Global Translational Medicine · doi:10.36922/gtm.222 · Cited by 4
Obésités : quoi de neuf en 2016 ?
Gatta‐Cherifi, B. (2016) · Annales d Endocrinologie · doi:10.1016/s0003-4266(17)30075-6 · Cited by 4
“Le message le plus important est néanmoins finalement certainement que certains HC sont « bons » et qu’il est important d’avoir une certaine modération dans les conseils diététiques que l’on peut formuler [12].”
BackgroundIdentification of FGF21 ‐inducing rare sugars that reduces sugar appetite in male BL /6 mice
Efendi, O. G. H. N. B., Matsui, S., Tsuzuki, S., & Sasaki, T. (2025) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.70618 · Cited by 3
“Dietary restriction is an option to manage overeating; however, adherence is highly influenced by multiple factors (Hall et al., 2015; Liu et al., 2022; Reents & Pedersen, 2021).”
Exposure to mouse dams to bonito broth during gestation or lactation reduces fat intake in offspring
Fushimi, S., Matsui, S., Oguri, Y., Tsuzuki, S., & Sasaki, T. (2024) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2024.107836 · Cited by 3
“Adherence to dietary therapy is associated with a reduced risk of being overweight and obese (Hall et al., 2015), and dietary therapy plays a vital role in managing lifestyle-related diseases.”
Wang, W., Yu, Z., Yin, X., Wang, Z., Xu, S., Shi, C., Zang, J., Liu, H., & Wang, F. (2023) · Agriculture · doi:10.3390/agriculture13051069 · Cited by 3
Low Carb Diet – To Love or to Hate?
Sima, A. C. (2018) · Romanian Journal of Diabetes Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases · doi:10.2478/rjdnmd-2018-0026 · Cited by 3
Arencibia‐Albite, F., & Manninen, A. H. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.02.22.21252026 · Cited by 3
“Thus, we decided to simulate both of these feeding trials [3,4].”
BackgroundMethodThe energy balance theory: an unsatisfactory model of body composition fluctuationsPreprint
Arencibia‐Albite, F., & Manninen, A. H. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.10.27.20220202 · Cited by 3
“Hall’s energy balance model [4] postulates that in these circumstances, once weight stability is achieved (i.”
BackgroundDe, S., Chiew, A., Chong, S. V., Chiew, J., Lum, N. P. Y., Khor, Y. C., Barman, M., Das, S., & Abas, A. L. (2025) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-025-01832-3 · Cited by 2
Azab, D. E. H., Altamim, E. A., Soliman, T. N., Nasser, S. A., & Zahran, H. A. (2025) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.70827 · Cited by 2
Mitchell, C. M., Piaggi, P., O’Brien, D. M., Krakoff, J. A., & Votruba, S. B. (2021) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.23167 · Cited by 2
Unbalanced diet as a cardiometabolic risk factor
Vučević, D. B., Samardžić, J., Radosavljević, M., Radak, U., Jorgačević, B. Z., Đorđević, D., & Kovačević, S. (2022) · Medicinska istrazivanja · doi:10.5937/medi55-38353 · Cited by 2
“In addition, it has been found that low total fat intake can cause a decrease in HDL, as well as a reduction in the intake of essential fatty acids and vitamin E [26].”
BackgroundOrgan cross-talk and the aetiology of obesity – an impasse
Speakman, J. R. (2022) · Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/s2707-3688(23)00060-2 · Cited by 2
Would creatine supplementation augment exercise performance during a low carbohydrate high fat diet?
Kaviani, M., Izadi, A., & Heshmati, J. (2020) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110369 · Cited by 2
KONES, R. J., & Rumana, U. (2016) · Journal of Clinical & Experimental Cardiology · doi:10.4172/2155-9880.1000e145 · Cited by 2
“[25] conducted a “metabolic intervention” While this effort was small and of short duration, it was meticulously controlled.”
BackgroundKalimullin, M. I., Sadi, S.-S. S., Tokhiriyon, B., Poznyakovsky, V. M., & Andrievskikh, S. (2020) · E3S Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202017603020 · Cited by 2
Low-carbohydrate Diet Improves the Cardiopsychiatry Profile of Patients with Schizophrenia
Altooq, N. J., Aburowais, S. A., Alajaimi, A., Albanna, I. Y., Alhaj, O. A., & Jahrami, H. (2021) · Heart and Mind · doi:10.4103/hm.hm_25_21 · Cited by 2
Macronutrient intake: Hormonal controls, pathological states, and methodological considerations
Przybysz, J. T., DiBrog, A. M., Kern, K. A., Mukherjee, A., Japa, J. E., Waite, M. H., & Mietlicki‐Baase, E. G. (2022) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2022.106365 · Cited by 2
Effects of a low glycemic load diet on body weight loss in overweight or obese young adults
Park, M. H., Nam, K., & Chung, S. (2020) · Journal of Nutrition and Health · doi:10.4163/jnh.2020.53.5.464 · Cited by 2
“서구인들을 대상 으로 한 또 다른 연구에서 저탄수화물과 고탄수화물 식사 전·후에 각각 체지방량이 유의적으 로 감소하였고, 저탄수화물과 저지방 식사의 효과를 본 연구에서도 식사 전·후에 체지방량 이 각각 유의적으로 감소한 것으로 나타났으나 이들 연구에서는 저탄수화물, 고탄수화물로 구성된 두 식사 섭취에 따른 변화량에서는 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았다 [18,21].”
A case study of overfeeding 3 different diets
Feltham, S., & Westman, E. C. (2021) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0000000000000668 · Cited by 2
High-carb or low-carb, that is a question
Igawa, H., & Takamura, T. (2016) · Diabetology International · doi:10.1007/s13340-016-0296-5 · Cited by 2
“Unexpectedly in the study by Hall et al.3, RF decreased the plasma levels of ghrelin, a hormone-stimulating appetite, whereas RC increased it.”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Hall, K. D., Bemis, T., Brychta, R., Chen, K. Y., Courville, A., Crayner, E. J., Goodwin, S., Guo, J., Howard, L., Knuth, N. D., Miller, B. V., Prado, C. M., Siervo, M., Skarulis, M. C., Walter, M., Walter, P. J., & Yannai, L.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Towson University (US)
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Newcastle University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hall, Kevin D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cell Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-09
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 427-436
- ISSN
- 1550-4131 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4603544
- OpenAlex
- W1934358478
- Cited by
- 280
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 16.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2015-09-01)
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (ZIADK013036, ZIADK013037)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Diet and metabolism studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Dietary Effects on Health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- obesity, dietary fat restriction, carbohydrate restriction, fat loss, fat oxidation, isocaloric diet, endocrine adaptation, energy balance
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Adult, Energy Intake, Diet, Reducing, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Fats, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Biological, Obesity, Oxidation-Reduction, Diet, Fat-Restricted, Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted
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