Cytokine-producing B lymphocytes-key regulators of immunity
Open accessAbstract
The successful use of B cell depletion therapy for the treatment of autoimmune disease has led to a resurgent appreciation of B cells as powerful regulators of immunity. However, to the surprise of many, B cells appear to regulate autoimmune conditions independently of their ability to produce autoantibodies. Indeed, disturbances in the ability of B cell subsets to present antigen, produce cytokines, and regulate the activities of T cells is emerging as a key feature in many inflammatory diseases. Here we review the recent literature describing cytokine-producing regulatory and effector B cell subsets in health and disease and discuss how future B cell-directed therapies might target the pathologic cytokine-producing effector B cell subsets without impacting the protective regulatory subsets.
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Rintatolimod induces IL-12 and TNFα.
“rintatolimod was modeled as induction of IL-12 and TNFα48,51”
From Leveraging Prior Knowledge of Endocrine Immune Regulation in the Therapeutically-relevant Phenotyping of Women with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (2019) · cites this paper as [48]
The Introduction says B cells can produce IL-12 and TNFα, but it does not connect their production to rintatolimod. Searches for rintatolimod and its alternative name Ampligen found no passage addressing whether it induces either cytokine. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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- Authors
- Lund, F. E.
- Affiliations
- Trudeau Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lund, Frances E
- ORCID
- Lund, Frances E
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Immunology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-06
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 332-338
- ISSN
- 0952-7915 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2474694
- OpenAlex
- W2001710332
- Cited by
- 556
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 2.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01-AI0688056, R01AI068056, R01AI050844)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Rheumatoid Arthritis Research and Therapies
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Psoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis
- Keywords
- regulatory B cells, effector B cells, B-cell depletion therapy, autoimmune disease, antigen presentation, T cell regulation, inflammatory diseases, B cell-directed therapy, autoantibodies
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Immunologic Memory, Autoimmunity, B-Lymphocyte Subsets, Cytokines, Models, Immunological, Mice
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