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Cited by 200Anesthesia and Sedative AgentsNeural dynamics and brain functionSleep and Wakefulness Research

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Neural oscillations demonstrate that general anesthesia and sedative states are neurophysiologically distinct from sleep

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Akeju, Oluwaseun, Brown, Emery N·2017·Current Opinion in Neurobiology
DOI 10.1016/j.conb.2017.04.011PMC PMC5520989
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Abstract

General anesthesia is a man-made neurophysiological state comprised of unconsciousness, amnesia, analgesia, and immobility along with maintenance of physiological stability. Growing evidence suggests that anesthetic-induced neural oscillations are a primary mechanism of anesthetic action. Each anesthetic drug class produces distinct oscillatory dynamics that can be related to the circuit mechanisms of drug action. Sleep is a naturally occurring state of decreased arousal that is essential for normal health. Physiological measurements (electrooculogram, electromyogram) and neural oscillatory (electroencephalogram) dynamics are used to empirically characterize sleep into rapid eye movement sleep and the three stages of non-rapid eye movement sleep. In this review, we discuss the differences between anesthesia- and sleep-induced altered states from the perspective of neural oscillations.

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  • Most if not all anesthetic regimens suppress or eliminate characteristic features of natural sleep, such as oscillatory norepinephrine release, micro-arousals, vasomotion and REM sleep, rendering anesthesia unsuited to dissect the drivers of glymphatic flow in natural sleep.

    “However, most if not all anesthetic regimens suppress or eliminate the characteristic features of natural sleep, such as oscillatory release of NE, micro-arousals, vasomotion and REM sleep, which renders anesthesia unsuited to dissect the drivers of glymphatic flow in natural sleep38–41.”

    From Norepinephrine-mediated slow vasomotion drives glymphatic clearance during sleep (2025) · cites this paper as [40]

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Metadata

Authors
Akeju, O., & Brown, E. N.
Affiliations
Harvard University (US)
Corresponding author
  • Akeju, Oluwaseun
  • Brown, Emery N
ORCID
Venue
Current Opinion in Neurobiology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2017-06
Volume
44
Pages
178-185
ISSN
0959-4388 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.conb.2017.04.011
PMC
PMC5520989
OpenAlex
W2618285320
Cited by
200
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 26 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 2
FWCI
3.60
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Current Opinion in Neurobiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (R01 AG053582, P01 GM118629, TR01 GM104948)
  • Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Anesthesia and Sedative Agents
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
Keywords
general anesthesia, sedation, sleep, neural oscillations, EEG, REM sleep, loss of consciousness, anesthetic mechanisms, altered states of consciousness
MeSH terms
Anesthesia, General, Electroencephalography, Humans, Hypnotics and Sedatives, Neurons, Sleep, Brain Waves

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