Modeling of the photoplethysmogram during atrial fibrillation
Abstract
A phenomenological model for simulating the photoplethysmogram (PPG) during atrial fibrillation (AF) is proposed. The simulated PPG is solely based on RR interval information, and, therefore, any annotated ECG database can be used to model sinus rhythm, AF, or rhythms with premature beats. A PPG pulse is modeled by a linear combination of a log-normal and two Gaussian waveforms. The model PPG is obtained by placing individual pulses according to the RR intervals so that a connected signal is created. The model is evaluated on synchronously recorded ECG and PPG signals from the MIMIC and the University of Queensland Vital Signs Dataset databases. The results show that the model PPG signals closely resemble real signal for sinus rhythm, premature beats, as well as for AF. The model is used to study the performance of a low-complexity RR interval-based AF detector on simulated PPG signals with five different pulse types generated using the MIT-BIH AF database at signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) from 0 to 30dB. PPGs composed of pulses with a dicrotic notch tend to increase the rate of false alarms, especially at lower SNRs. The model is capable of generating simulated PPG signals from RR interval series with sinus rhythm, AF, and premature beats. Considering the lack of annotated, public PPG databases with arrhythmias, the simulation of realistic PPG signals based on annotated ECG signals is expected to facilitate the development and testing of PPG-specific AF detectors.
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The lack of available databases containing PPGs with annotated arrhythmia episodes can be mitigated by developing and testing arrhythmia detectors on modeled PPGs, thanks to the available model that converts annotated ECG databases to PPG equivalents.
“The problem can be mitigated by developing and testing arrhythmia detectors on modeled PPGs, thanks to the available model that allows to convert annotated ECG databases to PPG equivalents [33,34].”
From Modeling of artifacts in the wrist photoplethysmogram: Application to the detection of life-threatening arrhythmias (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
Other PPG simulators generated stationary artifacts based on the characteristics of a single real artifact.
“Such an approach excels other PPG simulators which generated stationary artifacts based on the characteristics of a single real artifact [33] or represented them as additive harmonic signals [56].”
From Modeling of artifacts in the wrist photoplethysmogram: Application to the detection of life-threatening arrhythmias (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
The developed artifact modeling approach excels other PPG simulators.
“Such an approach excels other PPG simulators which generated stationary artifacts based on the characteristics of a single real artifact [33] or represented them as additive harmonic signals [56].”
From Modeling of artifacts in the wrist photoplethysmogram: Application to the detection of life-threatening arrhythmias (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Sološenko, A., Petrėnas, A., Marozas, V., & Sörnmo, L.
- Affiliations
- Kaunas University of Technology (LT)
- Lund University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Sološenko, Andrius
- Venue
- Computers in Biology and Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-02
- Volume
- 81
- Pages
- 130-138
- ISSN
- 0010-4825 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2563404472
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 2.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Computers in Biology and Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Lietuvos Mokslo Taryba
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › ECG Monitoring and Analysis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Keywords
- photoplethysmogram, atrial fibrillation, RR interval, phenomenological model, extrasystoles, dicrotic notch, atrial fibrillation detection, signal-to-noise ratio, MIT-BIH arrhythmia database, MIMIC dataset
- MeSH terms
- Heart Rate Determination, Algorithms, Atrial Fibrillation, Computer Simulation, Electrocardiography, Heart Rate, Humans, Models, Cardiovascular, Sensitivity and Specificity, Reproducibility of Results, Models, Statistical, Photoplethysmography
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