The relationship between emotion regulation and well-being in patients with mental disorders: A meta-analysis

“The current studywas prepared and conducted according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines [64] and has been registered in PROSPERO (CRD42019129629).”

“Finally,we applied fail-safeNprocedures for all significant results, which estimates the number of unpublished nonsignificant studies that are required to make the results nonsignificant [78].”

“A value of 0 is indicative of true homogeneity, while values of 25, 50 and 75 or higher indicates small, moderate and high levels of heterogeneity, respectively [71].”

“Since the funnel plot merely allows a visual and subjective decision about the presence of publication bias, we also conducted Begg and Mazumdar's rank correlation test [76] to quantitatively estimate the probability of publication bias.”

“The classification into hedonic and eudaimonic well-being was based on the distinction outlined in the introduction [34,37,39].”

“The classification into hedonic and eudaimonic well-being was based on the distinction outlined in the introduction [34,37,39].”

“Several lines of research suggest that this overall deficiency in emotion regulation proposedbyGratz and Roemer [23] is related with numerous forms of psychopathology [26–28].”

“Further, emotion regulation has been considered to be a focal point to address psychological disorders [26] and to enhance well-being [27].”

“One example of potential factors that could be examined is this context are emotion regulation strategies (Gross, 1998; Kraiss et al., 2020).”

“Inadequate regulation of emotions has been related to the presence of mood and anxiety disorders (Picó-Pérez et al., 2017), poor mental health (Hu et al., 2014) and reduced well-being (Kraiss et al., 2020).”

“The findings that, overall, psychological distress and mental wellbeing were seen to operate on functionally independent dual continua support the notion that mental wellbeing can be independently enhanced, even in individuals experiencing a mental illness [27,47,48].”

“Meta-analysis of 94 published studies of measures of emotional regulation and well-being revealed relationships in the expected direction (198).”

“Conversely, poor mental well-being has been linked to increased dissatisfaction, stress, depression, and loneliness (Kraiss et al., 2020).”

“In other racial and ethnic groups, a relationship between emotion regulation strategy use and mental and physical health has been well-documented (Berking & Wupperman, 2012; Kraiss et al., 2020; Low et al., 2021).”

“Results from a recent meta-analysis (Kraiss et al., 2020) indeed highlighted the importance of supporting proper emotion regulation in the context of mental health issues.”

“Emotion regulation is an important tool for maintaining personal emotional health and happiness in life [1].”

“The field of research on ER has grown rapidly, which is not surprising, if one takes into account the multitude of beneficial effects of efficient self-regulation of emotion on wellbeing, quality of social bonds, as well as education, learning and academic achievement (Gross and John, 2003; Graziano et al., 2007; Krai…”

“The MHI was developed and psychometrically tested in English-speaking countries but has since been translated into many languages [92,93], including Hebrew.”

“Adaptive ER plays a primary role in the development of resilience and the prevention of psychopathology during childhood and adolescence (Aldao et al., 2010; Beauchaine, 2015; Kraiss et al., 2020; Morrish et al., 2018).”

“, 2014), and that it is linked to resilience, positive affect, mental well-being, increased life satisfaction, better job performance, as well as favorable cognitive and social outcomes (Gross and John, 2003; John and Gross, 2004; Kashdan et al., 2006; Kraiss et al., 2020).”

“…satisfaction, given that life satisfaction is an indicator of strong mental health and well-being, this echoes the conclusion of Hu et al. (2014), Kraiss et al. (2020), and Liu et al. (2020), that is, cognitive reappraisal is significantly associated with well-being and a positive indicator of…”

“When considering well-being outcomes, some evidence suggests an opposite trend; for instance, reappraisal, but not suppression, was associated with eudai-monic and hedonic well-being (Kraiss et al., 2020).”

“The findings suggest that the use of adaptive emotion regulation strategies in response to challenging circumstances is associated with enhanced levels of well-being (Aldao et al., 2010; Kraiss et al., 2020; Mandal et al., 2022).”

“It is associated with more negative feelings, lower levels of selfesteem, and worst relationships with others (Gross, 1998; McLean et al., 2007; Berking and Wupperman, 2012; Kraiss et al., 2020).”

“Moreover, emotion regulation is robustly and longitudinally associated with psychological resilience [8] and associated with life satisfaction, positive affect, and other well-being indicators with a small to moderate effect size [9].”

“…not only affect mental health but also leads to physical health problems (schuch and Vancampfort 2021), social difficulties (høegh et al. 2022), overall well-being and emotional distresses (Kraiss et al. 2020). these disorders impose a substantial socioeconomic burden (Kotzeva et al. 2023).”

“There is evidence that poor mental well-being is associated with negative feelings, such as psychological stress, low self-esteem, loneliness, and depression [40].”

“Numerous empirical studies have demonstrated that emotion regulation plays a significant role in fostering adaptive cognitive style, decision-making abilities, and behavioral intentions in response to social and situational demands, ultimately impacting an individual’s well-being [7].”

“In a meta-analysis of 35 studies conducted with patients with different psychological disorders, ER was not only related to lower psychopathology, but also to higher well-being (Kraiss et al., 2020).”

“Several findings are associated with a lack of understanding of emotion and communication about emotion and emotion regulation and their impact on mental health and subjective well-being [7, 8].”

“Although there is some research examining the association between emotion regulation and SWB (Eisner et al., 2009 ; Kraiss et al., 2020 ; Quoidbach et al., 2010) and PWB (Eisner et al., 2017; Haeyen et al., 2018 ; Kladnitski et al., 2018; Valiente et al., 2017), the strategies employed by…”

“Moreover, emotion regulation abilities are related to higher life satisfaction and eudemonic well-being in various samples (Kraiss et al., 2020; Mitrofan and Ciuluvică, 2012; Saxena et al., 2011; Yakın et al., 2019).”

“[3]) and their study is well advanced in the literature with the aim of treating a wide range of mental disorders [4], [5], [6].”

“…both misophonia (Guetta et al., 2022; Rinaldi et al., 2023) and other psychiatric presentations (e.g., anxiety, mood, and obsessive-compulsive disorders; Cervin, 2023; Kraiss et al., 2020; van den Boogert et al., 2022) include generalized sensory sensitivity and cognitive emotion regulation facets.”

“Additionally, they can further investigate the mechanisms, such as reduction of stress and enhancement of emotion regulation, that may mediate the associations between mindfulness and well-being (Kraiss et al., 2020; Padhy et al., 2022; Tian-Tian et al., 2015).”

“Emotion regulation involves cognitive, behavioral, and social processes (Thompson, 1994) and has continuing effects on individuals’ lives, from well-being and mental health to interpersonal relationships (De France & Hollenstein, 2019; Gross & John, 2003; Kraiss et al., 2020; Scheibe et al., 2015).”

“Previous meta-analyses of self-compassion (Zessin et al., 2015) and emotion regulation (Kraiss et al., 2020) have demonstrated moderate to large associations with wellbeing and negative a ff ect.”

“, the opposite of negative rumination) and well-being was repeatedly shown in the previous literature (Hanley et al., 2017; Kraiss et al., 2020; Quoidbach et al., 2010).”

“…in ER and General Well-Being, r = − .40, p < .001, is similar in direction and intensity to the relationship presented in the meta-analysis by Kraiss et al. (2020) between global difficulties in ER and Well-being, r = − .48, p < .001, with a population of patients with mental disorders.”

“Also, employing strategies such as emotional self-regulation techniques and setting clear boundaries with participants can help maintain professional distance, ensuring researchers can remain focused on ethical considerations while safeguarding their own well-being (Kraiss et al. 2020).”

“Individuals with heightened anxiety may experience physical symptoms such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, and somatic complaints [91], which influence how they perceive and evaluate their general health [92].”

“, 2017; Gross and John, 2003) as well as clinical populations (Berking et al., 2008; Kraiss et al., 2020; Sloan et al., 2017).”

“…of our emotion regulation strategies on our wellbeing; however, there are various predictor variables, which may influence our ability to regulate our emotions that this study will examine such as an insecure attachment style and depersonalization (DP) (Daros & Williams, 2019; Kraiss et al., 2020).”

“The literature on this issue indicates that emotion regulation disorders are important in the development and course of many mental illnesses such as depressive disorders, bipolar affective disorder, borderline personality disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and eating disorders [30].”

“Conversely, difficulties in managing emotional responses may lead to psychological distress, anxiety, and depression, as well as diminished well-being (Kraiss et al. 2020).”

“Specific emotion regulation strategies, such as reappraisal and acceptance, are generally associated with psychological well-being (Kraiss et al., 2020), while maladaptive strategies, such as emotional avoidance or suppression, are related to ill-being, including depression and addictive behaviors…”

“…levels of empathy (Grynberg & Pollatos, 2015), which has implications for their social functioning, mental and physical health, and well-being (Berking & Wupperman, 2012; English et al., 2012; Kraiss et al., 2020; Song et al., 2015) despite some contrasting findings (see Parrinello et al., 2022).”

“The presence of CU traits might therefore play an important role in a range of emotion-related processes such as empathy, with deficits displayed not only in patients with CD but also in other psychiatric disorders (Kraiss et al., 2020; Kret & Ploeger, 2015; McTeague et al., 2020).”

“Healthy, adaptative emotion regulation approaches promote well-being while also alleviating ill-being (Kraiss et al., 2020).”

“…and rumination from suppression as well as lower levels of acceptance are asso - ciated with more depressive symptoms (Aldao et al., 2010; de France et al., 2019; Ehring et al., 2008 ; Hijne et al., 2020 ; Kraiss et al., 2020 ; Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000 ; Schäfer et al., 2017 ; Visted et al., 2018).”

“A substantial body of literature has demonstrated the critical role of emotion regulation in individuals’ well-being and psychopathology [38–40].”

“…the ERQ-S subscales and the examined correlates (i.e., psychopathology symptoms and well-being) were small to moderate, supporting the results of previous meta-analytic studies where other emotion regulation measures, including the full ERQ, were used (Aldao et al., 2010; Kraiss et al., 2020).”

“Emotional regulation strategies can be adaptive or maladaptive (Marroquín et al., 2017), the latter being frequently associated with psychiatric and somatic disorders (Kraiss et al., 2020), andmost notably PTSD (McLean & Foa, 2017).”

“Interestingly, enhanced emotion regulation may allow individuals to experience negative and conflicting emotions without increased distress, emphasizing the importance of emotion con-trol in psychological well-being [92].”

“This aligns with existing evidence implicating emotion dysregulation in the development and maintenance of mental health difficulties (e.g., Kraiss et al., 2020) and its mediating role on the relationship between GSM stressors and mental health outcomes (e.g., Hatzen-buehler, 2009).”

“Many studies have shown that emotion regulation is associated with psychiatric outcomes in both directions: emotion regulation impacts mental health, but psychiatric outcomes also influence emotion regulation (Kraiss et al., 2020; Nelis et al., 2016; Quoidbach et al., 2010).”

“Thereby, deficits in emotion regulation in the management of psychosocial problems are widely recognised (Kraiss et al., 2020).”

“A person’s capacity for emotion regulation is related to the development of mental health concerns (Gratz & Roemer, 2004; Kraiss et al., 2020) such as poor well-being (Tani et al., 2018 ), depression (Tull & Gratz, 2008), as well as alcohol and drug misuse (Tull et al., 2015) among college students.”

“Previous studies have suggested that emotional regulation skills are strongly related to mental health status and psychological well-being (Kraiss et al ., 2020).”

“Emotion regulation difficulties have long been associated with higher depressive and anxiety symptoms in several populations (Kraiss et al., 2020; Schäfer et al., 2017), including patients with CVDs (Chauvet-Gelinier & Bonin, 2017; Cheng et al., 2022; Cruciani et al., 2023; Javadi et al., 2017;…”

“Nock and colleagues [1] proposed that difficulties in emotional reactivity might predispose individuals to having emotion regulation difficulties, which are a transdiagnostic characteristic of many psychiatric disorders [2–4] and important for the wellbeing of those affected by psycho-pathology [5].”

“These feelings, if not appropriately addressed or managed, can be detrimental to mental health (Berardelli et al., 2020; Kim et al., 2011; Kraiss et al., 2020).”

“Emotion regulation has a crucial impact on challenging life events (Işıklı & Keser, 2020), and it is stated that it is important to develop emotion regulation while improving the well-being of individuals (Kraiss et al., 2020).”