The DOI matches its Crossref record; 66 of the 66 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Towards a redefinition of the second based on optical atomic clocks
Open accessAbstract
The rapid increase in accuracy and stability of optical atomic clocks compared to the caesium atomic clock as the primary standard of time and frequency asks for a future redefinition of the second in the International System of Units (SI). The status of the optical clocks based on either single ions in radio-frequency traps or on neutral atoms stored in an optical lattice is described, with special emphasis on the current work at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB, Braunschweig, Germany). Besides the development and operation of different optical clocks with estimated fractional uncertainties in the 10 − 18 range, the supporting work on ultra-stable lasers as core elements and the means to compare remote optical clocks with transportable standards, optical fibres, or frequency ratios is reported. Finally, the conditions, methods and next steps are discussed, which are the prerequisites for a future redefinition of the second.
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“Our work not only enables the above mentioned applications, but also clears the path towards a redefinition of the unit of time, the SI second2425 through regular and practical international comparisons of optical clocks.”
From A clock network for geodesy and fundamental science (2016) · cites this paper as [24]
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Citations
Cites
(2023) · doi:10.1126/science · Cited by 6,063
Laser phase and frequency stabilization using an optical resonator
Drever, R. W. P., Hall, J. L., Kowalski, F. V., Hough, J., Ford, G. M., Munley, A. J., & Ward, H. (1983) · Applied Physics B · doi:10.1007/bf00702605 · Cited by 3,821
Ludlow, A. D., Boyd, M. M., Ye, J., Peik, E., & Schmidt, P. O. (2015) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.87.637 · Cited by 2,385
Frequency Ratio of Al+and Hg+Single-Ion Optical Clocks; Metrology at the 17th Decimal Place
Rosenband, T., Hume, D. B., Schmidt, P. O., Chou, C. W., Brusch, A., Lorini, L., Oskay, W. H., Drullinger, R. E., Fortier, T. M., Stalnaker, J. E., et al. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1154622 · Cited by 1,450 · cited 1×
“storage of a chain of multiple ions. To use a transition with a small natural line width often a quadrupole transition (e.g. 2S 1=2 - D 5=2) is employed like in the Ca +[14, 15, 16], Sr [17, 18], Hg+ [19], or Yb [20, 21] clocks (Fig. 2). All these transitions have a natural lifetime that supports a line width on the o…”
MethodAn optical lattice clock with accuracy and stability at the 10−18 level
Bloom, B. J., Nicholson, T. L., Williams, J. R., Campbell, S. L., Bishof, M., Zhang, X., Zhang, W., Bromley, S. L., & Ye, J. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12941 · Cited by 1,073
Frequency Comparison of Two High-Accuracy Al + Optical Clocks
Chou, C., Hume, D., Koelemeij, J., Wineland, D., & Rosenband, T. (2010) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.104.070802 · Cited by 903
Chou, C. W., Hume, D. B., Rosenband, T., & Wineland, D. J. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1192720 · Cited by 828
An Atomic Clock with 10 –18 Instability
Hinkley, N., Sherman, J. A., Phillips, N. B., Schioppo, M., Lemke, N. D., Beloy, K., Pizzocaro, M., Oates, C. W., & Ludlow, A. D. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1240420 · Cited by 817
A sub-40-mHz-linewidth laser based on a silicon single-crystal optical cavity
Keßler, T., Hagemann, C., Grebing, C., Legero, T., Sterr, U., Riehle, F., Martin, M. J., Chen, L., & Ye, J. (2012) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/nphoton.2012.217 · Cited by 755
Self-citationCryogenic optical lattice clocks
Ushijima, I., Takamoto, M., Das, M., Ohkubo, T., & Katori, H. (2015) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/nphoton.2015.5 · Cited by 627
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [63] Wolf, P.; Petit, G.; Peik, E.; Tamm, C.; Schnatz, H.; Lipphardt, B.; Weyers, S.; Wynands, R.; Richard, J.-Y.; Bize, S.; Chapelet, F.; Pereira dos Santos, F.; Clairon, A. Comparing high accuracy frequency standards via TAI, Braunschweig (2006), pp. 476-485 www.eftf.org/proceedings/proceedingsEFTF2006.pdf (ISBN: 978-1-4673-2642-1)
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Architecture for the photonic integration of an optical atomic clock
Newman, Z. L., Maurice, V. N., Drake, T. E., Stone, J. R., Briles, T. C., Spencer, D. T., Fredrick, C. D., Li, Q., Westly, D., Ilic, B., et al. (2019) · Optica · doi:10.1364/optica.6.000680 · Cited by 638
Geodesy and metrology with a transportable optical clock
Grotti, J., Koller, S., Vogt, S., Häfner, S., Sterr, U., Lisdat, C., Denker, H., Voigt, C., Timmen, L., Rolland, A., et al. (2018) · Nature Physics · doi:10.1038/s41567-017-0042-3 · Cited by 495
Demonstration of 4.8 × 10−17 stability at 1 s for two independent optical clocks
Oelker, E., Hutson, R. B., Kennedy, C. J., Sonderhouse, L., Bothwell, T., Goban, A., Kedar, D., Sanner, C., Robinson, J. M., Marti, G. E., et al. (2019) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/s41566-019-0493-4 · Cited by 475
Self-citationA clock network for geodesy and fundamental science
Lisdat, C., Grosche, G., Quintin, N., Shi, C., Raupach, S. M. F., Grebing, C., Nicolodi, D., Stefani, F., Al-Masoudi, A., Dörscher, S., et al. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms12443 · Cited by 460
“This clears the path towards a redefinition of the unit of time, the SI second (20,21).”
BackgroundFrequency ratio measurements at 18-digit accuracy using an optical clock network
Boulder Atomic Clock Optical Network (BACON) Collaboration*, Beloy, K., Bodine, M. I., Bothwell, T., Brewer, S. M., Bromley, S. L., Chen, J.-S., Deschênes, J.-D., Diddams, S. A., Fasano, R. J., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03253-4 · Cited by 390
Metadata
- Authors
- Riehle, F.
- Corresponding author
- Riehle, Fritz
- ORCID
- Riehle, Fritz
- Venue
- Comptes Rendus. Physique
- Publisher
- MathDoc/Centre Mersenne
- Published
- 2015-06-01
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 506-515
- ISSN
- 1631-0705 (ISSN-L)
- 1878-1535
- OpenAlex
- W1512386837
- Cited by
- 174
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 19
- FWCI
- 9.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Comptes Rendus Physique (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Physical Reports (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- DFG (RTG 1729)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Advanced Frequency and Time Standards
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Instrumentation › Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Network Time Synchronization Technologies
- Keywords
- redefinition of the second, optical atomic clocks, SI units, radio-frequency trap, optical lattice clock, neutral atoms, fractional frequency uncertainty, ultra-stable lasers, frequency transfer, frequency ratio, cesium atomic clock, time and frequency standards
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