The DOI matches its Crossref record; 103 of the 107 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 16 of the 53 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes: A meta-analytic review
Open accessAbstract
Rejection sensitivity is a personality disposition characterized by oversensitivity to social rejection. Using a three-level meta-analytic model, 75 studies were reviewed that examined associations between rejection sensitivity and five mental health outcomes: depression, anxiety, loneliness, borderline personality disorder, and body dysmorphic disorder. The results showed significant and moderate associations between rejection sensitivity and depression (pooled r=0.332; p<0.001), anxiety (pooled r=0.407; p<0.001), loneliness (pooled r=0.386; p<0.001), borderline personality disorder (pooled r=0.413; p<0.001), and body dysmorphic disorder (pooled r=0.428; p<0.001). The associations between rejection sensitivity and depression, anxiety, and borderline personality disorder varied by type of sample, but the associations were similar for clinical and non-clinical (i.e., community) samples. The association between rejection sensitivity and anxiety was negatively moderated by percentage of females in samples. The association between rejection sensitivity and depression was negatively moderated by length of follow-up. The longitudinal associations between rejection sensitivity and depression, anxiety, and loneliness were stable over time. Implications of the findings for both risk assessment and prevention and intervention strategies in mental health practice are discussed.
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Claims the paper makes
16 of 53 cited sources checked · 13 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Extensive research has shown that rejection sensitivity is associated with a range of mental health problems (e.g., Chango, McElhaney, Allen, Schad, & Marston, 2012;Chesin, Fertuck, Goodman, Lichenstein, & Stanley, 2015;Rowe, Gembeck, Rudolph, & Nesdale, 2015;Webb et al., 2015).”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Chango et al., 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable in our copy) reports that rejection sensitivity, combined with relational stressors, predicted increases in depressive symptoms among adolescents. The paper also discusses prior research on internalizing disorders, but its own findings concern depressive symptoms, not a range of mental health problems. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Chesin et al., 2015 source
- Supportedcites Rowe et al., 2015 source
The Correlations section (p. 14) reports that rejection sensitivity was significantly associated with all other measured variables, including depressive symptoms, social anxiety symptoms, and loneliness. The discussion also describes previous research linking rejection sensitivity with cognitive, emotional, and behavioural difficulties. These passages support the broad association claimed, without implying causation. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Research has evidenced that individuals with high rejection sensitivity show greater responsivity to social rejection than individuals with low rejection sensitivity”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 1.1. Conceptualization and measurement of rejection sensitivity
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Burklund, Eisenberger, and Lieberman (2007) source
The Abstract says rejection-sensitive individuals show a greater threat response to disapproving facial expressions. The Discussion reports greater dACC activity in highly rejection-sensitive individuals than in those low in rejection sensitivity when viewing these expressions, which the paper describes as signals of possible social rejection. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Individuals with high levels of rejection sensitivity tend to fear or anxiously expect rejection of others (Ayduk & Gyurak, 2008;Romero-Canyas et al., 2010).”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 1.2. Rejection sensitivity and mental health
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Ayduk & Gyurak, 2008 source
In “Situation-sensitive measurement of RS: Contextualizing personality” (page not provided), the paper defines high rejection sensitivity through anticipatory anxiety or fear and expectations of rejection. It also says that people high in RS feel threatened by the possibility of rejection. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Romero-Canyas et al., 2010 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“are on alert for rejection-related cues, automatically process rejection-related content (Berenson et al., 2009)”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 1.2. Rejection sensitivity and mental health
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Berenson et al., 2009 source
The Study 1 Methods describe an Emotional Stroop task in which participants named ink colors while rejection-related words were present. The Abstract reports that rejection sensitivity predicted disruption of attention by social-threat words, supporting the paraphrase that rejection-related content is processed even when it is not the task’s focus. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“are on alert for rejection-related cues, automatically process rejection-related content (Berenson et al., 2009)”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 1.2. Rejection sensitivity and mental health
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Berenson et al., 2009 source
The conceptualization section says rejection-sensitive individuals prioritize detecting and quickly responding to rejection threats. The General Discussion reports that social threat cues disrupted their goal-directed attention, consistent with processing rejection-related content even when it was not the task’s focus; it also notes subsequent attentional avoidance. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“we used a multilevel approach to metaanalysis (Assink & Wibbelink, 2016), which is a strong method for dealing with dependency of effect sizes, as it accounts for the hierarchical structure of the data in which effect sizes are nested within studies (Van Den Noortgate & Onghena, 2003).”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 2.4. Statistical analyses
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Assink & Wibbelink, 2016 source
The Introduction describes a three-level meta-analytic approach for handling dependent effect sizes, with variance between effect sizes from the same study at level 2 and variance between studies at level 3. This supports the cited identification of a multilevel approach and the described nesting of effect sizes within studies. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Van Den Noortgate & Onghena, 2003 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“A similar result was observed in Rowe et al.'s (2015) study among early adolescents in Australia, suggesting that the strength of the associations between rejection sensitivity and socioemotional symptoms became less strong over a fourteen-month period.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 4.1. Overall associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Rowe et al.'s (2015) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Table 1 shows weaker same-time associations of rejection sensitivity with social anxiety and depression at the second assessment, but a stronger association with loneliness. The Correlations section says the assessments were 14 months apart; it does not support a general decline across all socioemotional symptoms. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rejection sensitivity is moderately associated with several mental health problems.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The associations were similar for clinical and non-clinical samples.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The association between rejection sensitivity and anxiety seems stronger for males.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > Abstract
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 35
- It may state two separate claims as one. 33
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Specifically, this theory stresses the presence of 'if … then…' patterns in the assiciation between rejection sensitivity and behavior (Ayduk & Gyurak, 2008)”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 1.2. Rejection sensitivity and mental health
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Ayduk & Gyurak, 2008 source
The section “Mean level differences and if … then … profiles of RS” explicitly says CAPS predicts if–then profile differences and describes different behavioral responses among people high in rejection sensitivity depending on whether rejection is signaled. The Conclusions likewise say the rejection-sensitivity system generates if–then behavioral profiles. Page numbers are not provided in the supplied copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Rejection sensitivity is thought to develop as a result of an individual's early experience of rejection, neglect, or abuse (Ayduk & Gyurak, 2008).”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 1.1. Conceptualization and measurement of rejection sensitivity
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Ayduk & Gyurak, 2008 source
In “RS: A Cognitive-affective Processing Disposition,” the paper explicitly states that rejection sensitivity is thought to develop out of early experiences of rejection, neglect, or abuse. The citing sentence preserves that qualification. (LLM, conf=0.95)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“They found that individuals who scored higher on a measure of rejection sensitivity exhibited greater dorsal anterior cingulate cortex activity in response to disapproving facial expressions, but not in response to facial expressions of anger or disgust.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 1.1. Conceptualization and measurement of rejection sensitivity
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Burklund, Eisenberger, and Lieberman (2007) source
The Abstract states the attributed finding directly. The Results further report that rejection sensitivity was positively correlated with dACC activity for disapproving faces, but not for anger or disgust faces. (LLM, conf=0.95)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Numerous studies have reported that early interpersonal trauma (e.g., childhood maltreatment) has long-term effects on later psychopathology”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Kim & Cicchetti, 2010 source
The Introduction states that the enduring detrimental effects of child maltreatment on psychopathology are well documented. The paper’s Conclusions also link earlier child maltreatment with later psychopathology. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Supportedcites Lansford et al., 2002 source
The Results (‘What This Study Adds’) state that physical maltreatment in the first five years predicts psychological and behavioral problems at least 12 years later. The Comment likewise reports effects persisting into adolescence, supporting the cited sentence’s childhood-maltreatment example. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wolfe et al., 2004 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“These dynamics link fears and expectations of rejection, perceptions or attributions of rejection, and affective or behavioral overreactions to perceived rejection (Ayduk & Gyurak, 2008).”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 1.2. Rejection sensitivity and mental health
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Ayduk & Gyurak, 2008 source
In “RS: A Cognitive-affective Processing Disposition,” the paper explicitly describes a processing dynamic linking fears and expectations of rejection, perceptions or attributions of rejection, and affective or behavioral overreactions. The citing sentence closely paraphrases that passage. (LLM, conf=0.95)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Using this three-level metaanalytic model, all relevant effect sizes can be extracted from one primary study, so that all information can be preserved and maximum statistical power can be achieved (Assink et al., 2015).”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 2.4. Statistical analyses
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Assink et al., 2015 source
Section 2.4 (Statistical analyses; page not provided) says the three-level model can account for dependent effect sizes from the same study. It explicitly states that this permits analysis of all available effect sizes, preserving information and achieving maximum statistical power. (LLM, conf=0.95)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“the cognitive-affective processing systems (CAPS) framework (Ayduk & Gyurak, 2008;Mischel, 1973;Mischel & Shoda, 1995) states that individuals with high levels of rejection sensitivity may misinterpret and distort the actions of others, which may lead to feelings of anger, loneliness, or depression.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 4.1. Overall associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Ayduk & Gyurak, 2008 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Mischel, 1973 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Mischel & Shoda, 1995 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found no significant moderating effect for mean age of the sample, participants' age (categorized), type of measurement for rejection sensitivity, type of measurement for anxiety, type of effect size, length of follow-up, publication year, and continent in which studies were performed.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 3.3.2. Anxiety
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After considering the possibility of bias in these results by performing trim-and-fill-analyses, the adjusted overall effect sizes became somewhat smaller (r = 0.212 for depression and r = 0.320 for loneliness) or larger (r = 0.300 for anxiety), but were all still significant.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 3.4. Longitudinal associations
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall associations were all significant and ranged from r = 0.332 (for depression) to r = 0.428 (for body dysmorphic disorder).”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 3.2.1. Overall effect sizes
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The total sample size was 21,008 and the mean age of all the participants was 24.058 years (SD = 11.520).”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 3.1. Description of included studies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No significant moderating effect was found for percentage of females, mean age of the sample, participants' age (categorized), type of measurement for rejection sensitivity, type of measurement for depression, type of effect size, publication year, and continent in which studies were performed.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 3.3.1. Depression
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“6.7% (n = 5) of the studies used a clinical or high-risk sample, 82.7% (n = 62) used a community sample, and 10.7% (n = 8) used a mixed sample.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 3.1. Description of included studies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 5Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No significant moderating effect was found for percentage of females, mean age of the sample, type of measurement for rejection sensitivity, type of measurement for borderline personality disorder, publication year, and continent in which studies were performed (see Table 4).”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 3.3.3. Borderline personality disorder
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“60.0% (n = 45) of the studies were conducted in North America, 18.7% (n = 14) of the studies took place in Europe, and only 13.3% (n = 10) and 8.0% (n = 6) of the studies were conducted in Australia and Asia, respectively.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 3.1. Description of included studies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 45Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Seventy-five studies (44 on depression, 31 on anxiety, 9 on loneliness, 19 on borderline personality disorder, and 5 on body dysmorphic disorder), from which a total of 245 correlations (212 crosssectional and 33 longitudinal correlations) could be extracted, met the inclusion criteria and were thus included in the present meta-analytic study.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 3.1. Description of included studies
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The adjusted overall effect sizes for the four mental health outcomes were all significant and moderate in size, based on the criteria of Cohen (1992).”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 3.2.2. Publication bias
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cohen (1992) source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 75 studies included in this review, 68.0% (n = 51) used a cross-sectional design, 24.0% (n = 18) used a longitudinal design, and 8.0% (n = 6) used an experimental design.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 3.1. Description of included studies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 51Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“based on longitudinal associations, this study showed that rejection sensitivity is significantly related to depression, anxiety, and loneliness, over time.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 5. Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since the association between rejection sensitivity and borderline personality disorder did not differ between males and females or between different age groups”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 4.4. Implications for clinical practice
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the adjusted mean associations were either smaller or larger than the estimated mean associations, the biasing effects were small (for depression, Δ mean r = 0.027; for anxiety, Δ mean r = 0.044; for loneliness, Δ mean r = 0.007; and for borderline personality disorder, Δ mean r = 0.024).”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 4.1. Overall associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our results showed that the overall associations were not moderated by the type of instrument that was used to assess rejection sensitivity or the five mental health problems.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 4.2. Moderating effects of sample and research design characteristics
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The strength of the associations between rejection sensitivity and depression, anxiety, and borderline personality disorder varied by type of sample, but the associations were similar for clinical and nonclinical samples (i.e., community samples).”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 5. Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For depression, small effect sizes were underrepresented (the adjusted mean r was smaller than the unadjusted mean r); whereas for anxiety, loneliness, and borderline personality disorder, large effect sizes were underrepresented (the adjusted mean r was larger than the unadjusted mean r).”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 4.1. Overall associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Measurement of RS | | | | | | F(2, 76) | 0.125 | 0.003 ⁎⁎ | 0.005 ⁎ |”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > Role of funding sources
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Rejection sensitivity results from previous experiences of social rejection and the rejection sensitivity system is intended to protect the self against future rejection by triggering rapid defensive responses when social threats exist (Romero-Canyas et al., 2010).”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 1.2. Rejection sensitivity and mental health
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Romero-Canyas et al., 2010 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This suggests that, at the neural level, individuals high in rejection sensitivity may be more sensitive to facial expressions signaling potential rejection, but not to threatening facial expressions in general.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 1.1. Conceptualization and measurement of rejection sensitivity
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Researchers have argued that rejection sensitivity is learned through experience (Romero-Canyas et al., 2010)”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 1.1. Conceptualization and measurement of rejection sensitivity
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Romero-Canyas et al., 2010 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The cognitive-affective processing systems (CAPS) framework (Mischel, 1973;Mischel & Shoda, 1995) can be used to account for possible associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health problems.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 1.2. Rejection sensitivity and mental health
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Rejection sensitivity can also be explained as a state of a defensive motivational system (Downey, Mougios, Ayduk, London, & Shoda, 2004;Romero-Canyas et al., 2010).”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 1.2. Rejection sensitivity and mental health
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“More broadly, it is thought to arise as a result of an individual's exposure to situations in which the physical or emotional acts of others, either overt or covert, and active or passive, communicate rejection (Romero-Canyas, Downey, Berenson, Ayduk, & Kang, 2010).”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 1.1. Conceptualization and measurement of rejection sensitivity
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Romero-Canyas et al., 2010 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is the first meta-analysis examining rejection sensitivity and mental health.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The CAPS theory (Mischel & Shoda, 1995) explains why and how people's behavior varies stably across situations.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 1.2. Rejection sensitivity and mental health
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Mischel & Shoda, 1995 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“and that the learned nature of feeling rejected implies that rejection sensitivity may be situation-specific (Levy, Ayduk, & Downey, 2001).”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 1.1. Conceptualization and measurement of rejection sensitivity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Levy, Ayduk, & Downey, 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Until now, a systematic review statistically summarizing associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health problems was not available.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 1. Introduction
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“To minimize possible bias in individual studies, the National Institutes of Health's Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies (National Institutes of Health, 2014) was used to assess the quality of the included studies.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 2.3. Coding of studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites National Institutes of Health, 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“According to the DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1994), rejection sensitivity is an atypical feature of major depressive disorder.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 1.2. Rejection sensitivity and mental health
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites American Psychiatric Association, 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“When rejection is the threat, activation of the rejection sensitivity system prepares individuals to detect signs of social threat, and to be ready for immediate action in order to avert the danger by being self-defensive (Downey et al., 2004).”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 1.2. Rejection sensitivity and mental health
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Downey et al., 2004 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Additionally, individuals with a social anxiety disorder or a borderline personality disorder are very sensitive to being negatively evaluated and to social rejection (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 1.2. Rejection sensitivity and mental health
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites American Psychiatric Association, 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The present review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement (Moher, Liberati, Tetzlaff, & Altman, 2009).”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 2. Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Moher et al., 2009 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, in studies using more traditional two-level meta-analytic models, effect sizes extracted from the same primary study are often averaged into a single effect or discarded, meaning loss of information and lower statistical power in the analyses.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 2.4. Statistical analyses
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As for the inter-rater agreement between the two raters, it was excellent for all coded variables (the ICCs ranged from 0.90 to1.00 and the kappa values ranged from 0.95 to1.00).”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 3.1. Description of included studies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As for the depression outcome, this moderating effect of sample type was likely to be driven by the mixed sample category only.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 3.3.2. Anxiety
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✗ Asserted: fails✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“All associations included in the present meta-analysis were unadjusted estimates except the association that was extracted from the study of Kawamoto, Ura, and Hiraki (2017), which was controlled for age and sex.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 3.1. Description of included studies
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kawamoto, Ura, and Hiraki (2017) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the research protocol was registered on the International Prospective Register for Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), registration number CRD42016053389”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 2.1. Protocol and registration
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“To evaluate the extent to which the results of the present meta-analytic review were biased because of publication bias or any other form of bias, we visually inspected funnel plots of the effect sizes, and we conducted Duval and Tweedie's trim-and-fill analysis (Duval & Tweedie, 2000).”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 2.4. Statistical analyses
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Duval & Tweedie, 2000 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: If effect sizes are symmetrically distributed around the mean effect, the results are not affected by a form of bias.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two authors (SG and KL) coded independently all primary studies that were included in this meta-analysis.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 2.3. Coding of studies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the present study, a three-level meta-analytic model was used to synthesize effect sizes and to conduct moderator analyses.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 2.4. Statistical analyses
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The literature search was independently performed by two authors of the current study (SG and KL) in the above-mentioned databases.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 2.2. Study selection
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Quality assessment was independently conducted by two authors (SG and KL), and disagreements were resolved via discussion between these two raters.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 2.3. Coding of studies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each unique search result was reviewed independently by two authors (SG and KL) to determine eligibility.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 2.2. Study selection
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One effect size in the depression domain was identified with a z value larger than 3.29.To reduce the impact of this outlier, the raw r value of the outlier was replaced by a new r value that equaled the highest effect falling within the normal range.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 2.4. Statistical analyses
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A possible explanation is that the rather narrow age range of participants in the primary studies limited detecting a real moderating effect of age on the associations.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 4.2. Moderating effects of sample and research design characteristics
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The findings of the present study not only provide support for the existing knowledge that rejection sensitivity is related to depression, anxiety, and borderline personality disorder, but also generate new knowledge in the sense that rejection sensitivity is related to loneliness and body dysmorphic disorder.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 4.4. Implications for clinical practice
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on this framework, substantial associations between rejection sensitivity and different mental health problems were to be expected.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 4.1. Overall associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health problems may be bi-directionally (i.e., rejection sensitivity may evoke mental health problems, but mental health problems may also elicit rejection sensitivity).”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 4.3. Limitations
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results support the CAPS framework, as they indicate moderate associations between rejection sensitivity and five mental health problems.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 4.1. Overall associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it must be noted that the number of studies and/or effect sizes in some categories of the variables that were tested as potential moderators were rather small, resulting in a low statistical power in the analyses.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 4.2. Moderating effects of sample and research design characteristics
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“intervention programs targeting rejection sensitivity may be effective for both males and females across different ages.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 4.4. Implications for clinical practice
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“assessing rejection sensitivity is relevant for clients of all ages, since the results of this study showed that the strength of the associations between rejection sensitivity and the five mental health problems did not change by age.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > 4.4. Implications for clinical practice
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“that the strength of the association between rejection sensitivity and depression may become smaller over time.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > Additional information
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“followup length was only a marginally significant moderator in the corresponding longitudinal meta-analysis, but this may be due to a lack of statistical power because of the rather low number of effect sizes.”
§ Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes > Additional information
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
The field has made little progress in identifying the mechanisms of long-term effects of early interpersonal trauma on psychopathology.
“However, the field has made little progress in identifying the mechanisms of these behavioral effects.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There are discrepancies in the magnitude of reported associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health problems.
“However, there are discrepancies in the magnitude of reported associations.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The relation between psychological features of situations and behavior is mediated by five types of person variables.
“The relation between psychological features of situations and behavior is assumed to be mediated by five types of person variables (Mischel, 1973): encoding and construction competencies, expectations and beliefs,”
The paper relies on this without support.
It is not known whether rejection sensitivity is related to other negative mental health outcomes such as loneliness and body dysmorphic disorder.
“However, based on the DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013), we do not know whether rejection sensitivity is also related to other types of negative mental health outcomes such as loneliness and body dysmorphic disorder.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
If effect sizes are symmetrically distributed around the mean effect, the results are not affected by a form of bias.
“If effect sizes are symmetrically distributed around the mean effect, it is assumed that the results are not affected by a form of bias.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Studies reporting on nonsignificant findings are less likely to be published than studies reporting on significant findings.
“That is, studies reporting on nonsignificant findings are less likely to be published than studies reporting on significant findings.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The five mental health problems examined in the present study overlap and are comorbid conditions at least to some extent.
“the five mental health problems examined in the present study may overlap and be comorbid conditions at least to some extent.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“RS has been linked with reduced self-esteem (Watson & Nesdale, 2012) and may give rise to significant psychopathology (Gao, Assink, Cipriani, & Lin, 2017;Pietrzak et al., 2005;Rosenbach & Renneberg, 2011).”
From The link between rejection sensitivity and borderline personality disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2019) · cites this paper as Gao, Assink, Cipriani, & Lin, 2017
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A recent meta-analysis identified a moderate pooled correlation of BPD symptoms and RS as part of a larger review exploring the link between RS and psychopathology (r = .413,p < 0.001; Gao et al., 2017).”
From The link between rejection sensitivity and borderline personality disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2019) · cites this paper as Gao et al., 2017
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, the paper only included correlational data where participants were more often drawn from non-clinical populations.”
From The link between rejection sensitivity and borderline personality disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2019) · cites this paper as Gao et al., 2017
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This review is protocol-driven and extends upon previous reviews (Gao et al., 2017;Rosenbach & Renneberg, 2011) by adding additional data-sets, identifying overlapping samples, and assessing the full model of RS as it applies to BPD.”
From The link between rejection sensitivity and borderline personality disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2019) · cites this paper as Gao et al., 2017
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The effect size in this meta-analysis is smaller than the effect size reported previously (r = .437;Gao et al., 2017).”
From The link between rejection sensitivity and borderline personality disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2019) · cites this paper as Gao et al., 2017
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- ConsistentF(2, 76) = 6.756reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .002
“F(2, 76) = 6.756, p < .01”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Borderline-personality community correlation is misstated in the results
MinorThe results describe the community-sample mean correlation as 0.379, while Table 4 gives its mean correlation as 0.362. The value 0.379 is labeled as the mean Fisher's z in the table.
“The mean effect of mixed samples (r = 0.619) was significantly higher than the mean effect of community samples (r = 0.379)”
“| Community sample | 15 | 23 | 0.379 (0.296; 0.462) ⁎⁎⁎ | | 0.362 | | | | |”
Borderline-personality sample types account for only 30 effect sizes
MinorTable 4 reports 31 effect sizes for the sample-type analysis, but its community, clinical, and mixed categories contain 23, 4, and 3, respectively-a total of 30.
Reported 31 · recomputed 30
“| Community sample | 15 | 23 | 0.379 (0.296; 0.462) ⁎⁎⁎ | | 0.362 | | | | | | (RC) | | | | | | | | | | | Clinical sample | 2 | 4 | 0.426 (0.189; 0.663) ⁎⁎⁎ | 0.047 (-0.200; 0.294) | 0.402 | | | | | | Mixed sample | 3 | 3 | 0.724 (0.518; 0.931) ⁎⁎⁎ | 0.345 (0.122; 0.568) ⁎⁎ | 0.619 | | | | |”
Protocol registration number differs from the linked record
MinorThe stated PROSPERO registration number ends in 53389, but the linked record ID ends in 53186.
“registration number CRD42016053389”
“http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/ PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42016053186.”
Included experimental studies conflict with the description of all studies as non-experimental
MinorThe study description says six included studies used experimental designs, whereas the limitations describe the included primary studies as non-experimental. This does not, by itself, establish whether those experiments can support causal conclusions about rejection sensitivity.
“8.0% (n = 6) used an experimental design.”
“the present study does not permit conclusions about causality due to the non-experimental nature of the primary studies that were included.”
Citations
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Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 107 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–326 of 326
Wanza, C., Rief, W., & Doering, B. K. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2026.101056
Fekih‐Romdhane, F., Alhuwailah, A., Sakr, F., Chaibi, L. S., Helmy, M., Shuwiekh, H. A. M., Boudouda, N. E., Zarrouq, B., Naser, A. Y., Jebreen, K., et al. (2026) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2026.2650849 · Cited by 3
Rumination and Rejection Sensitivity: A Meta‐Analysis
Stewart, L. C., Sorid, S. D., & Olino, T. M. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.70136
Peer victimization, pro-inflammatory, and antiviral gene expression pathways in adolescents
Giletta, M., Michels, N., Slavich, G. M., & Cole, S. W. (2026) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2026.107858 · Cited by 1
Ye, J., Jiang, Y., & Liang, Y. (2026) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.15424
Liu, L., Huang, R., Shang, Y.-J., Li, S., & Cen, Y. (2026) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-026-01454-w
“Prior work indicates that perceived rejection is positively associated with loneliness; yet the psychological processes underlying this association remain incompletely understood (Gao et al., 2017; Jackson et al., 2002).”
RetractedGu, J., Zhang, X., Yue, Y., Tong, M., Qiu, Y., Liu, J., Zhou, Y., & Yang, F. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-026-27433-x
“This model explicitly decomposes the total variance into three levels: sampling variance of observed effect sizes (level 1), within-study variance (level 2), and between-study variance (level 3) [33, 34].”
Zhang, X., & Fang, Z. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1767109
Korzeniowska, P., Guo, K., & Pollux, P. M. J. (2026) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2026.113933
Davis, C. J., Spearman, S. R., & Burrow, A. L. (2026) · Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026261439018
Gorrieri, M., Ceresa, G. C., Lombardi, S., & Martellozzo, F. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7192500
de Arellano, A. B., Rother, Y., Canu, W. H., & Flory, K. (2026) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2026.2693052
Azadi, S., Nemati-Sogolitappeh, F., & Zarean, M. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-026-09865-1
“These responses may manifest as avoidance or hyper-vigilance and have been linked to internalizing symptoms such as anxiety and depression (Gao et al., 2017; Lang et al., 2000).”
Early maladaptive schemas and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a scoping review
Cook, M., & Allen, A. (2026) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284207.2026.2713449
Zou, F., Wu, Y., Zheng, R., Kou, Y., Xing, H., Liu, C., Cui, J., & Zhang, M. (2026) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2026.109376
Mizunuma, N., Yamada, K., Kimura, T., Ueda, Y., Tabuchi, T., & Kurosaki, K. (2026) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605261476098
Chakherlooy, N., & Pourmohammad, P. (2026) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2026.2724874
“Among the potential mediators, rejection sensitivity (RS) is defined as a cognitive-affective tendency to anxiously anticipate, readily detect, and intensely respond to social rejection (Gao et al., 2017).”
Wei, J., & Qian, Z. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1881465
“…negative affect (e.g., anxiety and anger) and self-referential cognitions (e.g., self-blame), which in turn promote maladaptive interpersonal responses, including hostility and social withdrawal (Downey et al., 2004; Gao et al., 2017; Watson and Nesdale, 2012; Zimmer-Gembeck and Nesdale, 2013).”
Kuru, E., Özdemir, İ., Öztürk, M. E., & Doğan, T. (2026) · Archives of Current Medical Research · doi:10.47482/acmr.1930382
Dyadic coping affect mothers’ and fathers’ depressive symptoms during pregnancy
Letot, J., Devouche, É., & Untas, A. (2026) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2026.2731909
Acute effects of AT1 receptor blockade on approach-avoidance of negative emotional faces
Prasad, D., Pelster, I., Outes, L. P., Gillespie, A. L., Pizzagalli, D. A., Rinck, M., & Reinecke, A. (2026) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-026-02554-4
Chang, B., Miao, Y., Li, F., Yang, H., Hu, Y., & Yu, K. (2026) · European Journal of Agronomy · doi:10.1016/j.eja.2026.128343
Wang, J., Xin, Z., Jiang, Z., & Wang, M. (2026) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-026-02106-3
Metadata
- Authors
- Gao, S., Assink, M., Cipriani, A., & Lin, K.
- Affiliations
- Guangzhou Medical University (CN)
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Lin, Kangguang
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-11
- Volume
- 57
- Pages
- 59-74
- ISSN
- 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2746986792
- Semantic Scholar
- 38b52b8c87bfbecd6faaa9a4db551497c54817f6
- Cited by
- 330
- References
- 107
- Citations by year
- 2026: 48 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 6
- FWCI
- 1.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Keywords
- rejection sensitivity, social rejection, depression, anxiety, loneliness, borderline personality disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, personality traits, gender differences, longitudinal stability, risk assessment, prevention and intervention
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Borderline Personality Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Psychological Distance, Body Dysmorphic Disorders
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