Engineering highly productive cyanobacteria towards carbon negative emissions technologies
Open accessAbstract
Cyanobacteria are a diverse and ecologically important group of photosynthetic prokaryotes that contribute significantly to the global carbon cycle through the capture of CO2 as biomass. Cyanobacterial biotechnology could play a key role in a sustainable bioeconomy through negative emissions technologies (NETs), such as carbon sequestration or bioproduction. However, the primary issues of low productivities and high infrastructure costs currently limit the commercialisation of such applications. The isolation of several fast-growing strains and recent advancements in molecular biology tools now offer promising new avenues for improving yields, including metabolic engineering approaches guided by high-throughput screening and metabolic models. Furthermore, emerging research on engineering coculture communities could help to develop more robust culturing systems to support broader NET applications.
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Cyanobacteria offer net carbon-neutral or carbon-negative production potential that neither heterotrophic host can match.
“and offering net carbon-neutral or carbon-negative production potential that neither heterotrophic host can match [15].”
From Cyanobacteria as a Photosynthetic Chassis for Metabolic Pathway Engineering with Heterologous Gene Expression (2026) · cites this paper as [15]
The paper’s opening summary (p. 1) says cyanobacterial biotechnology could support negative-emissions technologies, including bioproduction; the Introduction (p. 1) also describes carbon-neutral bioproduction in microalgal biorefineries. It does not establish that heterotrophic hosts cannot match this potential, so the comparative part of the claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCyanobacteria grow more slowly (doubling times of 1.5-10 h) with a less mature toolkit than E. coli and S. cerevisiae.
“Cyanobacteria grow more slowly (doubling times of 1.5–10 h) with a less mature toolkit”
From Cyanobacteria as a Photosynthetic Chassis for Metabolic Pathway Engineering with Heterologous Gene Expression (2026) · cites this paper as [15]
The Omics technologies section (p. 6) describes one cyanobacterial strain, PCC 6803, as growing more slowly than E. coli. The strain overview (p. 2) reports approximately 2-hour doubling times for several fast-growing strains, but does not establish a general 1.5–10-hour range. The copy also does not make the claimed toolkit comparison with E. coli and S. cerevisiae. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCyanobacteria have relatively simple nutritional requirements compared to many heterotrophic microbial hosts; their growth can be maintained using light as an energy source in conjunction with carbon dioxide, water, and inorganic nutrients, eliminating the need for organic carbon substrates typically necessary for organisms such as Escherichia coli or yeast.
“Cyanobacteria have relatively simple nutritional requirements compared to many heterotrophic microbial hosts. Their growth can be maintained using light as an energy source in conjunction with carbon dioxide, water, and inorganic nutrients, thereby eliminating the need for organic carbon substrates typically necessary for organisms such as Escherichia coli or yeast [15].”
From Cyanobacteria as a Photosynthetic Chassis for Metabolic Pathway Engineering with Heterologous Gene Expression (2026) · cites this paper as [15]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCyanobacteria uniquely fix CO2 directly using solar energy, eliminating organic carbon feedstock requirements entirely.
“but uniquely fix CO2 directly using solar energy, eliminating organic carbon feedstock requirements entirely”
From Cyanobacteria as a Photosynthetic Chassis for Metabolic Pathway Engineering with Heterologous Gene Expression (2026) · cites this paper as [15]
The opening passage (p. 1) describes cyanobacteria as photosynthetic organisms that capture CO2 as biomass. The Introduction (p. 1) also identifies plants and algae as photoautotrophs, so it does not support the claim that cyanobacteria do this uniquely. The passages do not establish that organic carbon feedstock requirements are eliminated entirely. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEngineered cyanobacteria have potential to contribute to carbon sequestration and bioproduction, although low productivity and cultivation cost remain major barriers to large-scale deployment.
“Recent discussions of cyanobacterial negative-emission technologies further highlight the potential of engineered cyanobacteria to contribute to carbon sequestration and bioproduction, although low productivity and cultivation cost remain major barriers to large-scale deployment [15].”
From Cyanobacteria as a Photosynthetic Chassis for Metabolic Pathway Engineering with Heterologous Gene Expression (2026) · cites this paper as [15]
Modular DNA assembly techniques have significantly expedited the design-build-test cycle in cyanobacterial metabolic engineering.
“These approaches have significantly expedited the design-build-test cycle in cyanobacterial metabolic engineering by simplifying the construction and iterative optimisation of engineered pathways [15].”
From Cyanobacteria as a Photosynthetic Chassis for Metabolic Pathway Engineering with Heterologous Gene Expression (2026) · cites this paper as [15]
The opening overview (p. 1) mentions advances in molecular biology tools and metabolic engineering, but does not identify modular DNA assembly or say it sped up a design-build-test cycle. Searches for modular assembly, cloning, and pathway construction returned passages on CRISPRi and metabolic models instead, so our copy does not establish the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.73)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIndustrially relevant isobutanol production targets titres exceeding 20 g/L and productivities above 1 g L−1 h−1; current cyanobacterial values remain one to two orders of magnitude below these thresholds.
“Industrially relevant isobutanol production targets titres exceeding 20 g/L and productivities above 1 g L−1 h−1; current cyanobacterial values remain one to two orders of magnitude below these thresholds, though the use of CO2 and light rather than organic carbon inputs changes the sustainability basis of the comparison considerably [15].”
From Cyanobacteria as a Photosynthetic Chassis for Metabolic Pathway Engineering with Heterologous Gene Expression (2026) · cites this paper as [15]
The section on viable products (p. 3) reports productivities for terpenoids, sucrose and mannitol, but not isobutanol. Searches for isobutanol and the stated titre and productivity thresholds found no passage in our copy addressing those figures or the claimed one-to-two-order gap. (LLM, conf=0.74)
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- [1]1. [In Climate Change 2022 - Mitigation of Climate Change: Working Group III Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Edited by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press; 2023.](http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0958-1669(24)00077-6/sbref1)
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Zhang, A., Cai, Y., Guo, L., Wang, C., Wa, Q., Xu, Y., Zhou, J. H., Fan, H., Li, Z., Long, X., et al. (2025) · SmartMat · doi:10.1002/smm2.70058 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Engineering light-driven biomineralization for a sustainable carbonate economy
Falkenroth, M., & Dann, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Photobiology · doi:10.3389/fphbi.2025.1619812 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Kokarakis, E. J., Santos‐Merino, M., Ghaffarinasab, S., Vocelle, D. B., & Ducat, D. C. (2025) · Metabolic Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ymben.2025.07.008 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Domínguez-Lobo, M. T., Ortega-Martínez, P., Florencio, F. J., & Muro-Pastor, M. I. (2025) · Microbial Cell Factories · doi:10.1186/s12934-025-02894-8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Semwal, S., & Joshi, H. C. (2026) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1002/apj.70225 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Advances in organic acid production using cyanobacteria: Strategies and applications
Pathania, R., & Srivastava, A. (2025) · Blue Biotechnology · doi:10.1186/s44315-025-00045-7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Marceau, F., Lamothe‐Sibold, M., Farci, S., Ouchane, S., Cassier‐Chauvat, C., & Chauvat, F. (2024) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox13121577 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Searching for extraterrestrial life advances terrestrial sustainability
Howells, A. E. G., Fontana, C. G., Elkassas, S. M., Caro, T. A., & Kashyap, S. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-67794-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Photonic-chemostat engineering for efficient continuous cultivation of cyanobacteria
Rahman, M. R., Noori, M. T., & Hellgardt, K. (2026) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d5ra09945e · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Editorial overview: Plant synthetic biology
Hanson, A. D., & Voiniciuc, C. (2024) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2024.103211 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Vickers, C. E., & Zerbe, P. (2025) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1093/plphys/kiaf410 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Unlocking the potential of unique genes in cyanobacterial alkane synthesis
Parveen, H., Garg, V., Pachauri, P., Khan, M. A., & Yazdani, S. S. (2025) · Metabolic Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ymben.2025.11.016 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Walshe, J., & Saha, S. K. (2026) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb48060638 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…more slowly (doubling times of 1.5–10 h) with a less mature toolkit, but uniquely fix CO 2 directly using solar energy, eliminating organic carbon feedstock requirements entirely and offering net carbon-neutral or carbon-negative production potential that neither heterotrophic host can match [15].”
InfluentialThe diversity of physiology and metabolism in chlorophototrophic bacteria
White, I. S., Canniffe, D. P., & Hitchcock, A. (2025) · Advances in microbial physiology/Advances in Microbial Physiology · doi:10.1016/bs.ampbs.2025.02.003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zhang, W., Zhou, J., Zhang, Y., & Li, Y. (2025) · Systems Microbiology and Biomanufacturing · doi:10.1007/s43393-025-00391-y · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Introductory Chapter: Cyanobacteria – Exploring Their Role in Energy, Environment and Industry
Severo, I. A., & Fagundes, M. B. (2026) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1014612 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dexter, J., Klimczak, B., Łobodzińska, A., Tlałka, A., Fu, P., & Dziga, D. (2024) · Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.bcab.2024.103347
Kokarakis, E. J., Santos‐Merino, M., Ghaffarinasab, S., Vocelle, D. B., & Ducat, D. C. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.04.03.647055
Analysis and modeling of the photoautotrophic activity of Allochromatium vinosum
Carrier, M., Ružić, T., Lavigne, M. P., Lepercq, P., Mercade, M., Dubos, S., Dumas, C., & Spérandio, M. (2025) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2025.132942
Murakami, H., Momokawa, N., Motomura, K., Kuroda, A., & Hirota, R. (2025) · Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering · doi:10.1016/j.jbiosc.2025.11.006
Kakko, L., Muth‐Pawlak, D., Patrikainen, P., Aro, E., & Kallio, P. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.01.09.698553
Zhang, B., Huang, B., Yin, G., He, B., & Liu, Z. (2026) · Energy 360. · doi:10.1016/j.energ.2026.100056
Moreno-Cabezuelo, J. Á., Booth, A., Lin, D., Gathani, K., Kim, D. S., & Sagaram, U. S. (2026) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom16060870
Exploring the biology of cyanobacteria in life support systems on Mars
Rodrigues, D., & McCormick, A. J. (2026) · Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences · doi:10.3389/fspas.2026.1853934
Self-citationDenisov, S., Trutnev, M., Goryajnov, D., Tsvetkov, S., Kasprzhitskii, A., Bortnikova, S. B., & Лазоренко, Г. И. (2026) · International journal of greenhouse gas control · doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2026.104740
Potential of Microalgal Biomass Production in Coastal Deserts for Carbon Dioxide Removal
Leonard, W., McClure, D. D., Ng, K. S., & Yang, A. (2026) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.6c08729
Recycling nutrients from greenhouse effluent with a stress-resistant cyanobacterial strain
Turunen, O., Saleem, T., Tulisalmi, I., Kurkela, J., Tyystjärvi, E., & Tyystjärvi, T. (2026) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2026.135937
- Authors
- Victoria, A. J., Astbury, M. J., & McCormick, A. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Corresponding author
- McCormick, Alistair J
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Biotechnology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-06
- Volume
- 87
- Pages
- 103141
- ISSN
- 0958-1669 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4396840702
- Cited by
- 27
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 3
- FWCI
- 1.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Biotechnology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/S020128/1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Microbial Metabolic Engineering and Bioproduction
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Photosynthetic Processes and Mechanisms
- Keywords
- cyanobacteria, negative emissions technologies, carbon sequestration, metabolic engineering, high-throughput screening, metabolic modeling, bioeconomy, CO2 capture, bioproduction
- MeSH terms
- Cyanobacteria, Biotechnology, Carbon, Carbon Dioxide, Photosynthesis, Metabolic Engineering
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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