SIRT4 is a lysine deacylase that controls leucine metabolism and insulin secretion
Open accessAbstract
Sirtuins are NAD+-dependent protein deacylases that regulate several aspects of metabolism and aging. In contrast to the other mammalian sirtuins, the primary enzymatic activity of mitochondrial sirtuin 4 (SIRT4) and its overall role in metabolic control have remained enigmatic. Using a combination of phylogenetics, structural biology, and enzymology, we show that SIRT4 removes three acyl moieties from lysine residues: methylglutaryl (MG)-, hydroxymethylglutaryl (HMG)-, and 3-methylglutaconyl (MGc)-lysine. The metabolites leading to these post-translational modifications are intermediates in leucine oxidation, and we show a primary role for SIRT4 in controlling this pathway in mice. Furthermore, we find that dysregulated leucine metabolism in SIRT4KO mice leads to elevated basal and stimulated insulin secretion, which progressively develops into glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. These findings identify a robust enzymatic activity for SIRT4, uncover a mechanism controlling branched-chain amino acid flux, and position SIRT4 as a crucial player maintaining insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis during aging.
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SIRT4 can regulate lipoyl- and biotinyl-lysine modifications and demethylglutarylate branched-chain acyl-lysines.
“One study has shown that SIRT4 can regulate the levels of both lipoyl- and biotinyl-lysine modifications in pyruvate dehydrogenase and likely other proteins ((Mathias et al. 2014)).”
From The Mitochondrial Acylome Emerges: Proteomics, Regulation by Sirtuins, and Metabolic and Disease Implications (2018) · cites this paper as Anderson 2017
SIRT4 cleaves Klip and Kmgc; SIRT5 regulates Kmal, Ksuc, and Kglu; SIRT2 and SIRT6 efficiently cleave Kmyr.
“For example, SIRT4 has been shown to cleave e -N -lipoyllysine (Klip) (Mathias et al., 2014) and e -N -(3-methylglutaconyl)lysine (Kmgc) (Anderson et al., 2017), SIRT5 regulates e -N -malonyllysine (Kmal) (Du et al., 2011; Peng et al., 2011; Hirschey and Zhao, 2015; Nishida et al., 2015), e -N -succinyllysine (Ksuc) (Du et al., 2011; Park et al., 2013; Rardin et al., 2013; Hirschey and Zhao, 2015)”
From Histone deacetylase 11 is an ε-N-Myristoyllysine hydrolase (2018) · cites this paper as Anderson et al., 2017
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p300-Mediated Lysine 2-Hydroxyisobutyrylation Regulates Glycolysis
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Enzyme promiscuity drives branched-chain fatty acid synthesis in adipose tissues
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Self-citationNAD+ biosynthesis, aging, and disease
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Mitohormesis and metabolic health: The interplay between ROS, cAMP and sirtuins
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UHRF1 promotes aerobic glycolysis and proliferation via suppression of SIRT4 in pancreatic cancer
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SIRT4 interacts with OPA1 and regulates mitochondrial quality control and mitophagy
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Histone deacetylase 11 is an ε-N-Myristoyllysine hydrolase
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Self-citationSirtuins and Insulin Resistance
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Emerging Roles for SIRT5 in Metabolism and Cancer
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The Roles of Mitochondrial SIRT4 in Cellular Metabolism
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Molecular basis for hierarchical histone de-β-hydroxybutyrylation by SIRT3
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The roles of sirtuins family in cell metabolism during tumor development
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Sirtuin 5 is required for mouse survival in response to cardiac pressure overload
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Self-citationSirtuins, resveratrol and the intertwining cellular pathways connecting them
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Human Sirtuin Regulators: The “Success” Stories
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Dietary Modulation of the Epigenome
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SIRT3 deficiency-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammasome formation in the brain
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Contribution of Oxidative Stress and Impaired Biogenesis of Pancreatic β-Cells to Type 2 Diabetes
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The CD38 glycohydrolase and the NAD sink: implications for pathological conditions
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Sirtuins in atherosclerosis: guardians of healthspan and therapeutic targets
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Epigenetic regulation in cancer therapy: From mechanisms to clinical advances
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Mitochondrial Sirtuins in cardiometabolic diseases
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SIRT5 deacylates metabolism-related proteins and attenuates hepatic steatosis in ob/ob mice
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Chiral Posttranslational Modification to Lysine ε-Amino Groups
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Self-citationSirt4 is a mitochondrial regulator of metabolism and lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster
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Sirt4: A Multifaceted Enzyme at the Crossroads of Mitochondrial Metabolism and Cancer
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Sirtuins in Metabolic and Epigenetic Regulation of Stem Cells
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Mitochondrial Sirtuins in Reproduction
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The Role of Sirtuins in Kidney Diseases
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Emerging Roles of SIRT5 in Metabolism, Cancer, and SARS-CoV-2 Infection
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Keeping the balance in NAD metabolism
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Updates on the epigenetic roles of sirtuins
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Extranuclear Sirtuins and Metabolic Stress
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Therapeutic Potential and Activity Modulation of the Protein Lysine Deacylase Sirtuin 5
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SIRT4 is an early regulator of branched-chain amino acid catabolism that promotes adipogenesis
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SIRT4 and Its Roles in Energy and Redox Metabolism in Health, Disease and During Exercise
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Targeting glutamine metabolism in hepatic stellate cells alleviates liver fibrosis
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Sirtuin 4 activates autophagy and inhibits tumorigenesis by upregulating the p53 signaling pathway
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SIRT4 is the last puzzle of mitochondrial sirtuins
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The balance between NAD+ biosynthesis and consumption in ageing
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The Emerging Role of HDACs: Pathology and Therapeutic Targets in Diabetes Mellitus
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Metabolic sensing and control in mitochondria
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Reactive Acyl-CoA Species Modify Proteins and Induce Carbon Stress
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Self-citationCirculating Branched Chain Amino Acids and Cardiometabolic Disease
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Advances in the Development of Therapeutics for Cytomegalovirus Infections
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Current Trends in Sirtuin Activator and Inhibitor Development
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NAD(H) in mitochondrial energy transduction: implications for health and disease
Walker, M. A., & Tian, R. (2018) · Current Opinion in Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cophys.2018.03.011 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Molecular and cellular regulatory roles of sirtuin protein
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Sirtuin Modulators: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives
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Histone Deacetylases: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications for Muscular Dystrophies
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A Molecular Perspective on Sirtuin Activity
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The Mystery of Extramitochondrial Proteins Lysine Succinylation
Chinopoulos, C. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22116085 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
3-Methylglutaric acid in energy metabolism
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Targeting Sirtuins: Substrate Specificity and Inhibitor Design
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Self-citationSirtuin-4 (SIRT4), a therapeutic target with oncogenic and tumor-suppressive activity in cancer
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Ustilaginoidea virens modulates lysine 2‐hydroxyisobutyrylation in rice flowers during infection
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Cellular and molecular biology of sirtuins in cardiovascular disease
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Imbalance of Lysine Acetylation Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Parkinson’s Disease
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Pathways of Non-enzymatic Lysine Acylation
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Emerging Roles of SIRT3 in Cardiac Metabolism
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Self-citationRoles of sirtuin family members in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
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Epigenetic Remodeling in Obesity-Related Vascular Disease
Masi, S., Ambrosini, S., Mohammed, S. A., Sciarretta, S., Lüscher, T. F., Paneni, F., & Costantino, S. (2020) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2020.8040 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
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Edatt, L., Poyyakkara, A., Raji, G. R., Ramachandran, V., Shankar, S. S., & Kumar, V. B. S. (2020) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2019.01516 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Shaw, E., Talwadekar, M., Rashida, Z., Mohan, N., Acharya, A., Khatri, S., Laxman, S., & Kolthur‐Seetharam, U. (2019) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.00212-19 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
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Kalbas, D., Liebscher, S., Nowak, T., Meleshin, M., Pannek, M., Popp, C., Alhalabi, Z., Bordusa, F., Sippl, W., Steegborn, C., et al. (2018) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01648 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
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Kutil, Z., Mikešová, J., Zessin, M., Meleshin, M., Nováková, Z., Alquicer, G., Kozikowski, A. P., Sippl, W., Bařinka, C., & Schutkowski, M. (2019) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.9b02808 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
- Authors
- Anderson, K. A., Huynh, F. K., Fisher-Wellman, K., Stuart, J. D., Peterson, B. S., Douros, J. D., Wagner, G. R., Thompson, J. W., Madsen, A. S., Green, M. F., Sivley, R. M., Ilkayeva, O. R., Stevens, R. D., Backos, D. S., Capra, J. A., Olsen, C. A., Campbell, J. E., Muoio, D. M., Grimsrud, P. A., & Hirschey, M. D.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hirschey, Matthew D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cell Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-04
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 838-855.e15
- ISSN
- 1550-4131 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5444661
- OpenAlex
- W2605312736
- Cited by
- 326
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 49 · 2017: 20 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 21.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Vanderbilt University (T32-EY021453)
- Lundbeckfonden (R52-2010-5054)
- National Institute on Aging (P30AG028716-01, R01AG045351)
- Ellison Medical Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- National Eye Institute
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
- Carlsbergfondet (CF15-011, 2011-01-0169, 2013-01-0333)
- National Cancer Institute (CA059365-19)
- Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF15OC0017334)
- American Heart Association (12SDG8840004, 12IRG9010008)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Sirtuins and Resveratrol in Medicine
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Keywords
- SIRT4, leucine oxidation, branched-chain amino acids, insulin secretion, insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, glucose homeostasis, aging, mitochondrial sirtuins, post-translational modification
- MeSH terms
- Insulin Secretion, Amidohydrolases, Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Glucose, Homeostasis, Humans, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Leucine, Lysine, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Models, Molecular, Phylogeny, Mice, Knockout, Carbon-Carbon Ligases, Mitochondrial Proteins, Sirtuins, HEK293 Cells, Metabolic Flux Analysis
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