Digital Game-Based L2 Learning Outcomes for Primary through High-School Students: A Systematic Literature Review
Open accessAbstract
Abstract The aim of this systematic literature review was to examine the empirical evidence for the effectiveness of digital games on second language learning between 2014 and 2018, with a focus on participants 6–18 years old. The initial search yielded 578 results, from which a total of 26 articles were included in the final content analysis. The analysis of the included studies revealed: (1) the majority of studies were conducted with a mixed methods design; (2) most studies used computers as the gaming platform; (3) the most common game genre was educational games or educational mini games; (5) most games were designed for learning; (4) research was mainly conducted in East Asia and the Middle East; (5) the primary context of study was within a formal learning environment; and (6) the target language was usually English. Further analysis suggests that digital learning games (DLGs) may benefit players' language acquisition, affective/psychological state, contemporary competences, and participatory behavior. An inductive analysis revealed six key game features highlighted within the studies that influenced the outcomes: ease-of-use, challenge (at one's zone of proximal development), rewards and feedback, control or autonomy, goal-orientation, and interactivity. In addition to game features, associations between context and outcomes were also explored: studies conducted within a formal learning environment, with or without teacher facilitation, resulted in mostly positive language acquisition results, meaning DLGs can be implemented successfully within schools. Based on the overall findings, it is clear that DLGs are an effective tool, but future research should explore how they can best be implemented in the classroom setting.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Digital game-based vocabulary learning has been found to enhance learner motivation and engagement and to promote higher interaction and autonomy.
“Educationally, DGBVL has been found to enhance learner motivation and engagement as well as to promote higher interaction and autonomy [29,31,32].”
From The Effect of Multiplayer Video Games on Incidental and Intentional L2 Vocabulary Learning: The Case of Among Us (2021) · cites this paper as [29]
The review’s study summaries report increased motivation from online vocabulary games and link enjoyment and autonomy with vocabulary learning (study-summary section; page unavailable). Its Discussion reports willingness to interact and feelings of autonomy for digital L2 games more broadly, not specifically vocabulary games. The claim extends those broader findings—and the evidence on engagement—to digital game-based vocabulary learning as a whole. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & The PRISMA Group (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097 · Cited by 64,042 · see citing works
(1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 53,488 · see citing works
A Coefficient of Agreement for Nominal Scales
Cohen, J. (1960) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/001316446002000104 · Cited by 42,398 · see citing works
PRISMA-P Group, Moher, D., Shamseer, L., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M., Shekelle, P., & Stewart, L. A. (2015) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/2046-4053-4-1 · Cited by 26,223 · see citing works
Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience
Buchanan, R., & Csíkszentmihályi, M. (1991) · Design Issues · doi:10.2307/1511458 · Cited by 9,437 · see citing works
How to plan and perform a qualitative study using content analysis
Bengtsson, M. (2016) · NursingPlus Open · doi:10.1016/j.npls.2016.01.001 · Cited by 4,616 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The analyzed data included both manifest and latent content; manifest content is easily observed, while latent content is more di ffi cult to analyze since the analyst must look below the surface at the underlying meaning (Bengtsson, 2016; Potter & Levine-Donnerstein, 1999).”
BackgroundMethodA systematic literature review of empirical evidence on computer games and serious games
Connolly, T. M., Boyle, E. A., MacArthur, E., Hainey, T., & Boyle, J. M. (2012) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2012.03.004 · Cited by 2,890 · see citing works
Hamari, J., Shernoff, D. J., Rowe, E., Coller, B., Asbell-Clarke, J., & Edwards, T. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.045 · Cited by 1,713 · see citing works
Rethinking validity and reliability in content analysis
Potter, W. J., & Levine‐Donnerstein, D. (1999) · Journal of Applied Communication Research · doi:10.1080/00909889909365539 · Cited by 1,662 · see citing works
Video Games and the Future of Learning
Shaffer, D. W., Squire, K. D., Halverson, R., & Gee, J. P. (2005) · Phi Delta Kappan · doi:10.1177/003172170508700205 · Cited by 1,133 · see citing works
Boyle, E. A., Hainey, T., Connolly, T. M., Gray, G., Earp, J., Ott, M., Lim, T., Ninaus, M., Ribeiro, C., & Pereira, J. (2016) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2015.11.003 · Cited by 1,133 · see citing works
Changing How and What Children Learn in School with Computer-Based Technologies
Roschelle, J., Pea, R. D., Hoadley, C. P., Gordin, D. N., & Means, B. M. (2000) · The Future of Children · doi:10.2307/1602690 · Cited by 830 · see citing works
Our Princess Is in Another Castle
Young, M. F., Slota, S. T., Cutter, A. B., Jalette, G., Mullin, G., Lai, B., Simeoni, Z., Tran, M. T., & Yukhymenko–Lescroart, M. A. (2012) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654312436980 · Cited by 737 · see citing works
The Next Generation of Educational Engagement
Oblinger, D. G. (2004) · Journal of Interactive Media in Education · doi:10.5334/2004-8-oblinger · Cited by 648 · see citing works
A critical period for second language acquisition: Evidence from 2/3 million English speakers
Hartshorne, J. K., Tenenbaum, J. B., & Pinker, S. (2018) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2018.04.007 · Cited by 625 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…digital games as tools in primary through secondary language classrooms; (2) there is an age e ff ect on learning languages (Abdullah & Akhter, 2015; Hartshorne et al., 2018; Sang, 2017), meaning the outcomes from using digital games, whether in a formal education setting or not, will likely be di…”
BackgroundPapastergiou, M. (2009) · Comput. Educ. · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2009.04.001 · Cited by 598 · see citing works
A systematic literature review of games-based learning empirical evidence in primary education
Hainey, T., Connolly, T. M., Boyle, E. A., Wilson, A., & Razak, A. A. (2016) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2016.09.001 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
Cognitive and Sociocultural Perspectives: Two Parallel SLA Worlds?
Zuengler, J., & Miller, E. R. (2006) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.2307/40264510 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Game-Based Learning in Science Education: A Review of Relevant Research
Li, M.-C., & Tsai, C. (2013) · Journal of Science Education and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10956-013-9436-x · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Cultural Framing of Computer/Video Games.
Squire, K. D. (2002) · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Learning English with Augmented Reality: Do learning styles matter?
Hsu, T. (2016) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2016.12.007 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
A scoping review of research on digital game-based language learning
Hung, H.-T., Yang, J. C., Hwang, G.-J., Chu, H.-C., & Wang, C.-C. (2018) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2018.07.001 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Hwang, G., & Wu, P. (2011) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2011.01242.x · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Online Vocabulary Games as a Tool for Teaching and Learning English Vocabulary
Yip, F. W. M., & Kwan, A. C. M. (2006) · Educational Media International · doi:10.1080/09523980600641445 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Out-of-school digital gameplay and in-school L2 English vocabulary outcomes
Sundqvist, P., & Wikström, P. (2015) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2015.04.001 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Rachels, J. R., & Rockinson‐Szapkiw, A. J. (2017) · Computer Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1080/09588221.2017.1382536 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Klopfer, E. D., Osterweil, S., & Salen, K. (2009) · HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe) · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Massively multiplayer online role-playing games as arenas for second language learning
Peterson, M. (2010) · Computer Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1080/09588221.2010.520673 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Hwang, G.-J., Hsu, T.-C., Lai, C.-L., & Hsueh, C.-J. (2017) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2016.11.010 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Hwang, W., Shih, T. K., Ma, Z.-H., Shadiev, R., & Chen, S.-Y. (2015) · Computer Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1080/09588221.2015.1016438 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Flow experience in game based learning – a systematic literature review
Perttula, A., Kiili, K. J. M., Lindstedt, A., & Tuomi, P. (2017) · International Journal of Serious Games · doi:10.17083/ijsg.v4i1.151 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
A Brief History of Serious Games
Wilkinson, P. (2016) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46152-6_2 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Sandberg, J. A. C., Maris, M., & Hoogendoorn, P. (2014) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2014.03.006 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Hong, J., Hwang, M., Tai, K., & Lin, P. (2017) · Computer Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1080/09588221.2017.1329215 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Video Games and Education: Designing Learning Systems for an Interactive Age.
Squire, K. D. (2008) · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Aghlara, L., & Tamjid, N. H. (2011) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.275 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Chiu, Y., Kao, C., & Reynolds, B. L. (2012) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2012.01295.x · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Ashraf, H., Motlagh, F. G., & Salami, M. (2014) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.418 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Hwang, G., & Wang, S.-Y. (2016) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2016.07.005 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Contextual EFL learning in a 3D virtual environment
Lan, Y. (2015) · Language learning & technology · doi:10.64152/10125/44412 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Measuring Effectiveness in Digital Game-Based Learning: A Methodological Review.
All, A., Castellar, E. P. N., & LOOY, J. V. (2014) · International Journal of Serious Games · doi:10.17083/ijsg.v1i2.18 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The Game Embedded CALL System to Facilitate English Vocabulary Acquisition and Pronunciation
Young, S. S., & Wang, Y. H. (2014) · Educational Technology & Society · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Yang, J. C., Quadir, B., & Chen, N. (2015) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.1177/0735633115620433 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Online games for young learners' foreign language learning
Butler, Y. G., Someya, Y., & Fukuhara, E. (2014) · ELT Journal · doi:10.1093/elt/ccu008 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Ebrahimzadeh, M., & Alavi, S. (2016) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2016.1255400 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
The use of massively multiplayer online role-playing games in CALL: an analysis of research
Peterson, M. (2016) · Computer Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1080/09588221.2016.1197949 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Entertainment Computing and Serious Games
Dörner, R., Göbel, S., Kickmeier-Rust, M., Masuch, M., & Zweig, K. M. (2016) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46152-6 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Using digital board games for genuine communication in EFL classrooms
Wu, C.-J., Chen, G., & Huang, C.-W. (2014) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-013-9329-y · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Teachers' Beliefs about the Possibilities and Limitations of Digital Games in Classrooms
Beavis, C., Rowan, L., Dezuanni, M., McGillivray, C., O’Mara, J., Prestridge, S., Stieler‐Hunt, C., Thompson, R., & Zagami, J. (2014) · E-Learning and Digital Media · doi:10.2304/elea.2014.11.6.569 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Shahriarpour, N., & Kafi, Z. (2014) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.601 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Efficacy of Computer Games on Language Learning.
Klímová, B., & Kacet, J. (2017) · The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Content and Language Integrated Learning through an Online Game in Primary School: A Case Study.
Dourda, K., Bratitsis, T., Griva, E., & Παπαδοπούλου, Π. (2014) · The Electronic Journal of e-Learning · Cited by 49 · see citing works
VR-Based Gamification of Communication Training and Oral Examination in a Second Language
Reitz, L., Sohny, A., & Lochmann, G. (2016) · International Journal of Games Based Learning · doi:10.4018/ijgbl.2016040104 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Readers, Players, and Watchers: EFL Students’ Vocabulary Acquisition through Digital Video Games
Ebrahimzadeh, M. (2017) · English Language Teaching · doi:10.5539/elt.v10n2p1 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Teaching and learning English through digital game projects
deHaan, J. W. (2011) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 40 · see citing works
English language education on-line game and brain connectivity
Hong, J. S., Han, D. H., Kim, Y. I., Bae, S., Kim, S. M., & Renshaw, P. F. (2016) · ReCALL · doi:10.1017/s0958344016000173 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Examining focused L2 practice: From in vitro to in vivo
Frederik Cornillie, B., Noortgate, W. V. D., den Branden, K. V., & Desmet, P. (2017) · Language learning & technology · doi:10.64152/10125/44598 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Wong, L. H., & Hsu, C.-K. (2014) · Technology Pedagogy and Education · doi:10.1080/1475939x.2014.963661 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Gilliam, M. L., Jagoda, P., Jaworski, E., Hebert, L. E., Lyman, P., & Wilson, M. C. (2015) · Sex Education · doi:10.1080/14681811.2015.1123147 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Irish in a 3D world: Engaging primary school children
Dalton, G., & Devitt, A. (2016) · Language learning & technology · doi:10.64152/10125/44440 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Salehi, H. (2017) · International Journal of Learning and Change · doi:10.1504/ijlc.2017.084609 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Learning with portable digital devices in Australian schools: 20 years on!
Newhouse, C. P. (2013) · The Australian Educational Researcher · doi:10.1007/s13384-013-0139-3 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Synthesis of Research on Video Games for the Four Second Language Skills and Vocabulary Practice
Yudintseva, A. (2015) · Open Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.4236/jss.2015.311011 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A Conceptual Review of Age Effect on L2 Acquisition
Sang, Y. (2017) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Computer game as a tool for training the identification of phonemic length
Pennala, R., Richardson, U., Ylinen, S., Lyytinen, H., & Martin, M. (2013) · Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology · doi:10.3109/14015439.2013.810302 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Shokri, H., & Abdolmanafi-Rokni, S. J. (2014) · International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature · doi:10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.3n.6p.169 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Analysis of Research Trends Focusing on Outcomes in Language Learning Using MMORPGs
Kim, Y. (2018) · Multimedia-Assisted Language Learning · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Ego is a Hurdle in Second Language Learning: A Contrastive Study between Adults and Children
Abdullah, S., & Akhter, J. (2015) · Advances in Language and Literary Studies · doi:10.7575/aiac.alls.v.6n.6p.170 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Shokri, H., & Abdolmanafi-Rokni, S. J. (2014) · International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature · doi:10.7575/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.3n.6p.169 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Mazaji, 2016, Effects of digital games on vocabulary acquisition of Iranian low proficiency male and female EFL learners, Modern Journal of Language Teaching Methods, 6, 151
- Utku, 2018, Teaching EFL vocabulary to young digital natives through Online, International Online Journal of Education and Teaching, 5, 115
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Indonesia Education Readiness Conducting Distance Learning in Covid-19 Pandemic Situation
Churiyah, M., Sholikhan, S., Filianti, F., & Sakdiyyah, D. A. (2020) · International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding · doi:10.18415/ijmmu.v7i6.1833 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Hui, H. B., & Mahmud, M. S. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1105806 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
The effects of competition in digital game-based learning (DGBL): a meta-analysis
Chen, C., Shih, C.-C., & Law, V. (2020) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-020-09794-1 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
The effectiveness of gamification in programming education: Evidence from a meta-analysis
Zhan, Z., He, L., Tong, Y., Liang, X., Guo, S., & Lan, X. (2022) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100096 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Digital Language Learning (DLL): Insights from Behavior, Cognition, and the Brain
Li, P., & Lan, Y. (2021) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728921000353 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Cai, Z., Mao, P., Wang, D., He, J., Chen, X., & Fan, X. (2022) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-021-09655-0 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
From Gaming to Computational Thinking: An Adaptive Educational Computer Game-Based Learning Approach
Hooshyar, D., Pedaste, M., Yang, Y., Malva, L., Hwang, G.-J., Wang, M., Lim, H., & Delev, D. (2021) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.1177/0735633120965919 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Lee, J. (2020) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-020-10391-1 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Digital Game-Based Learning effectiveness assessment: Reflections on study design
All, A., Castellar, E. N., & LOOY, J. V. (2021) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104160 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Investigating Engagement and Flow with a Placed-Based Immersive Virtual Reality Game
Bodzin, A. M., Araujo-Junior, R. M., Hammond, T. C., & Anastasio, D. (2020) · Journal of Science Education and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10956-020-09870-4 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Improvement of Student Learning Motivation through Word-Wall-based Digital Game Media
Safitri, D., Awalia, S., Sekaringtyas, T., Nuraini, S., Lestari, I., Suntari, Y., Marini, A., Iskandar, R., & Sudrajat, A. (2022) · International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) · doi:10.3991/ijim.v16i06.25729 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Teo, T., Khazaie, S., & Derakhshan, A. (2022) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104406 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Janakiraman, S., Watson, S. L., Watson, W. R., & Newby, T. J. (2020) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104043 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Game‐based learning has good chemistry with chemistry education: A three‐level meta‐analysis
Hu, Y., Gallagher, T. J., Wouters, P., van der Schaaf, M. F., & Kester, L. (2022) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.21765 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Guan, X., Sun, C., Hwang, G., Xue, K., & Wang, Z. (2022) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2022.2091611 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Gamifying language education: the impact of digital game-based learning on Chinese EFL learners
Zhou, S. (2024) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-04073-3 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Multimodal digital classroom assessments
Fjørtoft, H. (2020) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103892 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Liao, C.-H. D., Wu, W. V., Gunawan, V., & Chang, T.-C. (2023) · The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher · doi:10.1007/s40299-023-00729-x · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Chen, C., Ming-Chaun, L., & Kuo, C.-P. (2023) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104899 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Yang, Y., Hsieh, W.-M., Wong, W., Hong, Y., & Lai, S.-C. (2022) · Computer Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1080/09588221.2022.2039203 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Ishak, S. A., Din, R., & Hasran, U. A. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/20537 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Digital game-based language learning for vocabulary development
Chowdhury, M., Dixon, L., Kuo, L.-J., Donaldson, J. P., Eslami, Z., Viruru, R., & Luo, W. (2024) · Computers and Education Open · doi:10.1016/j.caeo.2024.100160 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Chu, S., Hwang, G., Chien, S., & Chang, S. (2022) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.13260 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Hu, Y.-H., Yu, H.-Y., Tzeng, J.-W., & Zhong, K.-C. (2023) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104728 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Tao, Y., & Zou, B. (2021) · Computer Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1080/09588221.2021.2011323 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Gumbi, N. M., Sibaya, D., & Chibisa, A. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16031314 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Sabirli, Z. E., & Çoklar, A. N. (2020) · World Journal on Educational Technology Current Issues · doi:10.18844/wjet.v12i3.4993 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Derakhshan, A., Teo, T. P., & Khazaie, S. (2024) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2024.105013 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Calvo-Ferrer, J. R., & Belda-Medina, J. (2021) · Multimodal Technologies and Interaction · doi:10.3390/mti5120080 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Assessing the Effects of Gamification on Enhancing Information Security Awareness Knowledge
Wu, T., Tien, K.-Y., Hsu, W.-C., & Wen, F.-H. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11199266 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Prosocial digital games for youth: A systematic review of interventions
Saleme, P., Pang, B., Dietrich, T., & Parkinson, J. E. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2020.100039 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Nguyen‐Viet, B., & Nguyen-Viet, B. (2023) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2023.2265276 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
A systematic review of SVVR in language education in terms of the ADDIE model
Zou, D., Jong, M. S., Huang, X., Cheng, G., Hwang, G., & Jiang, M. Y. (2023) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2023.2277747 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Berbasis Game Android untuk Anak Usia 5-6 Tahun
Nirwana, E. S. (2021) · Jurnal Obsesi Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini · doi:10.31004/obsesi.v6i3.1684 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
An artificial vocabulary learning assistant
Polyzi, P., & Moussiades, L. (2023) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-023-11810-9 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Technology-enhanced cooperative language learning: A systematic review
Liu, Y., Thurston, A., & Xin-cai, Y. (2024) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2024.102314 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Yang, L., Li, R., & Zhou, Y. (2024) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12944 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Esteban, A. J. (2024) · International Journal of Learning Teaching and Educational Research · doi:10.26803/ijlter.23.3.1 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
A Comparative Review of Mobile and Non-Mobile Games for Language Learning
Su, F., Zou, D., Xie, H., & Wang, F. L. (2021) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440211067247 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Cai, Z., Zhang, X., Liu, C., & Zhan, J. (2025) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.70002 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Zhou, T. H., & Zhang, W. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14127303 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Cao, Y., Gong, S., Wang, Y., Zheng, Q., & Wang, Z. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107477 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Wang, M., Zhang, D., Zhu, J., & Gu, H. (2025) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.1177/07356331251321719 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Korosidou, E. (2024) · Digital · doi:10.3390/digital4010010 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Impact Study of the Learning Effects and Motivation of Competitive Modes in Gamified Learning
Liu, Y., Zhou, Y.-G., Li, Q., & Ye, X. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14116626 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Do mobile games improve language learning? A meta-analysis
Liu, S., Zhang, S., & Dai, Y. (2025) · Computer Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1080/09588221.2025.2528786 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Effects of Educational Video Games on English Vocabulary Learning and Retention
Gunel, E., & Top, E. (2022) · International Journal of Technology in Education · doi:10.46328/ijte.225 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Developing an AI-Assisted Low-Resource Spoken Language Learning App for Children
Getman, Y., Phan, N., Al-Ghezi, R., Voskoboinik, E., Singh, M., Grósz, T., Kurimo, M., Salvi, G., Svendsen, T., Strömbergsson, S., et al. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3304274 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Chen, H., Zhang, Y., Zhang, S., & Lyu, T. (2023) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-023-11771-z · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Mapping the research trends of digital game-based language learning (DGBLL): a scientometrics review
Li, K., Peterson, M., Wang, Q., & Wang, H. (2024) · Computer Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1080/09588221.2023.2299436 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Game-based learning and its impact on students’ motivation and academic performance
Rajendran, M., Ray, M., Ilangovan, A., Xavier, Y. C. S., & Parthasarathy, G. (2024) · Multidisciplinary Reviews · doi:10.31893/multirev.2025074 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Man, S. S., Fang, Y., Chan, A. H. S., & Han, J. (2024) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-12969-5 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The task-attention theory of game learning: a theory and research agenda
Cutting, J., & Deterding, S. (2022) · Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/07370024.2022.2047971 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Chang, C., Jen, H., & Yang, J. C. (2024) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2024.2308092 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The impact of internal-generated contextual clues on EFL vocabulary learning: insights from EEG
Zhou, W., & Wu, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1332098 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Troiano, G. M., Schouten, D. G. M., Cassidy, M. F., Tucker‐Raymond, E., Puttick, G. M., & Harteveld, C. (2020) · Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play · doi:10.1145/3410404.3414256 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Diaz, V. M., Díaz, M. M., & Urbano, E. R. (2020) · doi:10.31876/rcs.v26i0.34116 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Investigación con videojuegos en educación. Una revisión sistemática de la literatura de 2015 a 2020
Antequera, J. G., & Domínguez, F. I. R. (2022) · Revista Colombiana de Educación · doi:10.17227/rce.num85-12579 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
A review of empirical research on game-based digital citizenship education
Liu, J., & Shadiev, R. (2025) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-025-13549-x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Zhu, S., Guo, Q., & Yang, H. H. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15054693 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Alternatif Pembelajaran Aktif di Era Pandemi melalui Metode Pembelajaran Game Based Learning
Kusuma, M. A., Kusumajanto, D. D., Handayani, R., & Febrianto, I. (2022) · Edcomtech Jurnal Kajian Teknologi Pendidikan · doi:10.17977/um039v7i12022p028 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Yang, Y., Lee, I.-C., Tseng, C. C., & Lai, S.-C. (2024) · Journal of Research on Technology in Education · doi:10.1080/15391523.2024.2338092 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Digital Play for Enhancing Language Learning in Early Grades
Rulyansah, A., Thamrin Hidayat, M., Rihlah, J., Shari, D., & Mariati, P. (2023) · Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction · doi:10.47750/pegegog.13.02.22 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Rodríguez-Ferrer, J. M., León, A. M., Fernández-Jiménez, C., de la Rosa, A. L., Campoy, J. M. F., & Aguilar-Parra, J. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1163441 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of the Design of Augmented Reality Applications for Young Children
Masmuzidin, M. Z., Aziz, N. A. A., & Suhaimi, S. (2022) · International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) · doi:10.3991/ijim.v16i17.31837 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
L2 learning outcomes of a research-based digital app for Japanese children
Bang, H. J., Setoguchi, E., Mackey, A., & Fujii, A. (2024) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263124000147 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Gaming enhances learning-induced plastic changes in the brain
Junttila, K., Smolander, A.-R. M., Karhila, R., Giannakopoulou, A., Uther, M., Kurimo, M., & Ylinen, S. (2022) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2022.105124 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Learning by Doing: Intrinsic Integration Directs Attention to Increase Learning In Games
Cutting, J., & Iacovides, I. (2022) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3549503 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
La enseñanza del español mediada por tecnología
Muñoz–Basols, J., Gutiérrez, M. F., & Cerezo, L. (2023) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003146391 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Digital Learning Tools in Geography Education: A Systematic Literature Review
Panjaitan, B. R., Ningrum, E., & Waluya, B. (2023) · The Eurasia Proceedings of Educational and Social Sciences · doi:10.55549/epess.1413355 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Technology use in secondary level of English language teaching: A Literature Review
Luthfiyyah, R., Hafifah, G. N., Ivone, F. M., & Tresnadewi, S. (2021) · JEES (Journal of English Educators Society) · doi:10.21070/jees.v6i1.1020 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Impact of Augmented Reality on Vocabulary Acquisition and Retention
Tyson, M. (2021) · Issues and Trends in Learning Technologies · doi:10.2458/azu_itlt_v9i1_tyson · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Aslam, F., Rahman, H., Wahid, S. A., Wahid, S. A., & Ali, N. (2024) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-024-20346-0 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Oktarianto, M. L., & Handayanto, S. K. (2021) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0043391 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Pan, Y., Shao, X., & Shakibaei, G. (2025) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2025.102123 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Liu, X., Alotaibi, K. A., & Hashemifardnia, A. (2025) · European Journal of Education · doi:10.1111/ejed.70030 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Heuristics and Think-aloud Method for Evaluating the Usability of Game-based Language Learning
Ishaq, K., Rosdi, F., Zin, N. A. M., & Abid, A. (2021) · International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications · doi:10.14569/ijacsa.2021.0121136 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Bakan, U., Han, T., Bakan, U., & |, |. (2022) · Knowledge Management & E-Learning An International Journal · doi:10.34105/j.kmel.2022.14.016 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Çoban, M., & Göktaş, Y. (2022) · E-Learning and Digital Media · doi:10.1177/20427530221107761 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Araujo-Junior, R. M., & Bodzin, A. M. (2022) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2022.2118785 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Шибкова, Д. З., Baiguzhin, P. A., Gerasev, A. D., & Айзман, Р. И. (2021) · Science for Education Today · doi:10.15293/2658-6762.2103.07 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Li, L., & O’Rourke, B. (2022) · Educational communications and technology yearbook · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-8329-9_10 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Wei-qin, Y., & Ying, Z. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03180-3 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Hwang, G., Chuang, W., & Hsia, L. (2024) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-12615-0 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Zheng, X., Tu, Y.-F., Hwang, G., Yu, J., & Huang, Y.-B. (2024) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-024-10393-7 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Systematic Review of Digital Tools’ Impact on Primary and Secondary Education Outcomes
Abdykerimova, Е., Turkmenbayev, A., Sagindykova, E., Nigmetova, G., & Mukhtarkyzy, K. (2025) · International Journal of Engineering Pedagogy (iJEP) · doi:10.3991/ijep.v15i3.50511 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Vinter, A., Bard, P., Duplessy, H. L., & Poulin-Charronnat, B. (2022) · International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1016/j.ijcci.2022.100534 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Educational Loss at Times of Crisis: The Role of Games in Students’ Learning in Palestine and Iraq
Ali, K., Burgos, D., & Affouneh, S. J. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15064983 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Huang, B. H., & Yan, X. (2025) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.1002/tesq.70042 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Al-khresheh, M. H., Mohamed, A. M. A., & Shaaban, T. S. K. (2024) · Innoeduca International Journal of Technology and Educational Innovation · doi:10.24310/ijtei.102.2024.17823 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Changing Attitudes toward Organic Chemistry via a Digital Multiplayer Game
Teo, J., Sharma, P., Kon, M. W. R., Han, J. Y., Tan, T. L. Y., Teh, Y. L., Yap, J. Y. G., Lam, Y., & Fung, F. M. (2025) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.4c01237 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
An RPG Game Design for English Learning using ADDIE Methods
Wibowo, T., & Xie, F. (2022) · Science Tech Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi · doi:10.30738/st.vol8.no1.a11990 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Shang, X. (2025) · Results in Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108452 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Children’s and teachers’ views on digital games in the EFL classroom
Waddington, J., & Charikova, D. B. (2021) · ELT Journal · doi:10.1093/elt/ccab076 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Systematic literature review: DOGBL in enhancing EFL students’ motivation
Syifa, A. M., Musyahda, L., & Segoh, D. (2024) · Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn) · doi:10.11591/edulearn.v18i2.21156 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Wong, R. S. M., Tung, K. T. S., Wong, H. T., Ho, F. K. W., Wong, W. H. S., Fu, K., Pong, T.-C., Chan, K. L., Chow, C. B., & Ip, P. (2020) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/17756 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Zhong, Y., Fryer, L. K., Zheng, S., Shum, A., & Chu, S. K. W. (2025) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-025-00528-y · Cited by 9 · see citing works
AI-enabled adaptive game-based language learning: looking back and looking forward
Yang, L., & Li, R. (2025) · Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.1080/17501229.2025.2586140 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Non-game like training benefits spoken foreign-language processing in children with dyslexia
Junttila, K., Smolander, A.-R. M., Karhila, R., Kurimo, M., & Ylinen, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1122886 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Wang, J., & Song, B. (2022) · The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher · doi:10.1007/s40299-022-00645-6 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- Acquah, E. O., & Katz, H. T.
- Affiliations
- Åbo Akademi University (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Acquah, Emmanuel O.
- Venue
- Computers & Education
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-01
- Volume
- 143
- Pages
- 103667
- ISSN
- 0360-1315 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2969402346
- Semantic Scholar
- beefa30b97f709a43b936bde9361b0974c65780f
- Cited by
- 280
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 4.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.abo.fi
- Licence
- Locations
- Computers & Education (publishedVersion)
- Åbo Akademi University Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Educational Games and Gamification
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Digital Games and Media
- Keywords
- video games, second language acquisition, game-based learning, language acquisition, game features, zone of proximal development, learner autonomy, affective learning outcomes, formal learning environments, teacher as facilitator, English as a second language
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
