The Neurobiology of Sleep and Wakefulness
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Cortical electroencephalographic activity arises from corticothalamocortical interactions, modulated by wake-promoting monoaminergic and cholinergic input. These wake-promoting systems are regulated by hypothalamic hypocretin/orexins, while GABAergic sleep-promoting nuclei are found in the preoptic area, brainstem and lateral hypothalamus. Although pontine acetylcholine is critical for REM sleep, hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone/GABAergic cells may "gate" REM sleep. Daily sleep-wake rhythms arise from interactions between a hypothalamic circadian pacemaker and a sleep homeostat whose anatomical locus has yet to be conclusively defined. Control of sleep and wakefulness involves multiple systems, each of which presents vulnerability to sleep/wake dysfunction that may predispose to physical and/or neuropsychiatric disorders.
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The same brain regions and neurotransmitter systems that underlie ADHD are also implicated in the psychiatric disorders that are frequently comorbid with ADHD.
“Importantly, the same brain regions and neurotransmitter systems that underlie ADHD are also implicated in the psychiatric disorders that are frequently comorbid with ADHD (19-21).”
From The pharmacology of amphetamine and methylphenidate: Relevance to the neurobiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and other psychiatric comorbidities (2018) · cites this paper as [21]
The Summary describes brain regions and neurotransmitter systems involved in sleep and wakefulness, and mentions psychiatric disorders only in connection with sleep disturbances. Searches for ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and shared mechanisms with comorbid psychiatric disorders found no passage addressing the claimed overlap. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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Hein, M., Lanquart, J., Loas, G., Hubain, P., & Linkowski, P. (2018) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2018.08.001 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
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Chronodisruption and Gut Microbiota: Triggering Glycemic Imbalance in People with Type 2 Diabetes
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- Authors
- Schwartz, M. D., & Kilduff, T. S.
- Affiliations
- SRI International (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kilduff, Thomas S.
- Venue
- Psychiatric Clinics of North America
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-12
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 615-644
- ISSN
- 0193-953X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4660253
- OpenAlex
- W1145929775
- Cited by
- 207
- References
- 345
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 1.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychiatric Clinics of North America (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL059658)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS082876, R21NS083639, R21NS085757, R21NS087550, R01NS077408)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- sleep-wake regulation, wakefulness, REM sleep, monoaminergic systems, cholinergic system, hypocretin/orexin, preoptic area, lateral hypothalamus, melanin-concentrating hormone, sleep homeostasis, circadian pacemaker, neuropsychiatric disorders
- MeSH terms
- Orexins, Brain, Humans, Hypothalamic Hormones, Melanins, Neural Pathways, Pituitary Hormones, Sleep, Wakefulness, Biogenic Monoamines, Circadian Clocks, Cholinergic Neurons, GABAergic Neurons
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